Solar Heating

The paper reviews the available journalism associated with solar heating and solar tracking. Sun being the never-ending source of energy, has motivated and developed many technologies as solar heating, thermal energy, electricity generation etc. The main aim of each study is to enhance the heating efficiency. Most of the techniques used for solar heating included solar tracking, collectors, phase change materials, active systems, spiral tube for increasing efficiency of solar water heating process. This paper aims to explore similar systems of this type. I. INTRODUCTION Solar energy systems have emerged as a viable source of renewable energy over the past two or three decades, and are currently used on large scale in commercial as well as domestic applications. Several literature studies are based on the utilization of solar collectors to implement such applications as light, window covering systems, cookers and heaters. Water heaters have been becoming common now a days in the countries for almost every day use. The conventional heaters such as geysers and boilers are environmentally harmful because the heating process requires fossil fuel burning and greenhouse gas emissions. The higher energy usage for heating purpose is not only creating pressure on national grid for excess supply of electricity but also affecting electricity price badly. One of the alternative technologies is solar water heating, which can be used for heating water without harming the environment by simply using solar power. Also, a modified version of it can be used i.e., solar tracking water heater to increase its efficiency and availability of heated water for more time of the day. In general terms, the power developed in such applications depends primarily upon the quantity of solar energy or solar power captured by the collector, and therefore the matter of developing tracking schemes that are capable of following the trajectory of the sun throughout the day over the years is also important. Current review illustrates various research on the various models and systems related to Solar heating and solar tracking.

Nowadays, the exploitation of environmental exergy resources for heating purposes (solar energy, convection heat transfer from ambient air, moist air humidity condensation) by means of properly designed heat pump systems is a possible opportunity. In particular, the use of solar assisted heat pumps (DX-SAHP) is investigated in this study, when a bare external plate (the solar collector) is kept at temperatures lower than the dew point temperature of ambient air, so that condensation takes place on it. The potential of this technology is settled and an instrumented prototype of a small DX-SAHP system is used to verify the actual performance of the system, in terms of specific thermal energy delivered to the user, efficiency and regulation capabilities. Results clearly show that the contribution of the condensation is significant (20%-30% of the total harvested energy) overnight or in cloudy days with very low or no solar irradiation, and must be taken into account in a system model devoted to describe the DX-SAHP behavior. By investigating along these lines, the heat due to condensation harvested by the collector is found to be a function of the dew-point temperature alone.

Solutions to the climate and energy crises will likely involve large scale renewable energy technology deployment and of renewable energy technologies in building energy systems and transportation systems. But they will also require changes in lifestyle, behavior, and social organization. Solar heating and bicycle use are well-developed technologies that exemplify social-technological hybrids. Davis, California, has established a national reputation as a bike-friendly city and has been an international leader in supporting energy efficient housing developments. Support, however, has waxed and waned over the years. Davis provides an ideal case study to explore the conditions necessary to develop a sustained community commitment to passive solar design and human powered transport at a scale large enough to make a difference. This analysis points to the importance of local politics, municipal identity tied to an energy or environmental vision, and the organization of social capital to influence broad-based technological choice.

Les solutions aux problèmes d'énergie et de réchauffement climatique incluront très probablement un déploiement à grande échelle de technologie pour les énergies renouvelables dans la construction de systèmes énergétiques et de transport, mais elles exigeront également un changement de mode de vie, de comportement, et d'organisation sociale. Le chauffage solaire et l'utilisation de bicyclettes sont des technologies très au point, et qui constituent un exemple d'hybrides socio-technologiques. La ville de Davis en Californie s'est bâti une réputation de cité pro-cyclistes, et elle est un des leaders internationaux dans le développement de logements à basse consommation d'énergie. Toutefois, ce soutien est en déclin depuis plusieurs années. Davis constitue une étude de cas idéale pour explorer les conditions nécessaires au développement d'un attachement communautaire longue-durée à la promotion de l'ingénierie solaire passive, ainsi qu'aux moyens de locomotion propulsés par l'homme, à une échelle assez grande pour changer les choses. Cette analyse montre l'importance de la politique locale, celle d'une identité communale liée à une vision énergétique et environnementale, et celle de l'organisation du capital social pour influencer un choix général en termes de technologie.

Las soluciones para las crisis climáticas y energéticas probablemente implicarán la utilización de tecnologías de energía renovable a gran escala para construir sistemas de energía y de transporte, pero también exigirán cambios en el estilo de vida, el comportamiento y la organización social. La calefacción solar y el uso de bicicletas son tecnologías bien desarrolladas que ejemplifican los híbridos socio-tecnológicos. La ciudad de Davis, California, ha conseguido reputación nacional como ciudad perfectamente adaptada al uso de bicicletas y ha sido líder internacional en el apoyo de planeamientos urbanos energéticamente eficientes. Sin embargo, el apoyo ha tenido altibajos a través de los años. Davis constituye un caso práctico ideal para analizar las condiciones necesarias para desarrollar un compromiso comunitario continuo con el diseño solar pasivo y el transporte de tracción humana a una escala suficientemente grande para marcar una diferencia. Este análisis señala la importancia de la política local, la identidad municipal ligada a una visión energética o medioambiental y la organización de capital social para influenciar una elección tecnológica amplia.

"Presently, solar energy conversion is widely used to generate heat and produce electricity. A comparative study on the world energy consumption released by International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that in 2050, solar array installations will supply around 45% of energy demand in the world. It was found that solar thermal is getting remarkable popularity in industrial applications. Solar thermal is an alternative to generate electricity, process chemicals or even space heating. It can be used in food, non-metallic, textile, building, chemical or even business related industries. On the other hand, solar electricity is wildly applied in telecommunication, agricultural, water desalination and building industry to operate lights, pumps, engines, fans, refrigerators and water heaters.
It is very important to apply solar energy for a wide variety of applications and provide energy solutions by modifying the energy proportion, improving energy stability, increasing energy sustainability, conversion reduction and hence enhance the system efficiency. The present work aimed to study the solar energy systems utilization in industrial applications and looked into the industrial applications which are more compatible to be integrated with solar energy systems."

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004533

This paper consists of a survey on the various means of heating water for the bath, trying to use of alternatives to allow access of the low-income population. The main idea is to make a blend of various existing systems in order to produce an efficient and cost effective prototype. The prototype consists of a system of solar heating, heat recovery and an automated water mixer. The representation of the system was obtained through a model of the ecological prototype shower encompassing the several studied technologies.

RESUMO

Este artigo consiste em uma pesquisa sobre os vários meios de aquecimento de água para o banho, buscando o uso de alternativas para viabilizar o acesso da população de baixa renda a esses benefícios. A ideia principal é fazer uma combinação dos vários sistemas existentes a fim de produzir um protótipo eficiente e de baixo custo. O protótipo constitui-se de um sistema de aquecimento solar, recuperador de calor e de um misturador de água automatizado. A representação do sistema foi obtida por meio de uma maquete do protótipo ecológico de chuveiro, englobando as diversas tecnologias estudadas.

Wind power generation has indicated an exponential increase during last two decades and existing transmission network infrastructure is increasingly becoming inadequate to transmit remotely generated wind power to load centres in the network. The dynamic line rating (DLR) is one of the viable solutions to improve the transmission line ampacity during high wind penetration without investing on an additional transmission network. The main objective of this study is to identify the basic differences between two main line rating standards, since transmission network service providers (TNSPs) heavily depend on these two standards when developing their line rating models. Therefore, a parameter level comparison between two line rating models is a timely requirement, in particular for high wind conditions. Study has shown that roughness factor causes a significant difference between both standards. In particular, the IEEE model indicates more conservative approach due to this parameter. In addition, solar heat-gain calculation has also resulted in significant difference in ampacity ratings between two standards. A case study was developed considering a wind rich network and it has shown that by implementing DLR in wind rich regions, it can effectively reduce line overloading incidents and accommodate wind power flows in the network without any curtailment. Moreover, ability of DLR to reduce network energy losses is also demonstrated and emphasised the importance of selecting suitable DLR candidates to minimise energy losses in the network.