Spatial Migration Modelling

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

Nowadays revitalization is often defined as a comprehensive effort including revalorization, restoration, reconstruction, modernization and actions aimed at the revival of a building, a district or a town devastated in different aspects, also the economic and social ones. The social aspect is among the most significant ones. In other words, there is no complete revitalization without solving social problems. The presented study discusses problems related to the broadly approached revitalization projects and their main directions of development, based on the example of Polish revitalization programmes of territorial self-governmental units. The first part of the paper presents the definitional aspects of revitalization taking into account social, economic, environmental, spatial, functional, cultural and technical dimensions. Moreover, the definition, structure and purpose of a revitalization programme was characterized. Next the primary objectives and current developmental directions of revitalization in Poland were discussed based on the selected applicable revitalization programmes. Today the main directions of revitalization processes in Poland cover: the reduction of poverty and social exclusion, supporting local business, cleaner environment activities, sustainable spatial and functional development, supporting technical infrastructures, promoting culture-based socioeconomic development.

Di era yang semakin berkembang, banyak bidang ilmu seperti ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan, kesehatan, meteorologi, klimatologi, geologi dan sebagainya yang menggunakan data yang berkaitan dengan lokasi atau letak gepgrafis suatu tempat. Data yang memuat informasi mengenai lokasi atau letak geografis suatu daerah dan diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran sering disebut data spasial. Buku ini membahas lengkap mengenai metode statistika spasial dan penerapan dalam permasalahan. Bab pertama membahas definisi statistika spasial, Bab dua sampai dengan empat membahas Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Geograpichally Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR), Geograpichally Weighted Logistic Regression Semiparametric (GWLRS), Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (GWPR) dan bab lima membahas tentang applikasi OpenGeoDa ArcView GIS. Pada buku ini diberikan sejumlah panduan dalam menganalisis dan intepretasi dari metode tersebut khususnya pengoperasian dengan menggunakan software R, ArcView dan OpenGeoDa. R merupakan Bahasa pemrograman untuk komputasi statistik dan grafis.

We recently spoke with Thomas Nail, an associate professor at the University of Denver, to talk about his recent book “The Figure of the Migrant.” In it, Nail develops a theory of what he calls kinopolitics and argues that the migrant has become the “political figure of our time.”

Wisdom is at once one of the most elusive and most valued kinds of knowledge. Empirical research shows that, indeed, across cultures, people hope that life experience will eventually make them wiser. The problem is that, to date, the academic study of wisdom and of the processes by which it can be learned has been dominated by psychologists. The first part of the article reviews the state-of-the-art psychological scholarship on wisdom to show how that conceptualization lacks geographical sensitivity and therefore misses some of the crucial geographical mechanisms by which people become wiser. The second part of the article singles out and focuses on one such mechanism, namely, the learning of wisdom through geographical dislocations. By drawing on insights from the study of international migration, exile, and transculturation in postcolonial contexts, the final part of the article suggests specific learning processes that might strengthen the hypothesis that geographical dislocations and the attendant cross-cultural experiences they generate are often conducive to wisdom. La sabiduría es a la vez uno de los tipos de conocimiento más esquivos y más valorados. La investigací on empírica en verdad muestra que en todas las culturas la gente espera que la experiencia de la vida eventualmente los haga más sabios. El problema es que hasta ahora el estudio académico sobre la sabiduría y sobre los procesos por medio de los cualesésta puede alcanzarse ha estado dominado por los psicólogos. La primera parte del artículo revisa el estado del arte de la erudicí on psicoí ogica sobre este particular, para mostrar c ´ omo esa conceptualizací on carece de sensibilidad geográfica y en consecuencia deja de considerar algunos de los mecanismos geográficos cruciales mediante los cuales la gente se hace más sabia. La segunda parte del artículo escoge y se concentra en uno de tales mecanismos, o sea, el aprendizaje de la sabiduría por medio de las dislocaciones geográficas. A partir de la perspicacia del estudio de la migrací on internacional, el exilio y la transculturací on en contextos poscoloniales, la parte final del artículo sugiere procesos de aprendizaje específicos, que podrían fortalecer la hipótesis de que las dislocaciones geográficas y las experiencias culturales de vasto espectro generadas por aquellas a menudo llevan a la sabiduría. Palabras clave: distancia, dislocaciones geográficas, migrací on internacional, aprendizaje visceral, sabiduría.

In the era of global urbanization, migration phenomena—particularly urban-to-urban migration—is one of the key drivers of urban development. This has led to a higher demand for spatial-social and spatial-economic activities, tremendously spurring the changes in demographic, size, and urban socio-economics. However, many researchers agree that this phenomenon is quite difficult to understand, particularly destination choices, due to complexity in migration behavioral factors. Inspired by this, this article attempts to demonstrate the capability of the ‘MGP model', the so-called ‘migration potential model'—a GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis approach, which incorporates migration decision-selectivity factors—for spatial migration modelling in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Empirically tested, the MGP model, intended to be an advanced approach in migration analysis, GIS, and MCDA applications that provides urban planners with information about the areas that will be the ce...

It is a refreshingly simple thought that migration is the combined result of two factors: the aspiration to migrate and the ability to migrate. Without having to resort to overly structural or individualistic explanations, this analytical distinction helps disentangle complex questions around why some people migrate but others do not. Still, aspiration and ability raise their own thorny theoretical and methodological questions. To begin with, what does it mean to have migration aspirations? How can such concepts be objects of empirical research? And is it meaningful to say that individuals possess the ability to migrate if their preference is to stay? The aspiration/ability model was originally proposed in this journal and has since been diversely applied and adapted. In this article, we look back at more than a decade of research to examine a series of theoretical and empirical developments related to the aspiration/ability model and its extensions. We identify two-step approaches as a class of analytical frameworks that share the basic logic of the aspiration/ability model. Covering expansive theoretical, methodological and empirical ground, we seek to lay a foundation for new research on global migration in its diverse forms.

A review is presented of the requirements of a framework for the delineation of housing market areas (HMAs) in the context of undertaking a housing market assessment. This prompts adoption of a methodology that features an iterative application of information obtained from estate agents, to identify HMA cores, and a functional regionalisation of 2001 Census interward migration fl ows. The approach is demonstrated using data for North West England. The concluding section explores some implications of the HMA framework for policy and future research.

International labour migration remains a staple feature of the global economy. Especially since the early 1970s, many governments throughout south and southeast Asia have embarked upon overseas employment programmes in an effort to facilitate economic growth and development. In response, a sizeable body of work has emerged to ascertain the effectiveness of overseas employment. Whereas considerable work has examined the volume and destinations of international labour migration, decidedly fewer studies have analysed the origins of migrant workers from labour-sending states. As such, policy formulation is potentially jeopardised, as governments are ill-prepared to specify with any certainty whether migration ameliorates or exacerbates regional inequalities. Using special data-sets provided for the author, this paper examines the regional origins and attributes of overseas contract workers from the Philippines. In the first analysis, the relative contribution of overseas employment is examined. In the second analysis, migrant labour-force participation rates –disaggregated by age, educational attainment and geographic region – are calculated. Findings from the first analysis suggest that regions adjacent to, and including, the National Capital Region are over-represented in their overall contribution to international labour migration. Findings from the second analysis suggest that the labour-absorptive capacity of the Philippines is less for those with some college education, and that the greatest impact of labour export is felt in the areas adjacent to the National Capital Region. Moreover, patterns of migrant origins are contingent upon structural, institutional and social factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Addressing the critique that the global city discourse should tackle the important issue of
migration, this article utilizes Sydney as a case study to substantiate and advance the debates. It
is a comprehensive literature review on the global Sydney discourse and migration in global
Sydney. Concerning global Sydney, it addresses Sydney’s rise as a global city and the economic,
social, and spatial transformations. Concerning migration, it addresses its increased scale
and complexity, spatial settlement and movement, and social polarization and spatial inequality.
The article identifies two gaps in the literature: Missing migration in the global Sydney discourse,
and failure to address the interplay between global Sydney and migration. Based upon
the thematic patterns of the literature, and the identified gaps, some critical reflections are made
to suggest a future research agenda — utilizing global Sydney as a meaningful spatial scale for
contemporary migration analysis, and developing the analytical frameworks and methodologies
that integrate both global Sydney and migration research.

Educational attainment of the household member is one of the micro-economic determinant of remittances remains an unclear in terms of level of education. This paper analyse household microeconomic survey data. Employ three stages multivariate analysis carry out two regressions equations
on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provide that the education is not significant determinant remittances while unit analysis shows that the significance relationship depends on the level of education of the migrant and the household head. Such level of education is also move with the cycle of socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the migrant, household head and household composition.

This paper focuses on unravelling the 1st millennium AD in the present-day Netherlands and the applicability of modelling when studying the past. By presenting the results of several studies analysing changes (or persistence) in connectivity and habitation patterns, the significance of these findings for (spatial) modelling is derived. The transition between the Roman and early-medieval periods is particularly interesting in this respect as it is characterised by severe pan-European political, socio-economic and demographic changes. Additionally, recent studies in geosciences increasingly point to marked climatic and landscape changes, such as river avulsions and floods, occurring at the same time. The extent to which these environmental and cultural dynamics were entwined and mutually influential is generally unknown, especially on larger-scale levels. Lowlands, such as the Netherlands, are especially suited to study these complex interactions since boundary conditions, i.e. the se...

This paper coined the term 'migration corridor', which has since become a popular concept in empirical analyses of migration. A migration corridor is the hypothetical connection between two places, through which people may or may not migrate. The paper explores the meaning and potential of the concept.

Europe has failed to fully integrate its immigrants, and difficulties in this domain influence public opinion regarding newcomers and immigration policies today. Drawing on the concepts of Swedish political scientist Tomas Hammar, who proposed four “gates” to (political) integration, countries should define “gates” for the political, economic and cultural integration of their immigrants. As experiences of the last decades have shown, political integration is necessary, but not sufficient. The economic sphere has been accepted as key, but the cultural sphere has yet to receive the attention of scholars and policymakers it requires. Policies directed at receiving societies are also necessary to facilitate integration. [PAPER IN POLISH]
Keywords: immigration policy, integration policy, Hammar, political integration, cultural integration
Author’s affiliation: Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw

This book offers a much-needed new political theory of an old phenomenon. The last decade alone has marked the highest number of migrations in recorded history. Constrained by environmental, economic, and political instability, scores of people are on the move. But other sorts of changes-from global tourism to undocumented labor-have led to the fact that to some extent, we are all becoming migrants. The migrant has become the political figure of our time. Rather than viewing migration as the exception to the rule of political fixity and citizenship, Thomas Nail reinterprets the history of political power from the perspective of the movement that defines the migrant in the first place. Applying his "kinopolitics" to several major historical conditions (territorial, political, juridical, and economic) and figures of migration (the nomad, the barbarian, the vagabond, and the proletariat), he provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary migration.

This paper investigates the relationship between risk aversion and entrepreneurship, looking specifically at a migrant population. The main challenge in investigating the relationship between risk aversion and entrepreneurship amongst migrants is to ensure that measures of risk preferences are comparable across individuals. This paper develops a novel vignette-adjusted self-evaluation risk measure in order to counter the problem of the different interpretation of scales amongst individuals in sample, and tests its validity using a tailor-made survey of immigrants in the Greater Dublin Area, Ireland. This study finds a significant negative relationship between risk aversion and entrepreneurship. The empirical outcomes indicate that the use of vignettes improves the significance of the outcomes, as they simultaneously correct for differential item functioning between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, and correct for variation in the use of self-evaluation scales between immigrants from several countries of origin. This finding would be help explaining the variability in outcomes on the correlation between risk aversion and entrepreneurship reported in past research.

Home is where the heart is :
Perspectives of migrants and Commuters in South Africa

By
Peter E. Franks
Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences
Professor  of Industrial and Organisational Psychology
University of the North
Republic of South Africa


In the rural areas of South Africa the vast majority of workers are either migrants or commuters. The Northern Transvaal, like other rural regions of South Africa, has many more people who consider it 'home' than reside there all the time. The migrants work in the industries of Gauteng (Johannesburg and environs) but remain committed to their 'homes' sending remittances there. The commuters reside in the villages and townships around the major administrative, and sometimes industrial ,centres of the Northern Transvaal (Pietersburg, Thoyondou, Giyani, Lebowakgomo, Potgietersrust, Nylstroom etc.),and commute to work in these centres.
The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) says the following about the migrants: "Migrant labour, a consequence of past recruitment policies, will persist in the immediate future". If this simple explanation were true we would not expect to find migrancy where these recruitnment practices did not exist. However we find migrancy to be a somewhat universal phenomenon, sometimes for economic reasons (work seekers), sometimes for political reasons (refugees) and sometimes even environmental (There being something like 15 million refugees from environmental degradation worldwide.).
Simplifications such as those found in this regard in the RDP further disempower the migrant in that they ascribe his/her behaviour to the recruitment policies of the apartheid era rather than recognising the pragmatism of the migrant him or herself. While commuting and migration resulted somewhat from the white by night policies of the Apartheid era and the recruitment systems of the mines etc., at the same time these processes also support the continuity, diversity and development of the local communities i.e., 'home'. Migrancy and commuting need to be recognied as pragmatic strategies for the dynamic development of rural communities in the face of an alienating modernity.This complexity provides the key to the empowerment of these migrants and commuters rather than their disempowerment by either the apartheid systems or the RDP.
Policy planning in the Northern Transvaal, and other largely rural regions, needs to take this complex pattern of migration and commuting and, especially, the needs and wishes they imply, into account. Unfortunately there has been little intensive research into the perceptions of either migrants or rural commuters, except so far as the taxi industry and transportation in general are concerned.

The migrants form a major force for the development of the Northern Region and other rural regions. This vast stock of human resources must be capitalised upon for the reconstruction and development of the region and their contribution to the economy of the region via remittances must be fully encouraged and supported. In addition the migrants provide a vast human resource pool for the industrial and commercial development of the region. Their perceptions require close attention in the formulation of policies aimed at the reconstruction and development of the Northern Transvaal and other rural areas of South Africa and elsewhere.

The global city thesis and the migration thesis concern two important dimensions of the impacts of contemporary globalization on cities. The two theses are intrinsically linked. The central question is how we should approach migration in the new context of the global city, and how we should articulate their interrelationships. To address this question, we construct an integrative analytical framework linking global city and migration, and empirically apply it to Sydney. We build a set of indexes to measure global competitiveness, global migration, and global mobility of communities across global Sydney. The findings reveal that global competitiveness—the defining capacity of Sydney as a global city—has very weak association with global migration that measures the stock of foreign born population, but has very strong association with global mobility that measures the people movement in recent years. These findings call for a redefinition of migration to incorporate people movement to better capture the interplay between global city and migration.

This paper analysed the effect of marital status of household members amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh from Italy. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, multivariate analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the remittance micro-economic determinants are associates with socio-economic that vary from married to unmarried migrant and household head at the same community level of the households. The study suggests that marital status has strong correlation with socio-economic as well as socio-demographic characteristics in the remittance behaviour of Bangladeshi households. Thus highlight the importance of differentiating with respect to marital status when analysing the determinants of remittances.

This paper analysed the effect of the age the household head amongst 10 villages on the remittance determinants and their socioeconomic impacts of remittance receiving households in rural Bangladesh. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2013, statistical analysis was carried out on 300 rural households. The empirical findings provided that the valuable discrimination among the different age group of the household heads. The household unit analysis showed that
remittance determinants and socio-economic impact vary from household head age group at the same community level of households. Moreover, relationship between the socioeconomic impact from remittance and demographic determinants also vary due to the age of the household head
discrimination among the same rural area at the origin country.

Today there are more than 1 billion regional and international migrants, and the number continues to rise: within 40 years, it might double due to climate change. While many of these migrants might not cross a regional or international border, people change residences and jobs more often, while commuting longer and farther to work. This increase in human mobility and expulsion affects us all. It should be recognised as a defining feature of our epoch: the 21st century will be the century of the migrant.

Migration decision-making in developing economies is addressed from the perspective of status in the labor force (unemployed or unemployed) and traditional concerns with utility maximization are expanded to include the role of assets and access to capital markets. A dynamic model is formulated and the results reveal that the migration mechanism is efficient when workers have access to borrowing from financial institutions; without this access, migration is shown to be inefficient, a fact exacerbated when consideration is directed to unemployed/poor workers in less prosperous regions.