State Disintegration

The paper herein is a contribution to the debate on the causes of the disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. It accentuates the development of the Slovak nation prior to November 1989 and accompanying circumstances of this fact that were instrumental in the system transformation after November 1989. Emphasis has also been placed on the key moments of development in 1990-1992, which illustrate a lack of political experience and diversity of transition programmes on the Czech and Slovak political scene, and on the role of specific actors in this process. The basic argument in the text is the idea that in a moment of transition the Slovak nation corresponded to the classification of a fully formed nation; however, this fact alone (independent variable) was not sufficient enough to cause the disintegration of the federal state.

Abstract: The impact of British rule casts a long shadow over Irish history. While nationalist historians tended to blame Union with Britain for all the economic ills of the 19th century (O'Brien 1921), recent re-evaluations of both historical and recent Irish economic performance have been cause for a reappraisal of the economic relations between Ireland and Britain (Cullen 1969; Kennedy and Johnson 1996). The extent to which economic factors were important in Ireland's withdrawal from the United Kingdom will be examined ...

The impact of British rule casts a long shadow over Irish history. While nationalist historians tended to blame Union with Britain for all the economic ills of the 19th century (O’Brien, 1921), recent re-evaluations of both historical and recent Irish economic performance have been cause for a reappraisal of the economic relations between Ireland and Britain (Cullen, 1969; Kennedy and Johnson, 1996). The extent to which economic factors were important in Ireland’s withdrawal from the United Kingdom will be examined in this paper. A secondary aim is to assess the economic consequences of independence in the interwar period. There were many economic reasons up to 1913 as to why Ireland should separate. UK policy was determined by majority voting and policies were suited to the needs of industrial workers in Britain, rather than agricultural workers in Ireland. This led to increased spending beyond the means of Ireland which caused transition difficulties on independence. Finally the consequences of separation in the north and south of Ireland are examined. Evidence suggests that separation led to short term economic difficulty. In the longer run the south benefited from independence due to weakness in British institutions and the incentive structures created during the interwar period.

The paper is divided in four main parts. First, I will describe CIS and its main incentive – economic integration among member-states. I will state that the disintegration process began to occur among the international organization by providing the example of the Eurasian Economic Community, the organization created in order to strengthen bonds among the CIS countries. Then, I will show how mutual trade among the CIS states declined and how trade with other countries increased. Third, I will provide data of the increased flow of FDI and explain reasons for this trend. Many resource-seeking investors and market-seeking investors came to the CIS market in search of high profits. Finally, I will show how the GDP rate increased, and support this trend with two key reasons: increase in export and investment.

Социально-политические кризисы и социальные революции являются важнейшими фазами исторической динамики, продвигающими общества к более высоким или более низким ступеням политической и социальной эволюции. Даны и обоснованы определения кризисов и революций, показаны их место и роль в
универсальной модели исторической динамики. Представлены главные структурные варианты следствий этих конфликтных периодов (преодоление кризиса, революция без свержения власти, революция со свержением власти, революция с распадом государственности и базовых социальных порядков) и основные условия выбора пути в этих исторических развилках.

Socio-political crises and social revolutions are the most important phases of historical
dynamics/ They promote societies to higher or lower levels of political and social evolution. The definitions of crises and revolutions are given and justified, their place and role in the universal model of historical dynamics are shown. The main structural variants of the consequences are overcoming the crisis, revolution without the overthrow of power, revolution with the overthrow of power, revolution with the collapse of statehood, and basic social orders. The basic conditions for choosing the path in these historical forks are presented.