Sunscreen

Kulit merupakan bagian terluar tubuh yang mudah terpapar lingkungan yang prooksidatif seperti sinar matahari. Paparan sinar UV menjadi perhatian khusus karena dapat berinteraksi dengan sel kulit dan menyebabkan berbagai efek kerusakan seperti terjadinya pembakaran pada kulit, penuaan dini, atau kerusakan kulit lainnya termasuk kanker. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sediaan tabir surya yang dapat melindungi kulit dari bahaya radiasi sinar matahari. Tabir surya (Sunscreen) merupakan bahan kosmetik yang secara fisik atau kimia memberikan perlindungan terhadap efek perubahan dari sinar matahari terutama radiasi ultraviolet. Tabir surya fisik misalnya titanium dioksida, seng oksida yang dapat memantulkan sinar. Tabir surya fisik dapat menahan UV A maupun UV B. Satu diantara tabir surya alami adalah senyawa fenolik yang terdapat dalam tumbuhan dan berfungsi melindungi jaringan tanaman terhadap kerusakan akibat radiasi sinar matahari. Senyawa fenolik khususnya golongan flavonoid mempunyai potensi sebagai tabir surya karena adanya gugus kromofor (ikatan rangkap tunggal terkonjugasi) yang mampu menyerap sinar UV baik UV A maupun UV B sehingga mengurangi intensitasnya pada kulit. Efektivitas sediaan tabir surya didasarkan pada penentuan harga SPF (Sun Protected Factor) yang menggambarkan kemampuan produk tabir surya dalam melindungi kulit dari eritema. Tumbuhan Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) merupakan tanaman lokal yang secara empiris digunakan untuk menanggulangi ruam kulit dan kulit terbakar. Ketersediaan tanaman papaya di Indonesia cukup melimpah khususnya di Lampung, telah banyak petani yang membudidayakan tanaman ini. Berbagai bahan tanaman alam dapat digunakan sebagai sumber tabir surya seperti buah, daun, biji bunga, batang dan rimpang. Penelitian Tabir surya dari ekstrak buah papaya telah dilakukan oleh Sanchin dkk (2013), oleh karena itu perlu adanya penelitian pada bagian tanaman papaya lain. Penggunaan kulit buah sangat jarang digunakan karena kulit dianggap sebagai limbah, meskipun kulit papaya ini mempunyai kegunaan yang sangat tinggi. Pada penelitian Santos dkk, (2014) analisis kandungan senyawa fenolik dan Vitamin C kulit papaya lebih tinggi

Some herbal agents taken orally appear to be able to reduce local and systemic negative effects of excessive ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. What is notable in this category is the well-researched Phlebodium aureum (golden serpent fern), frequently referred to in the literature by an old name Polypodium leucotomos. Sufficiently high oral doses of Camellia sinensis (green tea), as well as topical applications, also appear to be photoprotective.
In addition, Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) may be helpful as a systemic immunomodulator to prevent the harm done by excessive UV light on local and general immune function. What is much less well-established is the potential of the immunomodulating fungus Cordyceps sinensis to have this same benefit. Redox modulators such as propolis and proanthocyanidins (from Pinus maritima or Vitis vinifera) have also shown the ability topically to prevent sunburn and UV-related toxicities.
More research is needed but natural products look promising as photoprotectives. Note: The next article related to this topic will discuss herbal photosensitizers, or agents that enhance the therapeutic properties of UV light.

To encounter the increasing risk of melanoma as well as sunburns and premature ageing, tremendous efforts are being put forwarded by the researchers to improve the existing sunscreen materials used in cosmetics. Skin irritation and photoinstability issues of the organic filters motivate researchers to develop suitable alternatives based on inorganic oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and zinc oxide (ZnO). Though these inorganic oxide-based UV filters are commonly used in sunscreens, their high oxidation catalytic activity, photocatalytic ability, toxicity, and unaesthetic formulations further encourage researchers to recognize other inorganic alternatives. In this direction, cerium oxide (CeO 2)-based nanocomposites including CeO 2 are considered to be attractive. However, catalytic oxidation is the prime limitation of such composites toward their applicability in commercial sunscreens. A thorough review of the attempts made by the researchers to understand such bottleneck of CeO 2-based nanocomposites is thus essential. In this review article, the UV shielding ability of CeO 2-based nanocomposites and CeO 2 is primarily focused. In particular, the approaches taken so far to maximize the usefulness in terms of UV shielding, photostability, oxidation stability, and toxicity issues of CeO 2-based nanocom-posites as potential inorganic UV filters in commercial sunscreens over most common inorganic counterparts, i.e., TiO 2 and ZnO are highlighted and emphasized.

The UVA performances of two all-mineral zinc oxide sunscreens are measured following Colipa and ISO procedures and compared to a sunscreen containing only organic actives. It is found that the two sunscreen types yield very different in vitro SPF and UVA results. It shown that the results can be rationalized in terms of the differences in the monochromatic extinction spectra of the two types of sunscreens.

At present, there is a need and demand for the development of safe, cheap and effective topical herbal formulations as sun screens. In this context, this study was initiated to evaluate the sunscreen potential of a Sri Lankan salt marshy plant, Salicornia brachiata Roxb (Family: Amaranthaceae; formally Family: Chenopodiaceae) in vitro using a UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was ascertained (which is an index of sun protection activity) using a methanolic extract having a concentration of 2.0 mgmL-1. Methanol soluble fraction of Dermatone® (2.0 mgmL-1), a well known sunscreen cream, was used as the reference agent. The results showed that the plant extract has a markedly high absorbance values (3.0-3.2) at 290-320 nm range with a SPF value of 30.89 (which is a novel finding) whilst the reference agent exhibited a SPF value of 34.23. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols and steroids. It is concluded that a safe, cheap and efficacious topical sun screen formulation could be developed from salt marshy plant S. brachiata.

http://www.researchmoz.us/suncare-uk-december-2013-report.html

The rise in the population of the eldest demographics poses challenges as well as opportunities, as although the over-55s are the most knowledgeable when it comes to the dangers of the sun, they are least likely to use sun protection and self-tanning products. However, as they continue to seek tans and the rate of malignant melanoma rises in this group, this offers opportunities both for the sun protection and self-tanning segments.

In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.

Ultraviolet (UV) of sunlight is classified into UVC, UVB and UVA according to wavelength. Sunscreen cosmetics must protect our skin against damage such as stains and freckles caused by UVB light or wrinkles caused by UVA light. Commonly sunscreen cosmetics are composed of inorganic UV-reflecting compounds and organic UV-absorbing ones. Although many good materials of both types of compounds for UVB protection are known, only a few UVA-absorbing organic compounds are known in spite of serious hazard of UVA light. We have prepared six Zn(II) complexes having tridentate Schiff base ligands from L-valine and (H-, Cl- and CH3O-) salicylaldehyde derivatives and monodentate ligands (methanol or imidazole). These pale yellow compounds have broad absorption (charge transfer) band around 300-400 nm, which covers UVA wavelength region (315-400 nm) fully. In contrast to the analogous Cu(II) complexes acting as photocatalysts, small degree of photo-induced reactions of only Zn(II) complexes (leaving imidazole to replace methanol) as well as composite of Zn(II) complexes and TiO2 could be observed after UV light (< 350 nm) irradiation up to 60 min. By mixing with anatase TiO2 powder, as scattering (or absorption) compounds for protecting from UVB light, which act as relatively stable UVA sunscreen. To our knowledge about UVA sunscreen, a Zn(II) complex covering UVA wavelength region completely is developed for the first time.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices with daily sunscreen in the 6 th year students from two medical schools in the Peruvian region of Lambayeque. Materials and Methods: A quantitative study, descriptive, and transversal, in the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University (UNPRG) (54) and San Martin de Porres University (USMP) (73), with a total of 127 students. The study was performed from July to November 2015. Results: There was an intermediate level of knowledge (48, 81%), but lower knowledge was more common in USMP (30, 14%) versus UNPRG (9, 26%), so there was a statistically significant difference between both universities. In attitudes, 67/72% of students had an adequate attitude; this was not a statistically significant difference. In relation to practices, only 29/13% had good practices. 35, 62% of students from USMP had good practices versus 18, 52% of students from UNPRG. There was found to be a relationship between the universities to which the students belong and sun protection practices. Conclusions: Students had an acceptable level of knowledge; only one in three had a low level of knowledge. Regarding attitude, students showed adequate answers, but in practice, less than one in three had a proper development of it.

Anovel photo protectivemycosporine was isolated from the
lichenized ascomycete Collema cristatum. Biological activity
was measured in terms of protection against UV-B induced
membrane destruction and pyrimidine dimer formation
in cultured human keratinocytes, and prevention of UV-B
induced erythema. It was found that the pure isolated
compound prevented UV-B induced cell destruction in a
dose-dependent manner, that the compound partially prevented
pyrimidine dimer formation and completely prevented
UV-B induced erythema when applied to the skin prior
to irradiation

Background and Objectives: Alhagi pseudalhagi and Elaeagnus angustifolia are among the medicinal plants used traditionally in Afghanistan. The aim of present work was to study A. pseudalhagi herbs and E. angustifolia leaves for their preliminary phytochemical profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), in vitro antioxidant activity and sun protective factor (SPF). Methods: Alhagi pseudalhagi herb crude extract (APCE) and E. angustifolia leaves crude extract (EACE) were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. Standard qualitative phytochemical tests were performed to detect various phytochemicals in the crude drugs. Both of APCE and EACE were purified as per previously described method to obtain A. pseudalhagi herb purified extract (APPE) and E. angustifolia leaves purified extract (EAPE). The TPC, TFC, and SPF of the extracts were determined, Following prescribed methods. To evaluate in vitro antioxidative potential of the Original Research Article Amini et al.; ...

2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most commonly used sunscreen ingredient. In this study we investigated photodegradation of EHMC in the presence of such common oxidizing and chlorinating systems as H2O2, H2O2/HCl, H2O2/UV, and H2O2/HCl/UV. Reaction products were detected by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS). As a result of experimental studies chloro-substituted 4-methoxycinnamic acid (4-MCA), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA) and 4-methoxyphenol (4-MP) were identified. Experimental studies were enriched with DFT and MP2 calculations. We found that reactions of 4-MCA, 4-MBA and 4-MP with Cl2 and HOCl were in all cases thermodynamically favorable. However, reactivity indices provide a better explanation of the formation of particular chloroorganic compounds. Generally, those isomeric forms of mono- and dichlorinated compounds which exhibits the highest hardness were identified. Nucleophilicity of the chloroorganic compounds precursors were examined by means of the Fukui function.

Drug manufacturers are expected to provide labeling information needed to yield safe and effective product use. However, it is not clear that consumers dose sunscreen, an over-the-counter drug, appropriately; in fact, existing evidence suggests underdosing as a common phenomenon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dispensing device and labeling on self-administered doses of sunscreen in young adults. To investigate those effects, a 2 × 2 factorial laboratory experiment crossing dispensing device (two levels) with labeling treatment (two levels) was conducted. Participants applied sunscreen from each of the four treatments; dosing concentration, measured in mg/cm2, served as the response variable. Participants (n = 94) were recruited on the campuses of Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) and California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo, CA). Each participant applied sunscreen from each unique treatment to sites on their arms and legs (four applications). Postapplication, a survey was completed to characterize demographics, risk perception, and sunscreen use patterns. Results indicate participants applied approximately 30% less sunscreen from the pump bottles than the squeeze bottles (difference estimate of 0.3059 mg/cm2, standard error = 0.0607, p < .0001); there was no evidence of a difference based on label treatments. Post hoc recognition tests indicated only 55% of participants were able to recognize the two experimental labels they had viewed immediately following sunscreen application. Sunscreen application density was directly related to level of worry regarding skin cancer and frequency of sunscreen use (α = .05). Our results suggest the dispensing device used to deliver sunscreen impacts the dosage amount consumers apply.

Effect of exposure ultraviolet light, which is bad for human skin, results in sunburn, dryness, premature aging until skin cancer occurs. Shooting gel is a cosmetic product that is just a trend in the community, containing active ingredients with high concentrations, making it suitable for use as a sunscreen. Previous studies of jamblang have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to obtain a stable, optimum formula for shooting jamblang fruit gel by determining the SPF value and measuring the irritation index. Shooting jamblang fruit gel made four concentrations (60, 70, 80, and 90%) and evaluated physical characteristics, determination of SPF values, and stability test. The data obtained were analyzed with a different 95% confidence level test to find out a significant difference between the treatment groups. The results of the research of positive jamblang fruit contain flavonoid compounds, phenolic, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, and saponins. Evaluation of physical characteristics shows that variations in concentration do not affect viscosity (p > 0.05) but affect pH, dispersion, and adhesion (p < 0.05). SPF FI value of 5.46 (Medium); FII of 11.45 (maximum); FIII of 8.51 (maximum); FIV of 34.73 (Ultra). The Greater the concentration, the greater the SPF value. Stability Shooting jamblang fruit gel almost all formulas there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) on the evaluation of viscosity, adhesion, and dispersion. At pH, there were significant differences in all formulas (p < 0.05).

In order to protect the skin from UV radiation, personal care products (PCPS) often contain chemical UV-filters. These compounds can enter the environment causing serious consequences on the water ecosystems. The aim of this study was to examine, the effect of different factors, such as UV light, the presence of NaOCl and H2O2 on the formaldehyde formation during popular UV filter, 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (ODPABA) demethylation. The concentration of formaldehyde was determined by VIS spectrophotometry after derivatization. The reaction mixtures were qualitatively analyzed using GC/MS chromatography. The highest concentration of formaldehyde was observed in the case of ODPABA/H2O2/UV reaction mixture. In order to describe two types of demethylation mechanisms, namely, radical and ionic, the experimental results were enriched with Fukui function analysis and thermodynamic calculations. In the case of non-irradiated system containing ODPABA and NaOCl, demethylation reaction probably proceeds via ionic mechanism. As it was established, amino nitrogen atom in the ODPABA molecule is the most susceptible site for the HOCl electrophilic attack, which is the first step of ionic demethylation mechanism. In the case of irradiated mixtures, the reaction is probably radical in nature. The results of thermodynamic calculations showed that abstraction of the hydrogen from N(CH3)2 group is more probable than from 2-ethylhexyl moiety, which indicates higher susceptibility of N(CH3)2 to the oxidation.

Developing of theoretical tools can be very helpful for supporting new pollutant detection. Nowadays, a combination of mass spectrometry and chromatographic techniques are the most basic environmental monitoring methods. In this paper, two organ-ochlorine compound mass spectra classification systems were proposed. The classification models were developed within the framework of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and fast 1D and 2D molecular descriptor calculations. Based on the intensities of two characteristic MS peaks, namely, [M] and [M-35], two classification criterions were proposed. According to criterion I, class 1 comprises [M] signals with the intensity higher than 800 NIST units, while class 2 consists of signals with the intensity lower or equal than 800. According to criterion II, class 1 consists of [M-35] signals with the intensity higher than 100, while signals with the intensity lower or equal than 100 belong to class 2. As a result of ANNs learning stage, five models for both classification criterions were generated. The external model validation showed that all ANNs are characterized by high predicting power; however, criterion I-based ANNs are much more accurate and therefore are more suitable for analytical purposes. In order to obtain another confirmation, selected ANNs were tested against additional dataset comprising popular sunscreen agents disin-fection by-products reported in previous works.

Objetivo. Indagar algunas razones por las que estudiantes de sexto año de dos facultades de medicina humana de la región Lambayeque no usan en forma continua bloqueador solar. Material y Métodos. Tipo de estudio: tres grupos focales de 6 estudiantes cada uno, con una guía de discusión. Resultados. Existe amplia información sobre la protección solar y su uso correcto, todos tenían buenas actitudes, pero no se encontró una práctica adecuada del bloqueador sobre lo cual los estudiantes dan varias razones del no uso apropiado. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes tienen conocimientos y actitudes aceptables, pero en relación a las prácticas la mayoría no lo realiza adecuadamente indicando varias razones. Palabras clave: Energía solar, Estudiantes de medicina. (:DeCS-BIREME). Fuente Objective. To determine the reasons for don`t use daily sunscreen in sixth year students of two human medicine faculty of the Lambayeque region. Methods and Materials. Three focus groups of 6 students with discussion guides, why don`t use sunscreen. Results: there are good level of knowledge and attitudes but were not adequate practice with sunscreen. Conclusions. Students reached an good knowledge and attitude but in practices don`t use daily sunscreen for several reasons. INTRODUCCIÓN Estudios epidemiológicos alrededor del mundo han demostrado que la exposición solar y la sensibilidad de la radiación ultravioleta (UV) de la población son los principales f a c t o r e s d e r i e s g o p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o p r o b l e m a s dermatológicos como envejecimiento precoz, queratosis y (1-5) hasta neoplasias cutáneas. El cáncer de piel no melanoma (basocelular y espinocelular), es la forma más frecuente de cáncer y se relaciona con la exposición solar acumulada, en los primeros años de vida hasta la juventud. En contraparte, el melanoma se ha asociado a exposiciones agudas recurrentes que inducen la (6) aparición de quemadura solar. El uso diario de protección solar es la herramienta más reconocida para la prevención de daño en la piel y del cáncer de la misma, tan frecuente en nuestro medio. Según el Instituto Enfermedades Neoplásica (INEN) revela la alta frecuencia de neoplasias cutáneas en nuestro país, donde el cáncer de piel es el sexto lugar en frecuencia con 570 casos nuevos en ambos sexos en el 2014 e incrementándose a 698 (7) en el 2015. En un estudio descriptivo en estudiantes de medicina en Loja Ecuador que habían llevado el curso de dermatología se tuvieron como resultados que 66% de ellos tenía conocimientos adecuados acerca de foto protección, sin embargo solo la mitad de ellos respondieron adecuadamente (8) acerca del horario correcto de su uso. En el Perú existen escasos estudios que evalúen el nivel de prácticas de la población en relación al uso de protección (9) solar , lo que motivó el presente estudio, que es la primera etapa de una investigación cuantitativa. Objetivo: Indagar algunas razones del no uso de protección solar en estudiantes de sexto año de dos facultades medicina humana de la región Lambayeque.