Syntactic Analysis

The effects of globalization felt all over the world have an ever increasing effect on the changing structure of our cities. During the last decade, the effects are especially felt drastically in smaller Anatolian cities such as Balikesir. Unlike major cities who already have multi-centered organization, the city center of Balikesir i.e. the central business district has kept its location

This study focuses on the syntactic structure of two lines in Hand Over Hand Song lyrics: "Her voice is like a morning sun" and "We went walking through backyards". It is aimed to reveal the word category, clause formation, and null constituents of the sentences. Descriptive qualitative approach is done by synthesizing theory of various sources and applying the relevant ones to the sentence analysis in tree diagrams. Through this study, we are able to identify Universal Grammar (UG) principles, Extended Projection Principle (EPP), null Complementiser, Null Tense (T), and an affix hopping in the chosen lyrics. It was proven that even though Roland Faunte wrote the lyrics in modern English for aesthetic purposes (not considering the grammar academically), the lyrics are still grammatical and can be analysed syntactically.

In this world, every living thing has at least one language in order to have a communication with each other. Humans, for example, are able to show feelings and emotions and socialize by using languages. In Indonesia, English learners do not get familiar enough with English sentence patterns. In learning language, studying sentence patterns in song lyrics becomes more necessary as there are often misinterpretations of words when they are combined into sentences in song lyrics in the forms of sentence pattern construction. Considering the issue, the researcher got interested to analyse syntactically the sentence patterns in John Denver’s song lyrics.
This research was conducted to answer one research question: What sentence patterns are used in John Denver’s song lyrics? In order to answer the research question, the researcher employed qualitative approach as the nature of this research since it described about certain phenomena in detail. The method used in this research was content analysis as it analysed the sentence patterns in the John Denver’s song lyrics. Finally, the researcher employed the theory of Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) to analyse the sentence patterns in the lyrics. Additionally, the researcher also employed the theory of O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba (1996) to represent the tree diagrams and phrase structure rules of the chosen sentences.
Based on the results, the researcher found out that there were 8 out of 9 patterns which were used in the song lyrics. The sentence pattern which was frequently used was pattern 3: S + Vt + dO. There were 12 sentences which used the pattern in John Denver’s song lyrics. However, there was no sentence which used pattern 6: S + Vt + iO + dO. Finally, the researcher hopes that the results can help English learners to improve their understanding on sentence patterns and phrase structure rules.

The correct placement of punctuation characters is in many languages, including Czech, driven by complex guidelines. Although those guidelines use information of morphology, syntax and semantics, state-of-art systems for punctuation detection and correction are limited to simple rule-based backbones. In this paper we present a syntax-based approach by utilizing the Czech parser synt. This parser uses an adapted chart parsing technique for building the chart structure for the sentence. synt can then process the chart and provide several kinds of output information. The implemented punctuation detection technique utilizes the synt output in the form of automatic and unambiguous extraction of optimal syntactic structures from the sentence (noun phrases, verb phrases, clauses, relative clauses or inserted clauses). Using this feature it is possible to obtain information about syntactic structures related to expected punctuation placement. We also present experiments proving that this method makes it possible to cover most syntactic phenomena needed for punctuation detection or correction.

Following (Huggard 2011) Hittite does attest wh-in-situ in that there is no obligatory wh-movement to the specifier of the highest CP projection. However, pace (Huggard 2011), Hittite wh-in situ does not involve wh-phrases in the base-generated position. It is syntactic movement out of vP to a low position within the CP layer. Wh-words merge in the same position as focus (Spec,FocP) and then optionally scramble further on to Spec,ForceP. Relative pronouns, bare existential quantifiers and subordinators merge in Spec,QP and then scramble optionally to Spec,TopP or Spec,ForceP. The feature that wh-words satiate in Spec,FocP is +focus and the feature that relative pronouns satiate in Spec,QP is +quantifier.

Una serie di linee guida per l'annotazione manuale degli enunciati nominali (o frasi senza verbo) in un corpus di testi dialogici informali scaricati dal web.
Queste linee guida tengono conto della varietà di forme degli enunciati nominali e della natura substandard dei testi annotati.
Queste istruzioni sono state applicate durante l'annotazione del corpus COSMIANU (liberamente scaricabile a questo link: https://hlt-nlp.fbk.eu/technologies/cosmianu1.0), presentato a CLiC-it 2018.

Texts acquired from recognition sources—conti-nuous speech/handwriting recognition and OCR—generally have three types of errors re-gardless of the characteristics of the source in particular. The output of the recognition process may be (1) poorly segmented or not segmented at all; (2) containing underspecified symbols (where the recognition process can only indicate that the symbol belongs to a specific group), e.g. shape codes; (3) containing incorrectly identified sym-bols. The project presented in this paper addresses these errors by developing of a unified linguistic framework called the MorphoLogic Recognition Assistant that provides feedback and corrections for various recognition processes. The framework uses customized morpho-syntactic and syntactic analysis where the lexicons and their alphabets correspond to the symbol set acquired from the recognition process. The successful framework must provide three services: (1) proper disambi-guated segmentation, (2) disambiguation...

This paper presents an original methodology to consider question answering. We noticed that query expansion is often incorrect because of a bad understanding of the question. But the automatic good understanding of an utterance is linked to the context length, and the question are often short. This methodology proposes to analyse the documents and to construct an informative structure from the results of the analysis and from a semantic text expansion. The linguistic analysis identifies words (tokenization and morphological analysis), links between words (syntactic analysis) and word sense (semantic disambiguation). The text expansion adds to each word the synonyms matching its sense and replaces the words in the utterances by derivatives, modifying the syntactic schema if necessary. In this way, whatever enrichment may be, the text keeps the same meaning, but each piece of information matches many realisations. The questioning method consists in constructing a local informative str...

While most research on Chinese traditional settlements has predominantly focused on interpretation and re-interpretation of Confucian cultural ideas, syntactic analysis revealed that these settlements were configured with variability to social and economic processes of settlement growth and evolution. A centrality process similar to the one described by Hillier was observed, in which communal buildings like ancestral halls and shops tended to be concentrated on the integration structure as well as certain strategically vantage locations of a settlement. This raises a question of whether the spatial structure may have a social implication on settlement growth and evolution. This paper reports a case study of Wangkou, a quasi-market town in Wuyuan county, China. Space syntax theories and methods are applied to the modeling of pedestrian movement pattern of the settlement. Pedestrian movement data were observed on weekdays by using gate count method from randomly sampled street segment...

The history of Malay language has been going through a long way. Kridalaksana (1991:5) divided the development period of Malay language into four: the Melayu Kuna era (the 7th-14th century CE), the Melayu Klasik/Tengahan era (the 14th-18th), the Melayu Peralihan era (the 19th), and the Melayu Baru era (the 20th century). The Betawi language is the only Malay language that existed in Java Island. Dullaurier, as quoted by Hollander (1983;1984), said that the Malay language is divided into two groups: Malay language Malaka accent and Betawi accent (Muhadjir, 1999:21). In this research, the script of Lakon Jaka Sukara became the data source to find the characteristic features of Malay Betawi language syntax that is written in the script. Lakon Jaka Sukara is one of the scripts assumed to have been written by the Betawi people. In this case, the script of Lakon Jaka Sukara will be analyzed in its syntactic pattern. The research of the Betawi language writing variety, especially the ancient script has rarely been done. That case became important for this research to be conducted. After seeing the whole script, there is syntactic patterns that became the characteristic features of the writing variety of the Betawi language. That syntactic pattern is that there is construction property or possessive phrase, collocation [kasi], [beri], or [kerja] that is followed by verbs, construction [apa] that is followed by nouns, construction [barang] that is followed by [di mana], construction [pun] that is in front of male pronouns, and construction [pun] that is on the back of female pronouns.

The parsing of Arabic sentence is a necessary prerequisite for many natural language processing applications such as machine translation and information retrieval. In this paper we report our attempt to develop an efficient chart parser for Analyzing Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) sentence. From a practical point of view, the parser is able to satisfy syntactic constraints reducing parsing ambiguity. Lexical semantic features are also used to disambiguate the sentence structure. We explain also an Arabic morphological analyzer based on ATN technique. Both the Arabic parser and the Arabic morphological analyzer are implemented in Prolog. The linguistic rules were acquired from a set of sentences from MSA sentence in the Agriculture domain.

করে (kare) is one of the most frequent words in Bangla corpus, which exhibits various morpho-syntactic functions. Morphological-ly, the word can be analyzed as a noun (meaning "hand", "tax", etc.) with a locative case-marker, a finite verb (meaning "do" or "does") as well as a non-finite form of "do" (meaning "having done"). However, owing to various functional modifications this particu-lar lexical item can also be used as a postpo-sition and particle. Due to this extremely va-riable behavior, the lexical item "kare‟ is problematic for several NLP tasks and, there-fore, calls for a special treatment. In this pa-per we investigate the various distributions and functions of „kare‟ and identify eleven basic morpho-syntactic categories covering these various functions. On the basis of di-achronic and synchronic evidence, we show how these various functions of "kare‟ can be explained by positing etymological homo-morp...

Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is an intelligence gathering discipline that involves collecting information from open sources and analyzing it to produce usable intelligence. The revolution in information technology is making open sources more accessible, ubiquitous, and valuable, making open intelligence at less cost than ever before. The explosion in OSINT is transforming the intelligence world with the emergence of open

We present a method for extracting sentences from an individual document to serve as a document summary or a pre-cursor to creating a generic document abstract. We apply syntactic analysis of the text that produces a logical form analysis for each sentence. We use subject–object–predicate (SOP) triples from individual sentences to create a semantic graph of the original document and the corresponding human extracted summary. Using the Support Vector Machines learning algorithm, we train a classifier to identify SOP ...

Is there underspecification in the syntactic phrase marker constructed during on-line sentence analysis? According to the construal hypothesis (Frazier & Clifton, 1996), a very limited amount and type of structural underspecification is available to the human sentence parsing ...

The paper proposes fuzzy automata for fault diagnosis.A sequence of fuzzy modeled templates (pattern classes) is generated and becomes the input of the fuzzy automata. Two case studies are included, namely fault diagnosis of a DC motor, and detection of abnormalities in ECG signals.

Abstract. Web services have become the predominant paradigm for the development of distributed software systems. Web services provide the means to modularize software in a way that functionality can be described, discovered and deployed in a platform independent manner over a network (e.g., intranets, extranets and the Internet). The representation of web services by current industrial practice is predominantly syntactic in nature lacking the fundamental semantic underpinnings required to fulfill the goals of the emerging Semantic Web. This paper proposes a framework aimed at (1) modeling the semantics of syntactically defined web services through a process of interpretation, (2) scoping the derived concepts within domain ontologies, and (3) harmonizing the semantic web services with the domain ontologies. The framework was validated through its application to web services developed for a large financial system. The worked example presented in this paper is extracted from the semant...