Noun Phrase

Language is used for various purposes and has many functions. Every language has a different structure and rules. The most common mistakes that make mistakes in writing are in the process of learning a foreign language. Students cannot avoid making mistakes when learning a foreign language. Students do not knowingly make mistakes because they do not know which structure is correct. The purpose of this study are (1) To find out the students' mistakes from English noun phrases using modifiers in writing English texts made by eleventh grade students? (2) To find out students' mistakes from English noun phrases using the initial modifier in writing English texts made by eleventh grade students ?. This study uses the theory of Huddleston et al (2002) which consists of Dangling Modifier, Misplaced modifier and Squinting modifier because this theory aims to analyze student errors in the use of noun phrases. This study uses descriptive quantitative methods to determine errors in the use of modifiers and pre-modifiers in noun phrases. The type of sample used in this study is purposive sampling, based on the type of sampling the researcher chose class XI IPA as the object of this study. In this study, researchers used a writing test, researchers gave words that were randomized and then directed students to arrange these words into correct sentences. This writing test is used to answer questions about analysis errors in the noun phrase.

This article undertakes a descriptive analysis of the phrase Eastern Europe (or, eastern Europe ) against a background of a variety of phraseological units with the proper name Europe obtained in a corpus search of the BNCweb. At this stage, the linguistic status of the sequence Eastern Europe as a phrase is taken for granted and accepted. The meaning of phrase, as alluded to here, conforms to one of the meanings of this grammatical term listed in Trask (1996: 208), namely: “Traditionally, and very loosely, a label applied to any string of words which someone wants to consider, regardless of its syntactic status”. However, the sequence Eastern Europe may be looked at from other vantage points than the phraseological one. This study involves not only a criss-crossing of linguistic subfields (e.g., phraseology, morphology, terminology, semantics and pragmatics) but it also encroaches upon a non-linguistic territory (i.e., international relations). Given the complexity of the phrase in question, this article will limit itself to a thorough descriptive analysis of this one sequence/unit from a maximum number and variety of angles.

In multimedia-based e-Learning systems, there are strong needs for segmenting lecture videos into topic units in order to organize the videos for browsing and to provide search capability. Automatic segmentation is highly desired because of the high cost of manual segmentation. While a lot of research has been conducted on topic segmentation of transcribed spoken text, most attempts rely on

What is a Noun Phrase?
A noun phrase may be defined as a noun plus all the words and groups of words that belong with the noun and cluster around it, i.e. surround it, or in other words come before or after it. The noun is called the headword or simply the head, and the other words or word groups are called modifiers of the noun.

Examples of Noun Phrases
1. the yellow flowers

2. the yellow flowers in the garden

3. the yellow flowers in the garden which are nicely flourishing

In the three examples the word flowers is the head(word) of the noun phrase. The rest of the words are the modifiers. You may have already observed that the single-word modifiers, like the and yellow, precede (i.e. come before) the head, whereas the word-group modifiers, i.e. in the garden and which are nicely flourishing, follow (i.e. come after) the head.

One of the most accurate methods in Question Answering (QA) uses off-line information extraction to find answers for frequently asked questions. It requires automatic extraction from text of all relation instances for relations that users frequently ask for. In this chapter, two methods are presented for learning relation instances for relations relevant in a closed and open domain (medical) QA system. Both methods try to learn automatic dependency paths that typically connect two arguments of a given relation. The first (lightly supervised) method starts from a seed list of argument instances, and extracts dependency paths from all sentences in which a seed pair occurs. This method works well for large text collections and for seeds which are easily identified, such as named entities, and is well-suited for open domain QA. A second experiment concentrates on medical relation extraction for the question answering module of the IMIX system. The IMIX corpus is relatively small and relation instances may contain complex noun phrases that do not occur frequently in the exact same form in the corpus. In this case, learning from annotated data is necessary. Dependency patterns enriched with semantic concept labels are shown to give accurate results for relations that are relevant for a medical QA system. Both methods improve the performance of the Dutch QA system Joost.

In this paper I extend Rizzi's (1997) idea of a fine structure of the left periphery to the nominal expression. I start by stating various parallels (and some differences) between nominal expressions and clauses. It was circulated as University of Venice Working Papers in Linguistics 1996.

Ces douze pages décrivent, puis explorent, en onze petits chapitres des points essentiels de la « question » de l'arbitraire du signe. A partir du chapitre 6, on montre comment les noms ont joué un rôle abusif dans cette affaire, et pourquoi. Le dernier chapitre donne une perspective peut-être nouvelle sur la question. (Version 3)

Finnish grammars customarily present a case system of fifteen morphological cases. While other cases are fully productive and can be formed from all nouns, the so-called accusative in -t has only seven forms, based on the six personal pronouns and the corresponding interrogative pronoun kuka 'who'. Based on data drawn from a large corpus of modern written Finnish as used on the online social networking website Suomi24, and accompanied by the results obtained from a questionnaire survey with native-speaking university students, this paper shows that the Finnish personal pronouns can also function as heads of complex nominal phrases. Not unlike nouns, personal pronouns can have adjectival and demonstrative modifiers. The most novel perspectives to the Finnish nominal phrase and object marking are provided by phrases in which the pronominal head is in the accusative, and its modifiers only partially agree with it in the nominative or genitive.

The Ainu (Southern Hokkaido) relative clause construction is built on the model
of the nominal attributive construction, while the noun-complement construction is based on that of the nominal possessive construction in which the head
is marked with a possessive suffix. Also, relative and noun-complement clauses
behave differently with regard to island violation constraints: only the latter
allow such violations. However, there is a small number of noun-complement
clauses without possessive marking on the perception/relational head noun,
which makes them look like relative clauses; these are the so-called emergent
GNMCCs. I suggest that these head nouns appear in non-possessive form in order to dissociate themselves from the few homonymous possessive heads which
are grammaticalized as modal/evidential markers in the relevant constructions.

This paper compares the language of child bilinguals and adult unbalanced bilinguals (heritage speakers) against that of bilingual native speakers of their home language (baseline). We identify four major vectors of correspondence across the language spoken by these three groups. First, all varieties may represent a given linguistic property in a similar way (child bilinguals = adult heritage speakers = bilingual native speakers of their home language). This occurs when either (i) the property in question is highly robust and is acquired by learners without difficulty or (ii) the property is already in decline in the baseline. We illustrate scenario (i) with data from Russian count forms, which are morphologically quite complex. The preservation of these forms in child bilinguals and adult heritage speakers suggests that simplicity of encoding is not the only factor determining robustness of retention. Second, child and heritage speakers may share a linguistic structure that differs from the one found in the baseline (bilingual native speakers of their home language ≠ child bilinguals = adult heritage speakers). This scenario occurs when incipient structural changes in the baseline become amplified in the language of next-generation bilinguals, or when a given structure is rare, confined to a specific register, and/ or reinforced through literacy. Third, a structure may be acquired by bilingual children faithfully, but undergo reanalysis/attrition in the adult heritage language (bilingual native speakers of their home language = child bilinguals ≠ adult heritage speakers). Russian relativization illustrates this scenario; child bilinguals show native-like performance on relative clauses but adult heritage speakers show an exaggerated subject preference in the interpretation of gaps. Finally, a structure that is not fully learned by child speakers may be reanalyzed by adult heritage speakers following general principles, thus bringing the adult heritage representation closer to that of the baseline (bilingual native speakers of their home language = adult heritage speakers ≠ child bilinguals). Heritage speakers' production and comprehension of psychological predicates in Spanish illustrates this possibility.

The purpose of this paper is to prove the Mass Noun Hypothesis wrong. The hypothesis claims that all common nouns in classifier languages like Mandarin Chinese are mass nouns. The objection against it consists in displaying its implausible deduction, where false conclusions have been drawn due to relying on the grammar of English, which is incongruent with the grammar of Chinese. Consequently, this paper defends the Count Noun Thesis, stating that in Chinese there are count as well as mass nouns. In support of this statement, first, the typology of numeral classifiers had to be established, which resulted in gathering and completing all the reasons to distinguish classifiers from measure words. After only this necessary differentiation was made, it was possible to show that the count/mass distinction exists in Mandarin Chinese. That is, count nouns by default have only one classifier, with certain disclaimers. Apart from that, count nouns, as in every language, may undergo some measurement with measure words. Mass nouns, however, in the context of quantification may appear only with measure words, but not with classifiers. These conditions naturally follow from the ontological status of the two types of nouns' referents, i.e. bounded objects denoted by count nouns, and scattered substances denoted by mass nouns.

Morphological description of declension in Japanese. Because: it is possible, clear and concise, although rarely attempted towards Japanese, despite the latter being usually classified as an agglutinative language. Agglutination is a subtype of inflection. And the description of inflection in its morphological variant is valid on the level of least entropy of functional units of the language (phonemics). With further systemic extensions possible, including inevitable irregularities, exceptions and the instances of case marking lexicalization.

Although it is a very small part of the research paper, the title plays an important role as the first point of contact between writer and potential reader and may decide whether or not the paper is read. Research paper titles in the widely differing fields of science, literature and linguistics are studied in detail with a view to showing what researchers from each discipline implicitly feel are important features in the succinct knowledge transmission required in title design. Three basic types of titles in the three disciplines are analyzed: full sentence, compound and a remaining group made up largely of noun phrases with or without postmodification. Very clear-cut differences in frequency and form were found across the three disciplines reflecting fundamental differences in pragmatic intention inherent in the disciplines concerned. Analysis focusses on the role of titles in informing the reader as to what the paper is about and also in attracting him/her to read the paper. Discussion of how these functions are met rests on techniques involved in both information packaging and advertising.

In this thesis, I propose that the distribution of nominal phrases is constrained by the relative positions of phi-features that nominal phrases contain. More specifically, I propose a condition according to which two syntactic nodes bearing visible phi-features cannot be directly merged. This constraint results in the well-described generalization according to which Agreement is severely limited in the Nominal Domain and complements to nominals may not bear direct case-marking, unlike the complements of verbs and prepositions. Next, I suggest that the propagation of phi-features can be blocked by a formal feature – epsilon – that is borne on such morphemes as prepositions and linkers, as well as oblique case markers. A nominal phrase merged with an epsilon may combine with another nominal phrase when a bare nominal phrase may not. Next, I argue that the syntactic identity of nouns can be fully reduced to phi-features. The proposed approach is shown to extend to adjectives – another category whose syntactic behavior is largely determined by the presence of phi-features. To that effect, I show that the ban on direct marking of the complements of both adjectives and nouns can be understood as a constraint on the merger of two phi-bearing structures. I show how the proposed theory can account for several well known syntactic phenomena, including the ban on double Absolutives in Ergative languages and the lack of Structural Dative marking in the Nominal Domain. The empirical data is mainly drawn from Slavic, Romance, Germanic and Iranian languages of the Indo-European family and from Nakh-Dagestanian languages.

Chapter 6 (by Santazilia) is a study of the Basque noun morphology, which sets out the noun paradigm of historical Basque and the structure of its NP, and then goes on to list the explanations proposed so far for every aspect concerning the formation of that paradigm: first the number/definiteness axis, and then the individual cases, classifying these into primary cases (grammatical and local), secondary cases (those built upon the allative and the genitive), and pseudo-flectional morphemes or non-cases.

In this paper, I present the description of the nominal phrase in the latest academic grammar of the Romanian language. Also, I show what the main sources of inspiration for the proposed structure are, and I address certain problems that were not discussed in Gramatica de Baza, but which are analyzable in the theoretical framework put forth.

The monograph by Nina Sumbatova and Yury Lander (with Magomed Mamaev) “The Dargwa dialect of the village of Tanti. A grammar sketch. Problems of syntax” is based on the field data obtained in 2008–2013 in the village of Tanti of the Akusha district, Republic of Daghestan (Russian Federation). The dialect of Tanti belongs to the Tsudakhar group of the Dargwa dialects. It has not been described before.
The book by Nina Sumbatova and Yury Lander contains a grammar sketch of Tanti (Part 1) and a more detailed description of some syntactic problems – NP structure; verbal constructions; the structure of different sentence types (declarative, interrogative, etc.) with different types of information structure, as well as agreement in noun class and person (Parts 2–6). The book also provides a comparative description of person agreement in the Nakh-Daghestanian language family.
Except the grammatical description, the book contains a small corpus of oral texts in the dialects of Tanti (11 texts, 55 pages) and a glossary of about 1300 lexical entries.

Монография Н.Р Сумбатовой и Ю.А. Ландера (при участии М.Х. Мамаева) «Даргинский говор селения Танты. Грамматический очерк. Вопросы синтаксиса» (общий объем монографии – более 32 а. л.) основана на полевых исследованиях авторов, осуществлявшихся в 2008–2013 гг. в селении Танты Акушинского района Республики Дагестан. Тантынский идиом относится к цудахарской группе даргинских диалектов. Его грамматических описаний ранее не существовало.
В книге содержится грамматический очерк тантынского идиома (Глава 1), а также подробное описание ряда разделов синтаксиса – структуры именной группы, глагольных конструкций, структуры простых предложений различных типов (повествовательных/ вопросительных и т. д.) и с различными видами коммуникативной структуры, а также категории согласования по именному классу и лицу (Главы 2–6). Кроме того, содержится сравнительное описание личного согласования в тех языках нахско-дагестанской семьи, где оно представлено.
Помимо грамматических разделов, книга содержит небольшой корпус глоссированных текстов на тантынском диалекте (11 текстов, объем около 2,4 а.л.) и словник тантынского диалекта (около 1300 лексем).

This dissertation presents the first cross-linguistic study of the Noun Phrase in the indigenous languages of South America. It builds upon a considerable amount of data that have recently become available for languages in this continent. Based on a sample of 55 languages, this study gives a novel account of the syntactic, morphosyntactic, and semantic properties of the NP. For example, the analysis shows that personal pronouns commonly receive the same possessive markers as nominal possessors, which implies that a fully grammaticalized category of possessive pronouns is rare in South American languages. In addition, the new South American data only partly confirm typological claims for tendencies in the NP domain. For instance, a morphologically distinct class of adjectives is found in many languages of the sample; however, this class is often small, and the dominant way to encode property concepts is with verbs. Finally, this study also includes a discussion of the geographic patterning of structural features in the NP, evaluating the assumption that there is a major typological split between so-called Andean and Amazonian languages. The analysis shows that most of the features cannot be attributed to either of these larger areas. It also demonstrates, however, that there is some evidence for a broad structural division of languages into the western part of the continent (corresponding to the Andean sphere) and the rest of the continent. One of the features that define this split is the parameter of alienability.

L'objectif de cette étude est de proposer une description typologique des constituants nominaux en wolof, dans une perspective typologique. Le wolof est une langue à classes nominales. La répartition des noms dans les classes s'effectue selon quatre critères : sémantique, morphologique, phonologique et étymologique. Ces critères ne sont pas absolues, mais induisent des tendances dans la classification nominale de la langue. Concernant les pronoms personnels, nous avons posé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consonne des pronoms de troisième personne seraient issues de marques de classe [+humain]. Concernant les déterminants, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence d'une structure C₁VC₂ propre aux déterminants quantifieurs (où C₁ est le marqueur de classe nominale et C₂ une consonne géminée). En outre, nous supposons que le déterminant augmentatif est dérivé du déterminant individualisateur. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que le déterminant défini peut être analysé comme un affixe syntagmatique.
Enfin, nous proposons une analyse typologique détaillée de la construction génitive. Nous supposons que la construction génitive actuelle est dans une phase transitoire entre un état où le génitif se marquait par le redoublement du déterminant indéfini, et un état où il se marque par une marque du génitif suffixé au nom tête. De même, il semble que la construction possessive du wolof est également en cours d'évolution. Elle tend à être marquée par un pronom possessif. Néanmoins, elle conserve des traces d'un état antérieur où elle était identique à la construction génitive. Par ailleurs, les numéraux ne constituent pas une catégorie à part en wolof, mais qu'ils peuvent être considérés comme des noms entrant dans une construction génitive.

The thesis offers a description and analysis of the DP in the Eastern Indo-Aryan language Bangla (Bengali). In particular, it re-establishes the dominant theme in the DP literature of showing the syntactic equivalence between the structure of the clause and that of the DP. This is done on the one hand by investigating various clause-like syntactic phenomena like specificity, deixis and aspect inside the DP and on the other by working out NP movement inside the DP -- the common theme across chapters 2-4. Chapter 1 provides an outline of the thesis and introduces relevant parts of the minimalist and the antisymmetry framework adopted for this study. In addition, it suggests a trigger for Merge and proposes that a condition governing XP movements to multiple specifiers in clauses is operative in DPs as well. The second chapter discusses a three layered structure of the DP structure for Bangla where the layer intermediate between DP and NP is the Quantifier Phrase. The proposed structure accounts for the DP-internal specificity in Bangla and suggests that specific NPs move out of the deepest NP-shell by LF. This is identified as the DP-internal ‘Object’ Shift and constitutes the first instance of DP-internal NP movement. In the following chapter, the three-layered DP structure is re-examined on the basis of data from kinship terms. Specifically, it is shown that the possessive is generated in the nP shell of the DP but moves up to its derived position of [Spec,DP] for reasons of feature checking. It is proposed that the demonstrative is an XP and is the specifier of a ‘focus-related’ head F, located between the D and the Q heads. NP movement proposed in this chapter is identified as Kinship Inversion and is shown to be triggered by the same feature of specificity explored in chapter 2. The analysis exploits two different types of NP movement within the DP which accounts for DP-internal deixis. The last chapter discusses the structure of the gerund phrase and proposes that it too has the structure of a DP. Both the external and the internal distribution of the gerund is investigated which show that they exhibit both nominal and verbal properties. This is reflected in the proposed derivation of gerunds which involve leftward NP movement out of a VP embedded inside an Aspect Phrase. The presence of aspectual features like [±PERFECT] and [±DELIMITED] drive this movement. This final evidence for DP-internal NP movement leads us towards the conclusion that NP movement inside the DP is a pervasive phenomenon in Bangla