Theoritical Physiics

My work here is the Determine Age of Open Star Clusters. Star clusters, as the name suggests are very large group of stars that are gravitationally bound. They are at the same distance from earth and are of the same age. By analyzing them we can find information about the evolution of different type of stars and clusters. There can be two types of clusters; Open star clusters and Globular star clusters. On comparison with Globular star clusters, Open star clusters are gravitationally loosely bound and young, mainly consisting of blue stars. Open clusters will often disrupt due to the gravitational influence of nearby giant molecular cloud even before the stars in it die. It will be having a few hundreds of stars and they are confined to the galactic planes, in the spiral arms of the galaxies. In this project I am using the data from Gaia DR2, which comprises of 46 open star clusters. I find the age of these clusters using two methods; Using theory of stellar evolution and Stellar isochrone fitting methods with the help of Excel and TOPCAT software.

Axions are hypothetical particles that have been proposed to solve the strong CP problem, an unresolved question in high-energy theoretical physics. Axions are also an attractive candidate for dark matter. In this paper, we review some mathematical preliminaries that will be useful later in understanding the mechanism of axions mathematics. we will get to know the extensions of the standard model for the axions like QCD axion and strong CP problem in details, etc, and the direct detections of the axions.

The most desired journey by human being is definitely travel through time. For centuries, people dream about time travel, to be able to go back and fix mistakes of the past. But there are many complications associated with time travel -  starting from technological aspects ending with the philosophical paradoxes. Yet, is time travel possible from the technological and philosophical perspectives? How to solve the paradoxes of time travel? It should be noted that realisation of time travel leads not only to the discovery of the nature of time, but also to the understanding how much is unknown about it. In this paper, probability of time travel and solutions to paradoxes will be critically analysed from philosophical perspectives.

Quantum mechanics fascinates me. It describes a wide variety of phenomena
based on very few assumptions. It starts with a framework so unlike the differential equations of classical physics, yet it contains classical physics within it. It
provides quantitative predictions for many physical situations, and these predictions agree with experiments. In short, quantum mechanics is the ultimate basis,
today, by which we understand the physical world.
Thus, I was very pleased to be asked to write the next revised edition of Modern
Quantum Mechanics, by J. J. Sakurai. I had taught this material out of this book
for a few years and found myself very in tune with its presentation. Like many
other instructors, however, I found some aspects of the book lacking and therefore
introduced material from other books and from my own background and research.
My hybrid class notes form the basis for the changes in this new edition.

The level of energy use has been increasing with the  passage of time. There is no destruction of energy and no  creation of energy, only that it is transformed from one  form to another. There is no end to the usage of power in  our daily life, even in the world, all in all in the whole world. Nowadays almost everything is dependent on electricity. Basically this electrical energy is produced from the chemical energy such as coal, oil..etc. Notably, here chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. But oil, coal, natural gases, uranium  are non – renewable energy. The bottom line is that global warming is increasing day by day due to the usage and production of energy and it is polluting the environment, melting polar ice caps, raising the sea levels, drowning most of land and activating the inactive viruses. Therefore, this research paper has given an idea about how we can get renewable energy which will not affect the environment. The name of the method is - A Small Piece Of Dyson Sphere. This is very potential for the future. It will help to save us all and we will get a huge amount of energy to modernize our civilization.
(© 2022. All Rights Reserved. Author)

هذا الكتاب هو بمثابة تكملة للسلسة التي بدأتها عن معرفة بنية الكون، فالكون يتكون من فضاء فارغ يسير فيه الضوء بخطوط مستقيمة وينحني عند وجود الطاقة والتي تمثل في الكتل. يتكون الكون من ستة أبعاد اربعة منهم موجودات ومحسوسات وهي ما اثبتته النسبية و اثنان منهم لايمكننا رؤيتها او الشعور بها وهي ما اثبتته النظرية الكمية وهذه الأبعاد الاضافية تسير فيه الاجسام بسرعات عاليا جدا وغير معهودة لتثبت آنية الاحداث التي افترضها نيوتن وخالفتها النسبية باعتبار ان اكبر سرعة في الكون هي سرعة الضوء في الفراغ ثم جاءت ميكانيكا الكم واثبتت هذا الامر من خلال نظريتها التشابك الكمي Quantum Entanglement.
السبب في عدم رؤيتنا لهذه الأبعاد الاضافية هو انها تقع ضمن المجالات المحظورة التي فرضها العالم الكمي Quantum world وفيه اننا لايمكننا معرفة تفاصيل الاحداث دخله الا بشيء من العموم ولكن ليس تفصيلي. والحمدلله لقد طورت طريقة رياضية لمعرفة الاحداث داخل هذه المناطق والتنبؤ بها وهذه الطريقة هي عن طريق استخدام اللوغريثمات والدوال الأسية ولعل الله سبحانه وتعالى خلق هذه الأدوات حتى تمكننا من معرفته والتقرب منه ومن إبداعه، وعلينا ان نعلم ان ميكانيكا الكم لا تختص بالعالم المجهري او دون الذري فحسب وإنما العالم المرئي حتى وهذا في حالة وجود المجالات العالية جدا كما سنرى.
هذا الكتاب يدور حول فرضية وجود أبعاد أخرى واول انسان اكتشفها هو النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، هذه الأبعاد تدخل كليا في نطاق العالم الكمي وتتميز ان لها مجال جاذبي او اي مجال عالي جدا مما أدى الي ظهور هذه الخاصية الكمية. عند الانتقال داخل هذه الأبعاد فإن الجسم سيختبر سرعات عالية جدا تفوق سرعة الضوء في الأبعاد الرباعية بمليارات المراحل وهذا ليس فيه انتهاكا للنظرية النسبية وذلك لان ما نتعامل معه اكثر من اربعة أبعاد. اول من اكتشف هذه الأبعاد هو النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم كما ذكرت وقد وصف سيره في هذه الأبعاد بطريقة مبهرة تجدونها في كتابي الاول  .
هذه الأبعاد تم اكتشافها حديثا من قبل علماء مثل ادينقتون Eddington وفرانكشتاين Frankenstein و كروسكال Kruskal واخص الاعمال الجميلة التي قدمها كل من اينشتاين Einstein وروزين Rosen عن جسور روزين- اينشتاين Rosen-Einstein Bridges التي تتحدث في عمق عالم الجاذبية الكمية. فهذا الكتاب سأقوم بعمل مقارنة بين ما توصلت إليه في كتبي السابقة واعمال هؤلاء العلماء وكما سأقوم بشرح هذه الاعمال من خلال نظريتي التي تقول ان هنالك أبعاد اضافية في هذا الكون تقع كلها في نطاق العالم الكمي ولكننا لا نراها بسبب حواجز التي وضعها هذا العالم ولكننا فقط نرى اثارها.
أيضا توصلت في هذا الكتاب اننا يمكننا وصف عالم الغيب بطريقة اكثر إحترافا وكل هذه الاوصاف لاتخرج من نطاق القرآن الكريم ومن هنا أريد ان اعلن ان ماقدم في القرآن من آيات علمية استطعت ان ابرهن عليها في هذا الكتاب والحمد لله، فمثلا وصف الله سبحانه وتعالى عن انه الاول وليس قبله شيئا والآخر وليس بعده شيئا هذا الوصف استطعت وبحمدالله الإدلال عليه رياضيا من فضاء كروسكال الذي يصف داخل العالم الكمي. أبعاد العالم الكمي ليست صغيرة جدا وحسب بل هنالك أبعاد ضخمة جدا سكنتشفها في هذا الكتاب ان شاء الله تعالى وقد تغطي هذه الأبعاد الكون كله.  إذن وصف عالم الغيب ليس مستحيلا ولكننا لم ولن نراه او نشعر به بسبب منعه لنا حسب ما اخبرتنا به ميكانيكا الكم ولكن كل مانسطيع فعله هو الإيمان به وبوجوده لأنه من عقيدتنا ولأنه موجود حقا وصدقا.

In this article I discussed the ability of creating masses through Earth’s gravity energy, and that after I demonstrated that earth can bend the 2 dimensional space at (r) and (t) components as in Schwarzschild’s equation( ):
(ds)^2=25.2(cdt)^2-1/25.2 (dr)^2 (ds)^2-0×r^2 ((dθ)^2+sin^2⁡θ (dφ)^2 )
So by this bending masses will created. On the previous book( ) I stated that earth could be created from this factor of (g(s) = 25.2), here the deduced equation which increases with (r) approves that demonstration, thank God, so I can say from here that gravity which caused the formation of planets, stars, and galaxies originated from this equation:
mc^2=16r/(U-V)^8  e^((8dr/cdt+10GM/(〖 c〗^2 r)) )
Which I will call it Isra Equation for Mass Creation from Space Symmetry Breaking” or IEMCSSB.

The interpretation of Young's double slit experiment of diffraction and interference remains controversial. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of single photon diffraction is a model with photons being directed by plenum forces as Newton speculated. The STOE simulation of the light diffraction experiments produces the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern on the screen. An experiment used an image resulting from a single slit projected onto a second mask. If the second mask slit is placed at the center of the image, a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is projected onto the screen. One side of a slit in the minima examined the result of varying the intensity of the illumination across the slit. One slit of two in the minima examined the result of only one of the double slits being illuminated. The resultant patterns on a screen were photographed and are on the opposite side of center from the illuminated side of the second mask. The STOE simulation reproduced the images. The STOE explains several quantum peculiarities with classical processes. These observations do not reject the Newtonian model of diffraction and does reject wave models.

The Gravitational Constant G, since it appeared for the first time in Newton Law in 1687 has been
supposed to be constant. Several measurements have been made since, more and more precise.
They never confirmed the term “G” of Newton's equation to be a constant, even those 14 last
years.
Recently, models have been proposed to link variations of G with Solar Activity.
Supposing G to be a constant has had implications in our scientific models.
To keep universe observations compatible with known gravity laws, black matter has been
imagined without being never found.
Supposing gravitation constant on Earth, appearance and disappearance of gigantism during
prehistoric times has no objective explanation.
This paper introduces the idea that the Gravitational Constant, is not a constant, but an emerging
property with a value changing according to place and time.
Paper describes contemporary and old variations of G, from measurements and reconstructions.
It explains why Change of Gravitational Constant can be an origin of Mass Extinction, saying why
some species disappeared and others not. It means too, no need of Black Matter in the Universe.

This simple relative transformation equation helps us to override the complication arises out of the relative divisor factor 1- v/c  in the Lorentz Transformation equation.  This also raises some fundamental question about the application of the Lorentz transformation equation in the special theory of relativity.

Ali’s theory concerns on control of gravity on time, so applying on planets gives us the General Relativity fact that the more heavy the planet, the less time flow on its surface, the less reactions that depend on time including radioactivity and chemical reactions according to the next equation:
(U-V)^(-1)=((32G^3 M^3)/(c^8 r))^(1/2) e^((2GM/(〖 c〗^2 r)) )
(U-V)^(-1) has units of time interval, this equation has inverse of 2D universe dimensions which are U, and V and we see that (U-V) without inverse is inversely proportion with mass M so at bigger masses, U-V will reach small values so symmetry will recover again after breaking because U≈V, and at small values of M or M = r = 1 this equation:
(U-V)=((c^8 r)/(32G^3 M^3 ))^(1/2) e^(((c^2 r)/2GM) )
Will become:
(U-V)≈〖10〗^50×e^((〖10〗^27 ) )
And that is very huge dimensions bigger than our 4D universe, so I think, or according to my theory, mass or energy at low quantities relative to universe dimensions, will cause symmetry breaking, and at high quantities will cause symmetry recover once again as in black holes, on black hole and at the bottom of it, (U-V) will reach close to one and that returns to time dilation (U-V)^(-1) which reaches huge values.
So from here I can give statement: Hubble Telescope doesn’t measure universe’s age really, and universe expansion doesn’t gives us the real values about the expansion, and even time is not independent but it depends on masses and 2D, at the vicinity of galaxies, time will flow slowly and vice versa. So this kind of De Sitter space called accelerated space and that by making object accelerates inside it and its mass will compacted to fit this acceleration.
In this article I will give an argument with guidelines evidence like the reactions in Mars planet( ), and speech of Dr. Sean Carroll( ) about.
So I think space probes that sent to Mars and Sun and even beyond of them can tell us fruitful information about.

This book is written for correction of the previous article (Cosmos’ Structure Episode 16th: The Mass and its Relationships to Space). The correction is took place from using the identical (d(xln(x)-x)=ln⁡(x)dx) on page number (4), I hope you follow me because this resulted equation is very important to define the origin of mass and that led me to Schwarzschild’s equation which describes the effect of mass on space, and also I deduced an equation that could approximately measure the stability of Black Hole BH according to its mass and radius, thankfully I could extended this idea to the effect of space on mass and that ,very simple, could expressed if the symmetry breaking of space is very huge or not, that get me to this equation:
(ds)^2=(25.1)^2 (cdt)^2-(1/25.1)^2 (dr)^2-r^2 (g_θθ (dθ)^2+g_φφ  sin^2⁡θ (dφ)^2 )
This equation represents the Schwarzschild equation but for create earth mass from the curvature of the space. You will find the big differences between it and the original Schwarzschild equation which is:
(ds)^2=(1-2GM/(〖 c〗^2 r)) (cdt)^2-(1-2GM/(〖 c〗^2 r))^(-1) (dr)^2-r^2 (g_θθ (dθ)^2+g_φφ  sin^2⁡θ (dφ)^2 )
With:
(1-2GM/(〖 c〗^2 r))=(1-〖1.37×10〗^(-9) )
This differences no one saw it before and that because –as I think- from the concept “space symmetry breaking” not recognized very well as soon.
In this article I deduced formula that connects between Ali’s law for space symmetry and Schwarzschild equation which was one of Einstein’s equation solutions according to my own theory “Ali’s Theory for Universe Structure and Behavior”. So the conclusion is mass affects the flat space through curving it, and at huge curves mass will created, just like that.
The connection between Quantum Gravity and General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory is the flat space and the extent of curvature in it.
I hope this work describes the reality and put an end to Mass’ Origin and Quantum Gravity controversy.
The thing that may be new for general relativity and not new for quantum field theory is: for mass formation, a seed may be needed to be magnified as Higgs mechanism admitted that in leptons and quark creation and my result here also approved it, so it could be an answer also for the limitation for arbitrary mass creation.

This paper is abstract speculation, wrote after watching some lectures by Dr. Leonard Susskind about cosmology, particle physics, and M-theory. The paper about finding relationship between Ali's equations and Feynman manipulation (Feynman diagrams) through energy manipulation by LaGrange equation. The discussion of black hole mass and its gravitational force interchanging with string mass, what can Ali's equation give a hint about this theses. Also some topics like dark matter and optical tweezers phenomenon, how can Ali's equations help to understand and measure them? Introduction:

This paper builds an equivalence between Mass, Time and Energy keeping the consideration that speed of the light as the maximum displacement in the Universe in a unit time. The Equivalence formula that satisfies big bang postulations and relativity constructions also points out that time is a variable component in the Universe.  Also, it shows that at the speed of light, cause and consequence  have a complementary existence

Young's interference and Hodge's diffraction of light experiments show characteristics of light that have defied modeling except for the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model. The Hodge Experiment is the Fraun-hofer pattern from a first mask with a slit impinges on a second mask with a slit(s). The Hodge Experiment is extended to model a diffraction pattern on a transparent second mask with a slit. The screen pattern is an interference pattern such as produced with two slits in Young's Experiment. A nail is placed between the first and second mask to block the light of the center maxima. The interference fringes remained in the secondary peaks. This observation rejects wave models of light that requires light through the second slit. The STOE model successfully modeled the observed pattern.see videos:
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMAjKk6k6-k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A07bogzzMEI

The Quasi-Steady State Cosmology (QSSC) posits a continuous creation at the center of galaxies. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) posits the components of the universe have a creation and an end. A Sink at the center of elliptical galaxies is added to the Source of the QSSC at the center of Spiral galaxies. This allows the explanation of many more anomalous cosmological observations and allows correspondence with quantum mechanics.

The Special Theory of Relativity applies where gravitation is insignificant. There are many observations that remain poorly explained by the standard models of either the big of cosmology or the small of Quantum mechanics. Each of the STOE axioms has been used in the development of models of observations in the big and the small. The strength of the Scalar Theory Of Everything (STOE) is its ability to describe an extremely wide range of observations and to predict observations. The axioms that replace Special Relativity are: (1) Time progression (dt) is a constant in the universe rather than the speed of light. (2) The diameter of the hods is the same throughout the universe. (3) The distance between hods is related to plenum densityρ. Higher ρ reduces the distance between hods. (4) The speed of photons and hods is the greatest of any matter in a given environment. And (5) The speed of the plenum wave is much faster than the speed of the hods. The STOE passes the tests of Special Relativity and does much more. The STOE is a major paradigm shift.

In order to accurately integrate the architectures of the cosmic, atomic, and darmic systems, one of the most critical processes is integrating Newtonian gravitational constant with Quantum gravitational constant and demonstrating their relationship. One of the issues that affected the application of Newtonian equations to the quantum world, is the error that Bohr made in his attempt to integrate Newtonian centrifugal force equation with electrostatic force equation at the atomic level. Volume III of the Great Design Book Series analyzes Bohr's centrifugal to electrostatic equation error; fixes the equation; demonstrates how rest energy and gravitational potential energy is related to each other at the quantum level; and how mathematical equations of Newtonian gravitational constant and Quantum gravitational constant follow the same laws and principles.

Abstract
Paper hypothesis
- The solar group is created of energy provided by a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/s
The hypothesis explanation
- The solar planets matters and their distances are created of energy provided by a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/s
- The light velocity 1.16 mkm/s can be proved by The planets orbital and internal distances analysis where the distances are created and distributed based on a geometrical design depends on a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/s
- The light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) existence disproves Newton Theory of The Sun Mass Gravity, because
- The sun light velocity (0.3 mkm/s) proves that, this light be produced as a side product from the original one (1.16 mkm/).
Paper conclusion
- The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion. which disproves Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity Decisively. 

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty

From my article "On the Configuration of EM-waves and Bosons" I need to describe about what I configured about the types of bodies exist in Universe. How these behave in different situations and what should be the type of coupling scalar field exists in surroundings of the particular kind of body and what should be measurement techniques of perfection of a particular body. So, in this particular article I tend to prove the former terminology which I have started by thinking about light and the behavior of the different kind of bodies. Here I intend to generalize different kind of bodies on behalf of their surrounding type of scalar field and the behavior of different bodies in different interactions.

In this particular article I intend towards the basic physical properties of the universe and how these basic physical properties are related with each other. At first by obtaining some modification into our former fundamental understandings about basic phenomenology, I intend to justify them by some former terminologies which were continuously obtained by me in my last four papers on Bosons, Bodies, Central Systems and fundamental forces. In last phase of article I will obtain the energy with help of quantity and scalar field and action or variation principle of action. I will also obtain some universal connection diagrams in this particular article.

In pair production, particle and antiparticle are generated when energy form mass and mass form dipole and then separation take place in stronger nuclear filed. After the formation of mass, it goes on oscillation and oscillation causes the dipole creation on mass which further goes on separation from each other as and moreover the forces F 32 >>F 31. These two component play major role for the separation of the masses in oscillation time having frequency (f). Also with the help of size of nucleus and atom we calculate the maximum distance and maximum time for pair production 9.99 x 10-11 m and 3.33 x 10-19 s, respectively.