Varnish

Dental caries are most likely to occur on occlusal surfaces from the early eruptive stages of the tooth. In children, about 80% to 90% of dental caries are occlusal caries. Different preventive modalities are used to prevent occlusal caries. One of the methods used for occlusal caries prevention is fluoride varnish. A vast number of clinical trials have evaluated several types of sealant material and fluoride varnish to assess their ability to prevent occlusal caries in both primary and permanent dentition. The purpose of the current study was to provide an updated overview of the development, composition, mechanism of action, application, and safety of fluoride varnish, as well as its effect on occlusal caries prevention. This review of recently published studies on fluoride varnish and its effect on occlusal caries prevention shows that in children at moderate to high risk of caries, fluoride varnishes prevent occlusal caries. Both resin-based fissure sealants and fluoride varnish...

Background: Professionally applied topical fluorides varnishes are used effectively to prevent dental caries. Aim of the Work: The current study was designed to assess the rate of fluoride release from four fluoride products over 6 months' time period and determine the fluoride uptake by enamel. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted on 60 extracted first premolars teeth classified randomly into four equal groups (15 teeth per group) according to the type of varnish used. The fluoride release was measured with Orion™ Fluoride Electrodes after one week, one month, three and six months and recorded as ppm. The fluoride uptake with enamel was evaluated under electron microscope after varnish application and 6 months later. Repeated ANOVA was used for comparison in each group for different time and one way ANOVA test for inter group comparison. Post hoc Tukey test and t test were used for paired group comparison. Results: There were statistically significant differen...

Fluoride is widely used to prevent dental caries. CO2 laser irradiation can increase enamel resistance to demineralization. The synergistic effect of fluoride and CO2 laser irradiation on the inhibition of dental caries is not clear. Objective: The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish and CO2 laser treatment, alone and in combination, on permanent tooth enamel properties. Methods: Caries-free human third molars were divided into five segments and each segment was assigned to one of five groups: (1) control (C), (2) fluoride varnish (F), (3) CO2 laser irradiation (L), (4) fluoride varnish followed by CO2 laser irradiation (FL), and (5) CO2 laser irradiation followed by fluoride varnish (LF). To determine crystallographic change X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was performed. Enamel surface microhardness was analysed using the microhardness tester. Artificial caries-like lesions were created and the lesion depth was measured. Results: XRD analyses...

OBJECTIVE: In the present investigation, the anticariogenic effect of fluoride released by two products commonly applied in infants was evaluated. METHODS: Bovine sound enamel blocks were randomly allocated to each one of the treatment groups: control (C), varnish (V) and diamine silver fluoride solution (D). The blocks were submitted to pH cycles in an oven at 37ºC. Next, surface and cross-sectional microhardness were assessed to calculate the percentage loss of surface microhardness (%SML) and the mineral loss (deltaZ). The fluoride present in enamel was also determined. RESULTS: F/Px10-3 (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 1st layer of enamel before pH-cycling were (C, V and D): 1.61ª; 21.59b and 3.98c. The %SMH (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05) were: -64.0ª, -45.2b and -53.1c. %deltaZ values (ANOVA, p<0.05) were: -18.7ª, -7.7b and -17.3ª. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that the fluoride released by varnish showed greater interaction with sound enamel and provided less mineral loss when compa...

Mulberry wood is used in carpentry, fences, turnery, and garden architecture. In this study, various mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, Janka hardness, and screw holding resistance) of mulberry (Morus alba) wood and its weathering performance after applying 3- and 5-layer UV system parquet varnishes with different surface applications were investigated. The varnished materials were aged using UV lamps for 252 h and 504 h, and the aged specimens were compared with non-aged specimens. The results of the variance analyses found that all tests were significant. According to the results, it was found that while the yellow color (b*) tone value, lightness, and glossiness (perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (║) direction at 20°, 60°, and 85° angles) values decreased for both varnish applications, the pendulum hardness value increased. The adhesion strength (pull-off) test (MPa) to the surface first decreased and then increased.

Background and aims. Pit and fissure sealant placement corresponds to an effective approach of the prevention of caries on occlusal surfaces. Fissure morphology and dental material characteristics are the key factors for sealant effectiveness. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the penetration ability of two commercially available pit and fissure sealants. Methods. Twenty sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose have been sealed according to manufacturer’s instructions as follows: Group I (n=10), light-cured unfilled resin-based sealant, Admira Seal® (Voco GmbH); Group II (n=10), resin modified glass ionomer sealant without varnish, GC Fuji Triage® (GC Corporation). The teeth have been sectioned buccal-lingually in the middle of the occlusal surface, and the sections were examined at 40x with an inverted microscope. Results. Penetration of the sealants was found to be greater in U-type fissure pattern (91.69%) followed by V-type (75.42%), IK-type (71.24%) a...

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chlorhexidine on microleakage of composite restorations in class V cavities prepared with a carbide bur (CB) and a erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser. Methods and Materials Cavity preparations were created on the buccal surfaces of 48 bovine incisors using different methods then equally dividing them into four groups. Groups I and II were prepared with a #56 CB in a high speed handpiece while Groups III and IV were prepared with a Er:YAG laser at 350m J/4Hz on enamel and at 80.24 J/cm2 on dentin. The cavity preparations were rinsed with 2% chlorhexidine solution before the application of Clearfill SE Bond system and placement of a Z100 composite resin restoration. After 24 hours, the teeth were polished, thermocycled, and sealed with cosmetic varnish. The samples were then immersed in 2% methylene blue for four hours and sectioned in the buccolingual direction to determine the degree of microleakage. Results After...

Objective: To assess the effect of 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish application in prevention of caries in mixed dentition rural Jamshoro school children over the course of 6 months. Methods: children with lower stage caries aged 7 to 10 years were included. Students were equally divided in two groups. In Group-A students, 5% fluoride varnish was applied. While in children of control group necessary instructions were given to the student about dietary control. After 3 months, varnish applied teeth on both group’s children were examined again and the rate of caries were documented by using DMFT. After 3 months fluoride varnish was applied to both groups using same method and same directives. Dental caries was examined using the DMFT score after six months of application of fluoride varnish in both groups. All the data was recorded in the proforma. Results: In this study total 108 children were studied, there was no significant difference according to age and brush frequency among bot...

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a form of optical emission spectroscopy that can be used for the rapid analysis of geological materials in the field under ambient environmental conditions. We describe here the innovative use of handheld LIBS for the in situ analysis of rock varnish. This thinly laminated and compositionally complex veneer forms slowly over time on rock surfaces in dryland regions and is particularly abundant across the Mojave Desert climatic region of east-central California (USA). Following the depth profiling examination of a varnished clast from colluvial gravel in Death Valley in the laboratory, our in situ analysis of rock varnish and visually similar coatings on rock surfaces was undertaken in the Owens and Deep Spring valleys in two contexts, element detection/identification and microchemical mapping. Emission peaks were recognized in the LIBS spectra for the nine elements most abundant in rock varnish—Mn, Fe, Si, Al, Na, Mg, K, Ca and Ba, as w...

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the separate effects of dental sealants and fluoride varnish on dental caries in fissured and nonfissured surfaces of permanent first molars. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted with three groups of 6‐ to 8‐year‐old schoolchildren: a sealant group (n=100), in which Delton was applied to first molars; a varnish group (n=98), in which Duraphat was applied to first molars; and a control group (n=116), which had no intervention as part of the study. Absolute and percent caries reductions were compared at 24 months. Results: Compared to the controls, sealants resulted in a 68 percent and 87 percent reduction on fissured and nonfissured surfaces, respectively. The corresponding figures for varnish were 38 percent and 66 percent. Conclusion: Sealant and fluoride varnish are effective in preventing caries in both fissured and nonfissured surface.

Introduction: Hydroxyapatite is the mineral crystalline form of calcium and phosphorus found in the enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. Bleaching has been known to alter the enamel matrix because of the strong oxidizing effect of hydrogen peroxide and can cause significant mineral loss and decrease in surface hardness. The microscopic loss of tooth structure resulting from this procedure is reversible, and remineralization may be attempted.The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralization efficacy of self-assembling peptide curodont on bleached enamel. Materials and method: Sixty six freshly extracted premolars were cut sagittally and reduced into fragments measuring 4mm X 4mm. These were impregnated in cold cure acrylic resin with the buccal surface of the crown facing upwards. Specimens were kept in artificial saliva to prevent dehydration. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups. Teeth in group A were not treated with any agent (positive control). 30-40% Hydrogen p...

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the nanomechanical properties and chemical composition of restorative materials and dental surfaces using different toothpastes. Methods: Enamel (n=60) and dentin (n=60) bovine blocks were obtained and restored using resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC, n=30) or composite resin (CR, n=30) to form the dentin adjacent to RMGIC (DRMGIC), enamel adjacent to RMGIC (ERMGIC), dentin adjacent to CR (DCR), and enamel adjacent to CR (ECR). After restoration, one hemiface of each specimen was coated with an acid-resistant varnish to create the control (C) and eroded (E) sides (erosion: 5 days, 4 × 2 min/day; 1% citric acid / abrasion: 2 × 15 s followed by immersion on slurries 2 min). Three toothpastes were used: without fluoride (WF; n=10), sodium fluoride (NaF; n=10), and stannous fluoride (SnF2; n=10). The specimens were analyzed for nanohardness (H), elastic modulus (Er), and chemical composition using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) ...

Objetivos: O objetivo neste estudo foi analisar a influência da proteção superficial na rugosidade superficial do cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) Maxxion® R (FGM). Método: Trinta espécimes desse cimento foram preparados e como materiais de proteção superficial foram utilizados vaselina sólida; esmalte cosmético para unhas; agente de proteção superficial G Coat Plus™ (GC). O CIV manipulado foi inserido em matrizes metálicas e após o período de presa inicial, aplicaram-se os agentes protetores referentes a cada grupo em cada espécime. Os grupos ficaram imersos em solução de saliva artificial por 24 horas. Para avaliação da rugosidade média, utilizou-se o rugosímetro. Os valores médios de rugosidade foram submetidos ao teste de Anova. Resultados: As médias da rugosidade superficial para cada grupo foram (Ra): vaselina sólida (0,71+0,48); esmalte cosmético (0,74+0,23); G Coat Plus ™(GC) (1,47+0,31). Conclusão: O material de proteção superficial G Coat Plus™ (GC) influenciou negativam...

We conducted rock varnish measurements at four rock art sites in north‐western Saudi Arabia, including Kilwa and the Camel Site near Sakaka. We determined the areal densities of Mn and Fe in rock varnish that had accumulated on petroglyph surfaces since their creation, complemented by a detailed analysis of varnish samples. We inferred varnish accumulation rates by relating the Mn areal density on inscriptions to their ages estimated based on the type of script used. Applying these rates to the varnish densities on the rock art indicated that the art was produced during two distinct periods, corresponding to the Pre‐Pottery/Late Neolithic and the Bronze/Iron Age, respectively, with different artistic traditions, reflecting distinct socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our dating approach, while admittedly burdened with substantial uncertainties, yields ages consistent with archaeological and historical evidence and it provides a unique quantitative tool to obtain at least rough ...

We investigated rock varnish formed on sandstone and petroglyphs in the Hima area, southwestern Saudi Arabia. To characterize the rock varnish, we made in-situ measurements by portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and analyzed samples by femtosecond laser-ablation inductively coupled–plasma mass spectrometry (fs LA-ICP-MS). Detailed chemical analysis of the rock varnish samples and adjacent soil or aeolian dust yielded information about the varnish’s geochemical context and formation mechanism. Untypically low positive Ce anomalies in the rock varnish samples correlated with negative Ce anomalies in the dust, supporting the hypothesis that the dust is the source of the varnish material. To study the varnish development, we made use of the fact that engraving the petroglyphs exposes a fresh bare sandstone surface without varnish, on which varnish regrows subsequently. We determined by pXRF the areal density of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) that had been deposited as rock varnish since th...

A study of the production of odour-causing compounds was conducted from the leaching of polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe and its joints, primer and cement, into drinking water distribution systems. Flavour Profile Analysis (FPA), closed-loop stripping analysis – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CLSA-GC/MS) and sensory-GC analysis of white or grey PVC alone found no odour-causing compounds produced during the leaching experiments. FPA analysis of the PVC's primer and cement leached alone and/or when applied to grey or white PVC pipes produced a glue/varnish odour. A sweet/phenolic odour replaced the glue/varnish odour after the leached media were diluted with Milli-Q water to threshold odour intensity. Three compounds were responsible for the sweet/phenolic odour and were observed by sensory-GC analysis. The leaching study of the PVC pipe with its joint solvents (primer and cement) concluded that the original solvent compounds, and their reaction products that formed during the ...

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews fluoride varnish (FV) literature to develop a community‐based protocol for people with special needs or those who are caries susceptible. Safety, personnel and cost issues are discussed and existing NIH, CDC and WHO recommendations are presented. FV studies are assessed with respect to type of FV to use and frequency of application. FV is compared with studies using other caries preventive agents: 0.2% NaF mouthrinse, acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, dental sealants, water fluoridation and chlorhexidine. Because there are few FV studies among special need populations, conclusions are based on available literature and public health principles. If personnel are available, FV use is preferred to APF gel and may be preferable to 0.2% NaF mouthrinse. FV is more effective in optimally fluoridated communities. If many occlusal surfaces are at risk, sealants should be applied. Additional combinations and frequencies of preventive agents should be tested, e...

This paper investigates the possibility of reproducing Braille by UV ink-jet printing on self-adhesive labels, previously printed by flexo printing technol- ogy. The aim was to determine whether it is possible to reproduce Braille, the degree of quality of created Braille dots (cells), the legibility of Braille text, and how many layers of varnish are necessary for quality reproduc- tion. The Braille letter was applied to the previously printed label (design) using 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 layers of varnish. It has been found that it is possible to reproduce a quality and legible Braille. With the increase in the number of layers, the assessment of legibility and quality of reproduction by the respondents also increased. Samples reproduced with 12 layers of varnish received a very good grade of legibility and good grade for quality of Braille. Samples reproduced with 8 and 10 layers received bad grades for legibility, and even worse for quality, while samples with a higher number of lay...