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Francois-Marie Arouet was a historian, writer, and philosopher known by his pseudonym Voltaire. As being a major contributor of the Enlightenment period, he advocated for freedoms many fellow Frenchmen did not dare, such as freedom of religion, speech, and separating church and state. He was such a key to the French Enlightenment, the period has been called “The Age of Voltaire.” This essay will introduce the main criticisms Voltaire had for the philosophical work by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz brought up in his satirical book Candide. The criticisms are against Leibniz’s stances of organized religion, class hierarchies, politics and power, and optimism as an ideal on the basis that this is the best of all possible worlds. Voltaire, in contrast with Leibniz, was against organized religion, class hierarchy, abuse of power in politics, and optimism as a philosophy. I will also provide my support and contentions.

Pada masa kini, terdapat banyak paham-paham radikal yang semakin berkembang dan melibatkan banyak pihak. Nilai-nilai dan etika luhur seperti toleransi dan pluralisme rasanya semakin ditinggalkan. Sebaliknya, terorisme dan Islamofobia semakin berkembang luas. Kedewasaan diri dalam menghadapi arus perkembangan yang terjadi sangatlah diperlukan agar tidak terjerumus dalam paham-paham radikal dan kesalahpahaman dalam Islamofobia. Perkembangan seorang manusia sehingga menjadi dewasa pada hakikatnya berasal dari nilai-nilai yang diturunkan oleh kedua orang tuanya, sampai ada istilah “Buah jatuh tidak akan jauh dari pohonnya”. Akan tetapi di luar itu semua, faktor lingkungan sekitar seperti pergaulan, komunitas, tetangga rumah, tempat ibadah, dan instansi pendidikan formal maupun non-formal juga turut memberikan andil yang cukup besar terhadap perkembangan seorang manusia dalam berpikir dan bertindak. Begitu halnya juga dengan pondok pesantren sebagai lembaga pendidikan non-formal. Pada Laporan ini akan membahas mengenai peran atau kegiatan-kegiatan Pondok Pesantren Assalam dalam meningkatkan pola pikir toleransi dan pluralisme serta penolakan terhadap paham terorisme dan Islamofobia.
Pada bab 2 akan dibahas mengenai deskripsi situasi yang ada di lapangan, berupa latar belakang Pondok Pesantren Assalam dan perannya dalam menumbuhkan toleransi dan pluralisme terhadap santrinya yang terbingkai dalam kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh Pondok Pesantren Assalam.
Pada bab 3 akan dibahas mengenai keberagaman yang ada dalam tubuh Indonesia, pemaknaan dari Islamofobia, paham terorisme sebagai titik awal lahirnya Islamofobia, serta pemaknaan dari teologi multitafsir jihad yang seringkali dijadikan landasan para teroris dalam melakukan aksinya, dan tanggapan Pondok Pesantren Assalam dalam menyikapi hal-hal diatas. Kemudian pada bab ini akan dibahas juga mengenai Islam secara universal dan Islam Nahdlatul Ulama sebagai komunitas Islam terbesar yang hidup dan berkembang di Indonesia serta pemahaman atau gagasan mengenai toleransi Islam Nahdlatul Ulama yang diwujudkan dalam Islam Nusantara.
Pada bab 4 berisi kesimpulan dan saran saya terhadap Islamofobia dan paham-paham radikal serta pentingnya menumbuhkan toleransi dan pluralisme sebagai cara alternative dalam menghadapi perbedaan yang ada

Kata Kunci: Toleransi, Pluralisme, Radikalisme, Terorisme, Islamofobia, Islam, dan Nahdlatul Ulama, Islam Nusantara.

Le nourrisson produit des sons d'abord de maniere involontaire, puis il emet des sons paralinguistiques volontaires et semble reconnaitre des intentions (ex: il ouvre la bouche quand sa mere lui dit ouvre la bouche) alors meme que sa comprehension des enonces est encore tres approximative. Ainsi, depuis le debut de son experience prelinguistique, l'enfant se fie aux mots. Avant meme d'etre en mesure de penser qu'il veut parler, il assume le fait que les mots ont un sens. L'A. adopte une hypothese evolutionniste pour montrer que ce sentiment de confiance permet d'attribuer a l'enfant des intentions et d'expliquer comment il est possible d'apprendre a associer des etiquettes verbales ou gestuelles aux objets

Traces of Terror, Signs of Trauma. Practices of (Re)Presentation of Collective Memory in Space in Contemporary Europe Edited by Rob van der Laarse, Francesco Mazzucchelli, Carlos Reijnen This special issue of Vs. – Quaderni di studi semiotici edited by Rob van der Laarse, Francesco Mazzucchelli and Carlos Reijnen is dedicated to an interdisciplinary reflection on European spaces of war heritage, with articles by Gerry Kearns (National University of Ireland), Patrizia Violi (Universita di Bologna), Csaba Szilagyi (Open Society Archives, Budapest), Patrick Naef (University of Berkeley), Cristina De Maria(Universita di Bologna), Taja Kramberger (Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana), Elena Monicelli (Scuola di Pace di Montesole). The issue collects contributions by semioticians, historians, geographers who elaborate, from different point of views, on how in Europe the collective memory of XX century's wars has been recorded, represented, preserved and transmitted through monum...

Many scholars have discussed the recent expansion and mixing of Play in our societies, a process generally labelled cultural gamification or ludification. Many cultural phenomena and societal domains are increasingly permeated by ludic elements, metaphors and mindsets. The influence of cultural gamification can also be seen in the media system, through the spread of game-like patterns influencing the narratives and usage of different media. The aim of this paper is to describe the emergence of game-like narratives and interaction in media, focusing on their semiotic dissimulation patterns. More specifically, the following pages will present and analyse recent playful elements and patterns connected to mystery, thriller and similar genres, investigating the ways in which game models interact with other media, and the resulting decrypting and dissimulation effects, both at the textual and at the discoursive level.

Exposing the Dialectics of Value-Form, Marx describes the oppositional-and-differential structure constituting the logic of the capitalist mode of production. The Commodity-Form represents the simplest "economic concretum" in which this logic is posited. The Semantic Universe of the commodity is inherently dualistic. It is not possible to consider the commodity as a singularity; just as it is not possible to consider the Sign as a singularity. In both cases, the value relation is generated by a relation of opposition: opposition between different linguistic signs; opposition between different commodities. Ferruccio Rossi-Landi (1921-1985) thematised a homological relation between signs and commodities. Nevertheless, he does not develop a semiotic analysis of the oppositions, contradictions and implications which subtend the Commodity-Form. In this paper, I aim to overcome this theoretical lack, proposing a dialogue between the semiotics of Rossi-Landi and Greimas.

The timeframe of scientific research into climate change deals with a recent past that departs from the longer timespans that have preceded it to speculate on future developments. This essay analyses the graphic form of time series used to communicate this phenomenon, with a focus on trendlines and fork graphs. These configurations are used to express, on a quantitative basis, the risks and escape routes from the imminent catastrophe. These images represent the future in the form of possibilities, and, in their simplified shape, they serve to convince public opinion. As a support for speculative and design work, diagrams on climate change provide the basis for inventing scenarios, narrative forms the purpose of which is to orient their reader towards their realization.

About half a century ago, a little revolution in literary studies took place. Following the ideas of the Russian Formalists and Prague tructuralists, a more rigorous approach to the study of literary texts was proposed. One of the major discussions turned around e.e. cummings’ “anyone lived in a pretty how town”, especially about the heavy foregrounding in the poem. Initially, the debate was one of conceptualization and the framing of the function of literary analysis, and no effort was made to investigate the effects of the deviations empirically. This is where our research starts. In this paper we argue that the value of literary techniques lies in the effects they create in readers. Hence we will show the results of an empirical study in reactions to the poem by cummings, which will illuminate the way in which beginning vs. advanced EFL students react to foregrounding devices in the text.