Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

Article in the Museum Bulletin of Norwegian Cultural History Museum where some results from qualitative questionnaires on personal hygiene before and now are presented in an easy-to-read way. The main difference between pre-1960s and post-1960s is the shift in view of what is regarded as filthy. Before it was what you can see, dirt, mud, etc. Now it is what you can smell.

Sanitation Workers have been one of the most marginalized segments of the society. While today, there is large focus on sanitation in our lives, the huge army of people that is at the background of bringing this quality to our life are these 'unsung heroes.'

To address the issues of financial inclusion a financial module has been developed to bridge this gap - “PragatiDidi’s Tips – Financial Prosperity for Sanitation Workers”. This Financial Literacy module offers the opportunity to learn basic skills related to personal financial management, savings, loan management, investment, insurance, planning for old age/retirement and financial service providers. A special focus on the financial entitlements for the sanitation workers is undertaken in this document.

Pusat Data Staistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (PDSPK) - the Center for Statistics of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Government of Indonesia is recognizing the importance of schools' Water, Sanitation ad Hygiene (WASH). PDSPK has collected and analyzed data on the current WASH conditions in all schools in Indonesia. The WASH in Schools Profile 2017 provides the results of this analysis and highlights progress that has been achieved, but also the outstanding gaps in service provision.

SEHATI (Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene Programme for Eastern Indonesia) adalah sebuah program yang berfokus pada peningkatan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dan dilakukan secara berjenjang. Dengan memastikan aspek keberlanjutan sejak awal implementasi, diharapkan 5 pilar STBM dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien serta secara kelembagaan dapat berkelanjutan.

Sanitation Workers have been one of the most marginalized segments of the society. While today, there is large focus on sanitation in our lives, the huge army of people that is at the background of bringing this quality to our life are these 'unsung heroes.'

To address the issues of financial inclusion a financial module has been developed to bridge this gap - 'PragatiDidi’s Tips – Financial Prosperity for Sanitation Workers.' This Financial Literacy module offers the opportunity to learn basic skills related to personal financial management, savings, loan management, investment, insurance, planning for old age/retirement and financial service providers. A special focus on the financial entitlements for the sanitation workers is undertaken in this document.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Today developing countries like India are facing huge challenges in managing e-waste which is either locally generated or imported from developed countries. e-waste is denoted by two main features: it is hazardous due to its composition of toxic metals and elements, but at the same time it is valuable as it consists of valuable metals such as gold, silver, etc. India is in early stage of attending this emerging problem of e-waste and moving forward to achieve a regularized e-waste management system through "e-waste management and handling rules 2011" which have been implemented on May 1st 2012. There have been debates and discussions on existing model adopted by India which does not include the existing informal sector, which is prominent player in terms of e-waste management and processing. It is important to review the contribution of informal sector and ways to have an integrated system of e-waste management where informal and formal sectors can play the roles in light of newly implemented rules. The objective of this article is to form a base for understanding the role and importance of informal sector in e-waste management system with a case of Gujarat state with main focus on IT related electronics and explore possibility of incorporating informal sector in regularized e-waste management system in light of new rules.

The security situation in Afghanistan
has continued to deteriorate in the last
years despite the attempts from many
international actors to stabilize it. The withdrawal
of NATO-led International Security Assistance
Forces (ISAF) on 31 December 2014 officially
marked Afghanistan as a post-conflict nation.
However, whilst the war was officially declared
over, the internal conflict among different
actors intensified. In 2016, the security context
of Afghanistan can be described by a growing
number of attacks on civilians, health facilities
and humanitarian workers. With a number of
areas under de facto control of Armed Opposition
Groups, the Afghan state is supposed to take more
responsibilities in the management of foreign aid.

The withdrawal of foreign troops was to be
accompanied by a gradual transfer of the
management of international aid to the
Government of Afghanistan (GoA), through a rapid
“Afghanization” of the system, which focuses solely
on increasing investment in governance and state
building. This transition is to be completed by 2024.
During the Senior Official’s Meeting held in
Kabul on 5 September 2015, the National Unity
Government (NUG) repeated its call for continued
donor support, under a narrative of self-reliance
and economic development. President Ashraf
Ghani called for donor governments to reaffirm
their support towards reinforcing security,
governance and the rule of law, stability in
finance, economic development, private sector
and aid effectiveness. As a result of the Kabul
meeting, the Self-Reliance Mutual Accountability
Framework (SMAF) was adopted, detailing the
partnership between donors and the Government
regarding the reconstruction of Afghanistan in the
next decade.

In the meantime, the civil society actors emphasize
the need for greater donor accountability towards
human rights and humanitarian needs of the
Afghan people. Donors need to recognize that
Afghans continue to suffer in a state of emergency
which cannot be erased from Afghanistan’s
journey to development progress and economic
independence. The current aid system does not
sufficiently address the real needs of Afghan
people: as more funding is currently allocated to
development aid and although this funding is very
necessary, the programs designed according to
this model often do not take into account recurring
urgent needs of the people and are not flexible
enough to respond to reappearing emergencies.

In addition, although the state building and
governance approach, dominating development
programs, seeks to provide long term economic,
social and political solutions for the people of
Afghanistan, the immediate needs in this highly
unstable country have to be addressed promptly.

This report provides an update on the humanitarian
situation in Afghanistan past 2014 and once again
highlights the poor national planning to respond
to what the reality of needs is in the country of
chronic crisis. Through analysis of recent political
events as well as evidence from ACF programs, the
report demonstrates that the Afghan population’s
humanitarian needs are still undermined and
should be addressed urgently.

ACF Co-Authors: Jovita Sandaite, Aurélie du Châtelet, Magali Garcia, Lucile Grosjean

Fish farming is considered an important agricultural activity that is capable of ending nutritional deficiencies of the world and contributing to poverty reduction. Its proponents argue that aquaculture will meet the food security needs of millions of people in developing countries who will benefit from relatively inexpensive protein,
while depleted capture fisheries are allowed to replenish. Egypt is Africa’s leading aquaculture country, followed by Nigeria with similar production systems. The dominant species of fish cultured in Egypt and Nigeria are Tilapia and African catfish, respectively. The aquaculture industries in these two counties are very promising, as
there is a presence of water bodies, some institutional commitment, and high demand for fish among others. Despite some gains made by the countries and the huge potential of the aquaculture sector, it is however bedeviled with constraints such as low technology adoption, inadequate supply of fingerlings, high cost of fish feed, etc. This work is an overview of the aquaculture sectors of Egypt and Nigeria, which includes the production systems, prospects, and potentials of the sector and the constraints that affect aquaculture

Buku profil ini merupakan hasil kolaborasi antara Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Balitbangkes) dan UNICEF yang menganalisis lanjut data Riset Fasilitas Kesehatan (Rifaskes) tahun 2019. Data dan informasi yang disajikan diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan dalam menentukan prioritas pembangunan WASH dan mengukur pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) terutama untuk indikator air dan sanitasi di Puskesmas di Indonesia. Selain itu data dan informasi ini juga sebagai acuan dalam penentuan variabel WASH pada Rifaskes yang akan datang agar sesuai dengan target pencapaian WASH semesta pada tahun 2030.

The study was aimed to obtain baseline data on KABP of the community related to water, sanitation and hygiene. The survey population was chosen from four GPs and six municipal wards of Kandi block of Murshidabad (WB). The study was taken up in conjunction with SPADE, a West Bengal based renowned NGO. A sample size of 503 households was considered for this study.  It was conducted from September to December 2011.The result conclusively shows that possession of toilet at home  has a significant association with caste (p<.05) and so do the water treatment. There was not much difference among the APL & BPL card holder in terms toilet possession. Rather populations with exposure to audio visual media are more likely to have toilet at their house. With the increased distance of the water source the sanitation coverage get reduced (p<.05) which again proves that without accessibility of water the sanitation coverage cannot be improved. Water based vector borne disease like Chikunguniya was found strongly associated with poor drainage. Among water borne disease Dysentery was found associated with the presence of toilet at home.    From the overall survey results it reflects that there is a great need for revisiting the Behavioral Change Communication strategy of govt. (Managed to spend only 7% of total allotment in 2011). A community equipped with proper information and education can only adopt hygienic behavior and contribute in operation and management. With 40% of population defecating in open and 8% population unaware about the implications of the unsafe water are more likely to suffer from water borne diseases.  A variety of factors viz. socioeconomic, socio-demographic, pathogenic conditions were taken into consideration. Composite KABP score was calculated in corresponding to different factors. Based on the score several inferences were drawn and suggestions were made.

By considering the work of American embalmer, lawyer, and physician Carl Lewis Barnes (1872-1927), this paper analyzes the emergence of modern embalming in America. Barnes experimented with and exhibited the techniques by which embalming fluids travelled into the most remote cavities of the human body. In this sense, modern embalmers based their skills and methods on experimental medicine, turning the anatomy of blood vessels, physiology of circulation, and composition of blood into a circuit that allowed embalming fluids to move throughout the corpse. Embalmers in the late 19th century took ownership of the laws of hydrodynamics and the physiology of blood circulation to market their fluids and equipment, thus playing the role of physiologists of death, performing and demonstrating physiological experiments with dead bodies.

A lot of sanitation planning tools and approach were developed to help sanitation planning process, which ranges based on their focus, objectives and target users. SAT and FAT were the examples on sanitation planning tools to help decision making process by providing result on situational, technological and financial analysis on FSM. Tha Klong municipality, in Thailand is one of the cities that has conducted the study using these two tools. The focus on this thesis is to study on how these tools were used and implemented in the setting of Tha Klong and how the actual planning process in this city were carried out to see its implication on sanitation planning process. A case study was conducted where FGD and interview were used as the method for data collections, whereas CLUES and Sanitation 21 were further utilized as an approach to analyse the data in order to understand the overall planning process in Tha Klong municipality. The result implies that FAT and SAT assessment conducted for Tha Klong municipality did have a sufficient result as required in order to prepare for FSM implementation, although it did not materialize in the projects planned as well as policies made in Tha Klong.

We still don’t have a truly European history of modern water supply and sanitation services. The existing literature on this topic can be characterized by a national or local scope. We try to offer a descriptive account of the key developments in water supply and sanitation services in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe following a transnational approach. Four periods are identified. Between 1800 and 1830, urbanization set the perfect environment for the spread of contagious diseases. In 1830-1850, contemporaries began to give importance to an appropriate water management system due to the spread of cholera. In the period ranging from 1850 to 1870 the first large infrastructures were built, but they only reached the affluent districts of large cities. From the 1870s onwards, the public sector took a leading role and extended the access to water and sanitation services to the whole population.

This study compares three vastly different European cities and their civic institutions dealt with the universal dilemma of urban waste generation and its disposal between the years 1150-1550.  These case studies demonstrate how much the form of government impacted how waste was managed in the urban environment. The three cities in question: London England - the Chartered Capital of a Kingdom, Siena Italy - an Oligarchic Republic, and Gdansk Poland - the reluctant territory of a Theocratic state,

 Water quality is an issue, as households are obtaining this from the river, which is also used for cleaning, human defecation and by livestock.
 Access to appropriate quantity of water may be affected by lack of water transport/storage containers.
People, mostly girls and women, are travelling at least 50 minutes to access water, which can cause protection issues.
Only 40.8% of respondents are using mosquito nets in an area with high malaria rate.
Households have poor hygiene and care practices due to:
-Lack of access to hygiene materials
-Lack of access to clean water
-Lack of access to proper sanitation facilities
-Poor attitude towards hygiene (seen as unimportant)
-Limited knowledge on good care practices, hygiene practices and disease transmission

The study is on selection of suitable sites for solid waste disposal. The research was done using
Surveying and Geoinformatics techniques. Waste has become an environmental issue in the
world today due to the increasing growth in human population and their activities, urbanization,
and industrialization. The aim is to identify suitable sites for solid wastes disposal in Kofar
Kaura new layout Katsina. Application of GIS for the selection of suitable site for waste disposal
is based on the overlaying of datasets and places that satisfy certain suitability criteria. The
methodology therefore combined the spatial tools provided by GIS. The principal sub-criteria
that were used for spatial analysis include drainage, land use, road networks etc. hence, the exact
operations of the methodology was approached in the following sequence: Investigation of solid
waste disposal in Kofar Kaura new layout, Data Acquisition, Conversion of the criteria into GIS
layer, Data processing. Global Positioning System receiver was used to acquire all the positions
and locations data required to accomplish the research, such as the solid waste points. All the
data acquired through GPS and other sources were processed in computer system. ArcGIS
software is an efficient tool for spatial relationship principles of connectivity, contiguity and
overlay methods.

"La palabra “estadística” se incorporó al vocabulario de la mayoría de las lenguas occidentales a fines del siglo XVIII. Fue el término empleado para designar una novedad científica dotada de fuerte carga política y considerada de utilidad pública.
Su desarrollo se produjo en paralelo al de los estados nacionales, como instrumento con el que cualificar los diferentes tipos de poblaciones y definir en qué consistía la “nación”. Algo imprescindible para diseñar políticas públicas y para delimitar el sujeto político sobre el que se construía y legitimaba el Estado.
La trayectoria seguida por la nueva ciencia estuvo cargada de contradicciones y hubo varios modelos de institucionalización: aquí se analizan los principales ocurridos en Europa y América Latina. La novedad estadística quiere afrontar algunas omisiones que encontramos en la historia oficial de la disciplina y subrayar que la confusión entre modelos y tradiciones ha originado toda una serie de paradojas interpretativas difíciles de resolver. Fenómeno que afecta especialmente a América Latina, protagonista de desarrollos tempranos y atrasos seculares que parecen producirse simultáneamente y que son reflejo de juicios e imángenes preestablecidas vincultadas a su evolución política y al carácter "especial" de su población.
"

Os mosteiros e conventos da Idade Média e Moderna, para funcionarem em condições de higiene e salubridade adequadas, careciam de um hidrossistema sólido e tecnicamente eficiente, na forma e no traçado, desde a captação de águas, seu transporte por gravidade, armazenamento e distribuição pela área intramural dos cenóbios, até à descarga dos resíduos domésticos e pluviais. Nesse sentido, o clero regular de outrora ensinou-nos a conquistar e a domesticar a água, ou seja, como se explora, conduz, acumula e administra com racionalidade e inteligência. Os testemunhos abaixo apresentados certificam um repertório de saberes e técnicas acerca do nosso amplo e diversificado património histórico-hidráulico de concepção pragmática e instância religiosa, hoje caídos em desuso e secos ou a funcionar modificados por novos equipamentos mecânicos. Esta afortunada manifestação de experiências e aptidões legadas, referentes à pesquisa e ao uso intensivo da água, legitima uma porção substancial de memória identitária bastante ignorada e ameaçada, que ultrapassa o domínio da tecnologia e urge recuperar e restabelecer na pluralidade da nossa cultura. É uma obrigação ética comum evitar o colapso desses importantes projectos centenários, atribuídos à ousadia e firmeza de espírito dos anónimos monges e frades de antanho. Amiúde, tais infra-estruturas são vitimadas por facilitações mesquinhas e actos abusivos de interesse privado económico-financeiro especulativo, que apagam ou ocultam o seu valor e significado históricos. Por isso, é improrrogável a nossa mobilização cautelar, assente no respeito e na responsabilidade pelos bens herdados das gerações precedentes, a fim de assegurarmos a sua salvaguarda, num propósito correlacionado de usufruto e defesa estáveis do nosso devir civilizacional.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) has proven to be effective at reducing diarrheal incidence in epidemiological intervention studies. However, the SODIS method is limited to waters of low turbidity (<30 NTU). This study investigates the use of common table salt (NaCl) to reduce the turbidity of water containing suspended colloidal clay particles for use in the SODIS method. Three representative clays found in tropical soils (kaolinite, illite and bentonite) were tested at three levels of turbidity (50, 100 and 200 NTU) for their flocculating behavior with multiple NaCl concentrations to find the optimum. Supernatants were tested for sodium concentration for comparison against health and taste thresholds. Results show that unlike kaolinite and illite, pure bentonite solutions were shown to be very responsive to NaCl and produced supernatants with as low as 4 NTU (98% particle removal efficiency). This study has shown that NaCl, in combination with high-activity clay particles in solution, may effectively reduce turbidity to levels suitable for SODIS treatment, thereby expanding the number of people who can utilize the technology effectively.

En 1885 Madrid sufrió, por última vez en su historia, la invasión de una epidemia de cólera asiático. El 'huésped del Ganges' ocasionó 1.366 defunciones durante los 133 días que se prolongó su ataque y desencadenó una grave crisis de orden higiénico, social y político. El presente trabajo reconstruye el curso que siguió la epidemia, centrándose en las condiciones de vida de los barrios pobres que más sufrieron la acometida del cólera, en los estallidos de pánico social que se produjeron entre las clases pudientes de la ciudad por el temor al contagio, en la serie de motines populares producidos ante las medidas dictadas por las autoridades políticas y sanitarias y en el plan de defensa desplegado por la municipalidad para hacer frente al avance de la enfermedad.

One of the most significant threats to the health and safety of man is the quantity and quality of the water consumed; and in especially the developing world, inadequate sanitation facilities and shortage of clean water sources is the cause of waterborne diseases and death to millions of people. This study was therefore geared towards understanding the sources and threats to domestic water supply in the city of Owerri and peoples' preference for different water sources and possible health implications of such choices. A combination of field observation, interview techniques and questionnaire survey was applied in the study. The study concludes that groundwater sources remain the most preferred water source for domestic use in Owerri town while majority of city dwellers prefer satchet or bottled water for drinking purposes. Major threats to water quality included improper waste disposal and management and unsafe water storage/handling processes. It was also realized that, there is little or no treatment of all water sources in Owerri before usage both for drinking and other domestic uses. Recommendations include proper implementation of environmental/water protection laws and edicts, proper monitoring of packaged water production factories and processes by public health officials.

This report contributes to limited research available addressing the inter-linkage of protection and WASH activities in the humanitarian context and the necessity to incorporate a protection mainstreaming approach into all sectors, in this case, focusing mainly on WASH, building upon the Interagency Standing Committee’s (IASC) 2015 Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action. It explores existing linkages between protection and WASH, as well as gaps on a general level, and in Lebanon in particular, and provides recommendations based on an extensive desk review, case studies and primary research collected in Bekaa, Lebanon, largely in informal tented settlements (ITSs).WASH and protection professionals operating in emergency and post-emergency humanitarian contexts often have the most access to beneficiaries, so it is essential to utilise these positions as a platform to promote positive protection mainstreaming and as a means to disseminate information throughout communities, as well as dispel false notions surrounding WASH and protection, particularly where women’s hygiene and health and general protection and safety are concerned. Three main data collection methodologies are utilised to inform this report: (1) household surveys; (2) focus group discussions (FGDs); and (3) desk review/secondary research analysis. Over the course of six months, 433 households were surveyed (2,165 people), 13 FGDs were conducted (150 participants) and six interviews were completed.

The WASH in Schools Profile 2020 presents an analysis based on the type of access disaggregated by level of education, by province, by
school status (public or private) and by school characteristics (urban or rural). The types of access refer to basic access to water, basic access to
sanitation and basic access to hygiene (hand washing facilities). While the education levels are, Early Childhood Education (PAUD), Elementary
School (SD), Junior Secondary School (SMP), Senior Secondary School (SMA), Vocational High School (SMK) and Special School (SLB).
This WASH in Schools Profile does not include madrasah. The analysis including characteristics of the school (urban or rural) and Early Child
Education level are available for the first time in this publication.

L’alimentation en eau du château de Versailles :
En 1683, quand Louis XIV et la cour emménagent définitivement à Versailles, le chantier des eaux de Versailles pour amener de l’eau au palais a atteint une ampleur considérable. Au nord, on construit la machine de Marly qui doit apporter l’eau de la Seine. Au sud, le réseau des étangs et rigoles s’agrandit presque jusqu’à Rambouillet pour faire jaillir les Grandes Eaux dans les jardins du Roi-Soleil. Le réseau des « eaux bonnes à boire » est déjà achevé pour fournir de l’eau de source au monarque. Dès le règne de Louis XIII, les rois ont en effet eu le souci d’approvisionner Versailles en eau.

This report reviews the history, achievements, and challenges of a crucial aspect of sanitation in Bangladesh, namely, shifting the population away from open defecation toward use of hygienic latrines. Now that the newly declared Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include as No. 6, to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” by the year 2030, the Bangladesh case takes on international significance.