Water Shortages

Changes in climate, land use, and population can increase annual and interannual variability of socioeconomic droughts in water-scarce regions. This study develops a probabilistic approach to improve characterization of sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships under shifts in water supply and demand conditions. A mixture Gamma-Generalized Pareto (Gamma-GPD) model is proposed to enhance characterization of both the non-extreme and extreme socioeconomic droughts. Subsequently, the mixture model is used to determine sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships, return period, amplification factor, and drought risk. The application of the framework is demonstrated for the City of Fort Collins (Colorado, USA) water supply system. The water demand and supply time series for the 1985–2065 are estimated using the Integrated Urban water Model (IUWM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), respectively, with ...

Objektif kajian ini ialah mengkaji faktor-faktor gangguan bekalan air dan mengenal pasti kesan gangguan bekalan air terhadap penduduk di Kuarters Kerajaan Jalan Duta Segambut Kuala Lumpur. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Kompleks Kerajaan Jalan Duta, Segambut, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. Kaedah kajian yang digunakan ialah soal selidik, temu bual dan rujukan. Kajian ini melibatkan responden yang berjumlah 30 penduduk kuarters kerajaan Jalan Duta, 2 responden temu bual dan rujukan daripada artikel akhbar dan internet. Hasil kajian menunjukan faktor utama gangguan bekalan air di Kuarters Kerajaan Jalan Duta Segambut Kuala Lumpur adalah disebabkan bekalan air telah terhenti disebabkan kapasiti loji air rawatan tidak mampu menampung peningkatan permintaan air oleh penduduk. Kesannya  kegiatan domestik penduduk seperti mandi dan membasuh baju akan terganggu kerana gangguan bekalan air. Kesimpulannya, gangguan bekalan air di Kuarters Kerajaan Jalan Duta Segambut Kuala Lumpur akan mendatang banyak implikasi negatif terhadap penduduk di kawasan ini.

Since ancient times, we have seen many technological advancements in reducing water shortage problems. One such technology is that of K.T Weir which has helped in storing the water with the help of gates and also helped in moving the traffic. K.T Weir also known as Bridge-cum-Bandhara has been a great civil structure serving many purpose. Soon after a weir site has been selected, a preliminary investigation on the location of the proposed site is essential to highlight important considerations. In this paper we will look how the preliminary investigations for K.T Weir take place.

While urban areas are being threatened by water shortage due to climate change and rapid population growth, effects of urban development patterns on future municipal water shortage are rarely investigated. We address this aspect of urbanization by assessing the impacts of sprawl vs. high-density patterns on future changes in the sub-annual water shortage intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships. The City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system is chosen as a representative region that is rapidly developing over the last decades. The future water supply is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) driven with a hot-dry climate model from the statistically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5) projections. Future water demand is projected using the Integrated Urban Water Model (IUWM) under both sprawl and high-density development patterns. The demonstration study reveals that urban areas under the sprawl development pattern are likely to experience water shortage events with higher intensity, duration, and frequency compared to the high-density pattern. Characterizing impacts of urban development patterns on future water shortage conditions is required for sustainable water management and smart urban growth and can help urban planners and water managers to develop an adaptive path to meet future water demand and decrease the vulnerability of municipal water supply systems to shortage.

As a continuation of the first paper from the late medieval drought series related to medieval Hungary, we present, analyse and compare further late medieval drought data, based on contemporary direct and indirect written sources. The evidence, derived from documentary sources referring to the droughts and dry spells in 1361, 1439, 1473, 1480, 1482(?), 1502-3 and 1506, is further compared to the recent tree-ring based hydroclimate reconstruction of the OWDA (Old World Drought Atlas), and similarities, differences and complementary information are discussed in more detail. Additionally, documentary evidence related to Danube low water-levels of 1443, 1444, 1455 and 1502 are as well presented in a broader context: these cases provide evidence on the hydrological conditions of the Upper-Danube catchment, and not on the Carpathian Basin. The OWDA evidence in most cases shows good agreement with the discussed documentary-based drought reports; some differences in the spatial extension and intensity of the droughts were only exceptionally detected (e.g. 1455, 1482-3, 1507). Most of the written documentation refer to droughts that covered more than one calendar years.

Water availability plays a critical role in a wide range of environmental, agricultural, industrial, and recreational activities. However, urbanization, population growth, and climate change may lead to shifts in water supply-demand conditions in river basins and culminate in short-term or chronic water shortages (Brown et al.

It is repeatedly observed that deterioration of material commodities is one of the major issues in any inventory and construction structure. Therefore the loss due to deterioration cannot be unnoticed. A mathematical model is developed with permissible delay in payments and price dependent demand for deteriorating items . Learning effect is also considered in the model. A solution method is provided to exemplify the proposed model. Further to demonstrate the model, numerical example is used. Finally, the sensitivity analysis has been carried out to study the impact of variations in the values of different parameters.

Sustainable security and development by damage reduction methods in areas with water shortage of the country can play a very effective role in the development of aquatic environments, as it is one of the indicators for sustainable development of clean and healthy water supply that it is possible to neutralize its effects when water damage is reduced. In this article, addressing new and effective methods in this field have tried to have a new perspective on this issue and on secure providing clean and healthy drinking water.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, water shortage, Saving Methods, Security, Chabahar water shortage

This research evaluates the extent to which the results of the Climate Risk and Adaptation Assessment (KRAPI) to is integrated into local development plans in Malang district as a case. Five criteria are used: (1) inclusion, (2) consistency, (3) weight, (4) reporting, and (5) the resources that are used to determine the level of integration. This study attempts to 'capture the variety of perspectives ranging from planner to the implementers' (IPCC, 2015), using questionnaires in multiple choice format. The parties concerned were asked to evaluate the level of integration of the five criteria on a scale from 0 to 3 or 4 in accordance with the requirements related to each score is given. Statistical analysis of the results of the questionnaire showed that the integration of climate policy into development is seen as more limited to each party in Malang. Evaluation of the performance indicators in responding to climate policy is also done and found the need for re-assessment indicators to take into account the projected climate change and its effects. The study also found that, despite the measures taken by the central government through the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (RAN API), there is still room for further improvement in the integration of climate policy in both vertical and horizontal directions. The study also found that tagging is useful for the assessment of the budget where climate policy is not intended as separate policies but integrated into development planning.

After the expansion of established economic order quantity model authors broadly studied several characteristics of inventory modeling by taking constant demand pattern. But in an actual marketplace demand of manufactured goods is always in vibrant state due to the inconsistency of occasion, worth or even of the immediate level of inventory demonstrated in retail house. In this article, a deterministic mathematical model is formulated where demand pattern is taken as selling price dependent. Various cost components follows the learning curve and effect of inflation is also studied. Shortages are permitted to arise in the proposed model. The rate of deterioration is considered as proportional with time. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application of the model. The equations are solved manually for the calculation and for the results of convexity of total function mathematical software “Mathematica” has been used. The sensitivity assessment of the projected model is executed to study the effect of varying the slightest as well as the most receptive parameters. Some diagrammatic depictions are put up to examine the conclusion and results so attained for a preference of different parameters.

Water infrastructure is not only a matter of environmental safety and human health, it also impacts national security. Climate change is affecting the whole world to various degrees, but Ukraine has its own local specificity—dry grass burning, illicit forest logging, the building of illegal dams on rivers, unlawful amber mining—which exacerbate trends toward ecological catastrophe. With its huge economic problems, war in Donbas and territories under foreign occupation, Ukraine’s national security resources are already stretched incredibly thin and probably could not deal with another simultaneous existential crisis. The water security of the country will need to be taken up as an acute priority of the Ukrainian government before the situation devolves further.

Water shortage, because of either augmented domestication or climatic variability, has prompted nations to diminish stress on water supplies mostly via decreasing water demand. Nevertheless, this procedure entirely is not enough to ensure the quality of life that high-quality water services boost, particularly inside the case of augmented domestication. Intrinsically, the notion of water reuse (WR) has been reaching strength for the last few decades. Decision-makers require ready and reachable data concerning public attitudes toward WR to adopt convenient and sustainable resource management plans. Applying reclaimed infrastructure must concentrate firstly on usages with more important social acceptability, like street cleaning, car washing, irrigation of parks and athletic fields or toilet flushing. Acceptance of the usage of recycled water for other goals implementations, like food crop irrigation and watering of residential lawns may augment as public knowledge of the system expands. As inhabitants begin to be more usual with the techniques and global comprehension of the linked advantages of WR increases, officials, planners, and managers may encounter reduced objection to extra usages and attain bigger water savings via prolonged application of WR schedules. For potable WR, there is only one-step closer to overpassing the "yuck factor". However, great efforts remain to be accomplished in mater of hybrid water technologies to assure efficient pollutant removal. Finally, WR may be considered a safe tool to avoid water sources' contamination. In other words, treating wastewater at its source of the generation before its expansion at the highest level of purity will avoid pollution expansion into nature: air, soil, and water. In this case and only in this case, the "yuck factor" will be overpassed.

Water scarcity is a slow – onset disaster that does not usually obtain rapid humanitarian intervention, and the group most affected is women. This dissertation focuses on the experiences and coping strategies of rural women with regards to water scarcity. The main focus is on exploring the impact of water scarcity on rural women and determining the significance the of progression of vulnerability model, the progression of safety model and risk reduction objectives as tools for effectively identifying the effects of water scarcity and mitigating the identified problems. Also, the study examines aspects of water scarcity that affect rural women and the social norms and values governing water use at the international, national and local level. The thesis relied on four techniques of data collection; literature study, ethnographic research design, questionnaires and focus group discussion. The findings presented in the dissertation suggest that water scarcity is a frightening hazard and in urgent need of humanitarian intervention, for it taps into many facets of human security. Impact of water scarcity on women and the vulnerability of their families continue to progress negatively. The challenge of risk reduction and progress to security is difficult due to poor economies and lack of technical and human resources.

Changes in climate, land use, and population can increase annual and interannual variability of socioeconomic droughts in water-scarce regions. This study develops a probabilistic approach to improve characterization of sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships under shifts in water supply and demand conditions. A mixture Gamma-Generalized Pareto (Gamma-GPD) model is proposed to enhance characterization of both the non-extreme and extreme socioeconomic droughts. Subsequently, the mixture model is used to determine sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships, return period, amplification factor, and drought risk. The application of the framework is demonstrated for the City of Fort Collins (Colorado, USA) water supply system. The water demand and supply time series for the 1985-2065 are estimated using the Integrated Urban water Model (IUWM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), respectively, with climate forcing from statistically downscaled CMIP5 projections. The results from the case study indicate that the mixture model leads to enhanced estimation of sub-annual socioeconomic drought frequencies, particularly for extreme events. The probabilistic approach presented in this study provides a procedure to update sub-annual socioeconomic drought IDF curves while taking into account changes in water supply and demand conditions.

The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.