Weddings

Negli ultimi decenni tanti sono stati gli studi e i modelli che hanno tentato di analizzare, definire e classificare le industrie culturali e creative (ICC), con l'obiettivo di verificare e quantificare le performance economiche di questo settore.
Ciascun modello ha provato a inquadrare le ICC focalizzando l'attenzione da un lato sul contesto socio-economico, dall'altro sui concetti stessi di cultura e creatività.

Questi modelli e queste fondamentali premesse, pur non garantendo una lettura definitiva, possono essere utili in questa fase della ricerca per inquadrare e definire anche le industrie creative del wedding.
Per capirne il posizionamento nel mercato e le economie esistenti e potenziali, ma sopratutto per analizzare le forme in cui si manifestano ed esprimono, siano esse creative (come già è) o culturali (come potrebbe essere).

A Assessoria de Casamento do Dia é uma modalidade é voltada para os noivos que já contra-taram todos os serviços, porém acreditam que a presença de uma profissional no dia seja de extrema importância para acompanhar a execução de todos os detalhes. Montaremos um projeto elaborado 30 dias antes do evento para alinhamento de todos os servi-ços contratados e apresentaremos aos noivos uma prévia do cronograma de tudo que irá acon-tecer no dia desde a chegada dos convidados na cerimônia até a saída dos noivos na recepção.

Posted: 29 Setembro 2016 By:Yes I Do São muitos detalhes que precisam de acompanhamento para se organizar um matrimônio: pro-fissionais, prazos, orçamentos, além do estado emocional do casal. Daí a importância da asses-soria de casamento. Os profissionais da Assessoria de Casamento facilita não só a vida dos noivos, mas também das famílias, deixando todos tranquilos, seguros e com a certeza de que nada passará desper-cebido. Afinal, organizar um evento grandioso como um casamento não é mesmo tarefa fácil. São muitos detalhes que precisam de acompanhamento: diversos profissionais, prazos a cum-prir, orçamentos... sem contar o estado emocional do casal, que, na maioria das vezes, possui outras obrigações além do casamento. Um bom planejamento é imprescindível para que tudo ocorra da maneira que você sempre sonhou. A noiva em geral não sabe por onde começar e, por causa dessa falta de experiência, os noivos correm o risco de investir muito mais do que o esperado do seu tempo e dinheiro. Isso no momento em que as finanças do casal devem estar perfeitamente em ordem para a nova fase da vida. O Trabalho da Assessoria de Casamento é planejar todo o evento para que nenhum detalhe seja esquecido ou desprezado. Os noivos devem ser a fonte de inspiração da assessora, para que o resultado final seja a rea-lização do sonho deles. Tudo deverá ser escolhido, combinado, contratado, confirmado, revisto e acompanhado de perto, garantindo que todos os profissionais envolvidos façam seu trabalho corretamente e no tempo certo. Muitas empresas trabalham com tipos de assessorias diferenciados. Em geral os nomes e serviços incluídos nos pacotes variam de profissional para profissional. Veja alguns modelos de pacotes de assessoria: Assessoria de casamento Completa O profissional cuida de tudo. A assessora apresentará os orçamentos de fornecedores aos noi-vos, onde a partir daí, irão fazer visitas e degustações, para que possam escolher o fornecedor ideal; acompanhará o fechamento dos contratos e elaborará o cronograma e planejamento do evento além de marcar reunião para acompanhamento do cronograma e verificação dos deta-lhes finais. Assessoria de casamento Personalizada Os noivos se reúnem com a assessora e definem quais as tarefas que eles irão cuidar pesso-almente e quais serão passadas para o profissional. Pode ser solicitado também a assessoria para dia do evento.

A Assessoria de Casamento Completa é indicada aos noivos que estão iniciando o planejamen-to e precisam de um auxílio profissional para organizar as ideias no papel e iniciar os preparati-vos até o dia do evento. É realizada uma reunião com os noivos onde é definido o perfil do casal e o conceito do evento. A partir dessa reunião é possível traçar as ações através de um crono-grama especialmente desenvolvido para o casal.

A particularly attractive but hitherto unidentified Berber type of costume, a striped  haik (a rectangular flat weave garment worn by  women) appeared on the Moroccan textile art market a number of years ago. L. Viola during one of his recent field trips identified for the first time the tribe that produced them. These Berber weavings are generally about 50 years old (but are still produced) and were woven in the Ait Moussa villages of the Mejjat Anti-Atlas tribe. While Lucien Viola traces their history and beliefs, Alexandra Sachs, co-author, describes their aesthetic and exceptional visual impact.
This article was published by Hali Magazine (issue 200 summer 2019) An Infinity of Stripes.

The Roman marriage ceremony of the early Roman Empire was heavy with symbolism. The ceremony was focused on the bride, and each aspect was an attempt to impart onto her the ideals of a Roman aristocratic woman. These symbols, such as the sex crines and the flammeum, were taken from various Roman priestesses, who were used as symbols of Roman marriage and represented the ideals of aristocratic Roman women. “Aristocratic girls, at least, were expected to bring to their husbands enough education to lend sparkle and desirability as a spouse, maidenly chastity and finally the dual charms of wifely fidelity and fertility.” This essay discusses the standard Roman aristocratic marriage and how the diverse symbolism within the ritual depicted the ideal Roman aristocratic married woman. Because several of these symbols are directly taken from different orders of Roman priestesses, this essay looks at case studies of three orders in the time of the early Empire. Each priestess represented an aspect of what the ideal Roman aristocratic married woman should be. The Vestal Virgins represented chastity, the Flaminicae represented the importance of modesty and fidelity, and the priestesses of Ceres represented the ideal of motherhood and fertility. The ideal aristocratic woman would be a combination of all of three orders of priestesses.

A Assessoria de Casamentos Yes I Do foi fundada em 2000 e vem fazendo parte deste mo-mento tão importante para muitos casais. Nos dias de hoje os casamentos são eventos muito especiais e por este motivo acreditamos que é de fundamental importância a contratação de um serviço de assessoria de casamentos para desenvolver e construir cada detalhe do evento. Atu-amos de forma a facilitar e vida do casal, mas sem tirar o a decisão de escolha de cada detalhe. Mesmo aqueles que nunca sonharam, ao se deparar com o planejamento do casamento, che-gam rapidamente a conclusão de quão necessária é a contratação de uma empresa de organi-zação de casamento, desta forma, nós identificamos os desejos, sonhos e exigências do casal, somamos a isso a identificação do perfil dos noivos e assim criamos o projeto do casamento. Como a nossa Assessoria de Casamentos Atua? Nossa assessoria de casamentos gerencia todas as etapas do processo, desde a contratação do buffet, o recebimento de presentes, o envio de convites aos convidados etc. Integramos to-dos os profissionais envolvidos no planejamento da festa, minimizando possíveis contratempos, e proporcionam ao casal uma tranquilidade para aproveitarem cada minuto da festa. O mais interessante de se contratar os serviços da Yes I Do é que sempre estamos antenado com o mercado do casamento, temos contato com os melhores fornecedores para todos os níveis de orçamento. Somos capazes de conseguir os melhores fornecedores a preços bem acessíveis, ou seja, nossa preocupação vai além da organização da festa, mas também inclui os cuidados com o orçamento do casal, que muitas vezes já está bem restrito. Pois sabemos que quando um casal dá início ao planejamento do casamento, possui expectativas que estão atreladas a uma infinidade de desejos, sonhos e objetivos que resultam em um evento de celebração do amor, a união de duas famílias e o nascimento de uma nova família. Por este motivo, temos com um dos pilares de nossa empresa de assessoria de casamentos a confiança, que somente é conquistada com o envolvimento desde o início da contratação dos nossos serviços. O que os nossos clientes dizem a respeito do nosso trabalho: Nós somos orgulhosos do nosso trabalho não importa quantas horas gastamos para chegar a satisfação dos nossos noivos o importante é tornar realidade o sonho deles e com isso ganha-mos o reconhecimento. Veja o que eles falam da nossa Assessoria de casamentos.

A vow renewal ceremony script is almost identical to the wedding ceremony script samples we all know. But the difference here is that the couple is renewing wedding vows, more like a do-over. On this one, lots of couples because vows are renewed for various reasons.

Hence, we present to you a cocktail of marriage renewal vows scripts suitable for diverse reasons and styles. From funny to religious vow renewal ceremony script, let’s show you how to renew vows creatively.

The trend towards a more secular culture in Western society means that there can be greater flexibility in a wedding ceremony, but couples are often faced with the challenge of preparing a meaningful celebration outside the traditional religious framework. This hands-on, practical guide demonstrates how to approach and prepare a secular wedding ceremony that honours a couple's relationship with honest vows and rituals true to their shared values. In addition, it provides guidance on structuring a ceremony for couples that come from very different cultural or spiritual backgrounds.

Includes the tools necessary for the creation of a ceremony, such as a Ritual Profile Questionnaire, checklists, and many other resources.

"Paula Bradstreet Richter organized this wide-ranging exhibition of art inspired by marriage--from the first frissons of attraction through remembrances of decades--long unions that stood the test of time. Ms. Richter gathered works by Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Claes Oldenburg, Winslow Homer and many others, known and anonymous, from 30 countries and cultures around the world." —Northeast Antiques

This lavishly illustrated book is the first to explore the wedding’s global terrain as a source of artistic inspiration, both historically and today


Weddings are among the most universal social ceremonies, and Wedded Bliss: The Marriage of Art and Ceremony explores the aesthetic expressions related to weddings—paintings, sculptures, photographs, decorative objects, textiles, and even cakes—from a selection of international cultures since the eighteenth century. Comparisons among the Euro-American “white wedding” tradition and vibrant marriage ceremonies in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific region are among the book’s many special features.

Five authors bring their perspectives as art historians, artists, cultural historians, and sociologists to essays that explore diverse aesthetic and cultural themes—the dynamics of identity; tradition and changing social values; ritual and ceremony as performing arts; spirituality and religion; and displays of status and prestige. These thoughtful discussions of weddings as the impetus for creativity provide fresh insights into a familiar subject and probe a complex, often highly charged, human experience.

Weddingque.com Menyediakan Jasa Photo Prewedding Murah dan bagus Abadikan momem cinta anda dengan pasangan menuju mahligai pernikahan dengan photography prewedding yang bagus dan menarik. Jadikan momen tersebut sesuatu yang dapat anda kenang sepangjang masa. Team kami Siap membantu anda dalam mewujudkan impian anda! Untuk wilayah jabodetabek team photographer kami siap datang membantu anda untuk diskusi dan memberikan contoh hasil fotografi yang menarik dan ideal sesuai permintaan anda.
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In Japan, marriage ceremonies prior to 1900 wedding of the crown prince used to be secular events, featuring some differences from the current matrimonial practice. This essay explores the Meiji era social engineering invention by looking at the history and practices of an altered ritual.

This chapter argues that the images of Ellen and Portia’s same-sex wedding, refigure lesbian identity within the ‘postfeminist culture [that] both assumes and creates a female subject who desires marriage’. At the same time, their high-profile celebrity wedding helped to mainstream the same-sex marriage equality campaign through their mutual celebrity brand. Paradoxically, then, their celebrity lesbian marriage is both a political act against heteronormativity and a neo-conservative image of homonormativity and postfeminist female identity. If, as Dana Heller has shown, the ‘celesbian’ (defined as a celebrity who is ‘known or alleged’ to be a lesbian) is a ‘disruptive laborer within the affective economies that organize the intimate celebrity logic of capitalism’, then the ‘celesbian couple’ is the ultimate labor force of neoliberal capitalism in their ability to ‘make queer feeling (or feeling queer) appropriate through performances that allow them to draw together that which has been kept apart—the homo and the hetero, the celebrity system and queer politics—within the norms of global capitalism’.

20+ nhà hàng tiệc cưới tốt nhất tại HCM và Kinh nghiệm tổ chức tiệc cưới Kinh nghiệm lựa chọn các nhà hàng tiệc cưới tại Hồ Chí Minh Ai trong số chúng ta đều mong muốn rằng ngày cưới của mình phải thật hoàn hảo và trọn vẹn, chính vì thế việc làm sao để chọn được một trung tâm nhà hàng tiệc cưới thật phù hợp. Bài viết này sẽ gửi đến bạn danh sách các trung tâm nhà hàng tiệc cưới tốt nhất tại TPHCM. không những thế bài viết này còn được tạo ra với mong muốn là giải đáp những câu hỏi: nhà hàng tiệc cưới nào tốt ở TPHCM?. Với mong muốn gửi gấm, chia sẻ đến các cặp đôi tương lại những kinh nghiệm tổ chức tiệc cưới tại nhà hàng tiệc cưới hữu ích nhất để các cặp đôi có một ngày trọng đại thật hoàn hảo. 1. Danh sách 20+ nhà hàng tiệc cưới tốt nhất tại HCM: Sau khi xem qua mình chắc chắn rằng bạn sẽ chọn được một nhà hàng tiệc cưới ưng ý nhất. Trung tâm nhà hàng tiệc cưới Diamond Place: Nhà hàng tiệc cưới Diamond Place là một trung tâm tổ chức tiệc cưới lớn và nổi tiếng tại HCM. Diamond Place có 2 chi nhánh tại hcm: Quận Phú Nhuận và Tân Bình.

Pernikahan berasal dari kata dasar nikah. Kata nikah memiliki persamaan dengan kata kawin. Menurut bahasa Indonesia, kata nikah berarti berkumpul atau bersatu. Menurut istilah syarak, nikah itu berarti melakukan suatu akad atau perjanjian untuk mengikatkan diri antara seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan yang bertujuan untuk menghalalkan hubungan kelamin antara keduanya dengan dasar suka rela demi terwujudnya keluarga bahagia yang diridhoi oleh Allah SWT.

Film is a world of narrative influences and borrowed aesthetics; it is easy to trace the lineage of almost any modern style to its country of origin. Current directors must battle the predictability that comes with over 100 years of established genres by creatively mixing ideas from different eras and areas. Bollywood is a genre founded on this intermingling, using in equal parts several established Hollywood genres. Even with its Western influence, Bollywood has emerged as a national cinema inseparable from Indian culture and identity. In more recent years, however, its audience has shifted to include a more global, specifically a more Western, consumer base. As one of the most recognizable international film genres, exactly where do the hallmarks of Bollywood cinema fall in relation to Western aesthetics, narratives and audiences? Many Indian directors, including Mira Nair (Monsoon Wedding, 2001) and Gurinder Chadha (Bend It Like Beckham, 2002), have attempted to address this issue by acknowledging the impact of Western colonialism and the resulting diaspora on Indian families and their values. Nair and Chadha accomplish this by mixing elements of the “old,” Indian tradition, with the “new,” globalization, resulting in the translation of Western values onto Indian screens. Monsoon Wedding and Bend It Like Beckham both act as officiants between these two cultures, granting Western audiences “unmediated access to a heretofore hidden and unknowable world,” through the cinematic trope of the chaotic wedding and its inevitable culture clashes.

In medieval Europe – unlike what happens nowadays – banqueting was a fundamental practice for the ratification of marriage. Actually, banquets were socially required rituals of passage. The most important condition a wedding feast should satisfy was publicity, for all the people involved in the deal should be present at the moment of the celebration, and in general all the community should get acquainted with it. Banquets, in fact, allowed people to gather together, celebrate, witness and legitimise a marriage all at the same time, while comfortably seated at table. Wedding banquets were essential practices about which the authorities (both the secular and the ecclesiastical) were reticent to a different degree, but over which they both wanted to exert control: for instance, their ostentation was addressed by sumptuary laws, but their social relevance emerges especially in councils’ canons, where they are systematically associated with fun, lust, triviality, and had thus to be avoided by those who wanted to live a Christian life. On the other hand, such feasts were characterised by excess (concerning food, pranks, sex-related jokes), and thus they openly clashed against a number of ecclesiastical works and monastic rules that prescribed decorum and Christian dignity. The Church held it necessary to keep Christians away from lascivious entertainments of this kind, for the fear of God could not reside in the same place where lust and laughter reigned. A secondary – but more important – prize was at stake: the control over the institute of marriage, which the Church wanted to turn into a thoroughly Christian rite.

À la fin du Moyen Âge, dans la plupart des cours européennes, le cérémonial connut une expansion sans précédent. Les différents rituels touchant le prince et sa famille firent l’objet de célébrations de plus en plus élaborées, rapportées par une documentation à l’ampleur jusqu’alors inédite. Des textes narratifs d’un genre nouveau apparurent, témoignant d’une volonté de conserver la mémoire de ces événements et d’en diffuser le récit. Les grandes cérémonies publiques, qui théâtralisaient efficacement le pouvoir du souverain, furent mises au service d’une certaine communication politique qui prenait alors son essor dans les cours princières.

Cet ouvrage se propose d’appréhender ce phénomène par le biais d’une approche novatrice, qui consiste à prendre en compte l’ensemble des rites dynastiques d’une cour donnée – soit celle de Savoie. Quatre types de célébrations (les mariages, les joyeuses entrées, les baptêmes et les funérailles) sont ainsi tour à tour analysés, puis les résultats obtenus sont réunis et confrontés dans une perspective plus large qui envisage le cérémonial de cour comme un tout. Cette optique comparatiste, d’abord appliquée au champ de recherche spécifique de la Savoie, permet ensuite une plus ample réflexion sur le cérémonial princier du bas Moyen Âge, en particulier dans l’espace francophone (France, Bourgogne). Ce livre reconstitue par ailleurs une période peu étudiée de l’histoire du duché de Savoie et brosse un tableau détaillé de cette cour entre Moyen Âge et Renaissance.

Objective of the Study-- Extensive studies have been done on the selling and promotional functions of trade shows from the exhibitor’s perspective. Much research have also been made on visitors’ perceptions and attitudes towards trade shows. These studies however have not discussed in detail how trade show organizers or exhibitors can utilise the knowledge of visitors’ discourse to create effective advertisements. By focusing on the signifier, signified, sign and ideology, this thesis aims to bridge the research gap by exploring how trade show organizers can use nonattendees’ discourse to create trade show advertisements that engage nonattendees. 


Design/Methodology/Approach—This research is qualitative in nature. 5 recent Singaporean wedding show advertisements are analyzed via a semiotic lens focusing on the signifier, signified, sign and ideology. Semi-structured interviews are also conducted with 8 Singaporean brides who do not attend wedding shows.   


Findings—By focusing on the signifier, signified and sign, the 5 trade show advertisements are deconstructed and analyzed. Possible ideologies propagated by these advertisements are then made explicit. Findings from the semi-structured interviews show that all interviewees did not want to attend wedding shows prior to their wedding because of the perception of “hard sell” at the wedding shows.  Current wedding show advertisements also made use of certain signs that do not resonate with this group of nonattendees enough for them to want to attend the wedding show. 

Implications—From the nonattendees’ discourse, signs associated with that can be used in advertisements specially targeted at nonattendees are identified. Some of these signs include non-conventional wedding dresses, music and the aisle. Recommendations on how to use signs from nonattendees’ discourse in advertisements are made with the guiding spirit of increasing trust and interest between the wedding show vendors and brides. For example, this study found out that some of the nonattendees regard the beach as an ideal place to hold their wedding. Wedding show organizers can then use the beach as a sign in their advertisement to resonate with nonattendees. 


Originality/Value—This is one of the first studies that focuses on how trade show organizers can make use of signs elicited from nonattendees’ discourse to create effective advertisements that can appeal to nonattendees.   


Keywords-- trade shows; contemporary wedding; semiotics; advertisement; Singapore society; signs; ideologies;

According to the resolution of the Trent Council, wedding and baptismal rituals
became important Church sacraments. As such they obtained great significance
not only in the church, but also in the social and personal sphere. However,
details how to carry them out in the area of Prague Arcibishopric were delimited
only by Prague Synod in 1605. Roman Catholic Church defined baptism and
marriage as sacraments and this definition served to suppress their former
worldly meanings and to combat new influences of Reformation in Bohemia.
Priests regularly introduced detailed instructions to the believers. The
Church wanted not only to strengthen its own position through this process, but
also to shape lives of people according to the ideas of church representatives.
The Thirty Years War and the following gradual re-establishment and
strengthening of Roman Catholic Church brought about the fact, that the
conclusion of the Prague Synod were put through only in the last third of the
17th century.
An example of Southbohemian registers of births and deaths shows that the
conclusions of the Prague Synod were in fact only a theoretical background. It
was proven that baptisms - as well as weddings - were more family and social
events than church and religious matters. This is true for aristocratic circles as
well as for their subjects and individual interests of nobility and subjects were
only formally accommodated to the proclaimed Church requirements.
Observance of the written conclusions of the Prague Synod was hardly feasible
in practice except for universal baptismal and wedding ritual. The survey
therefore pointed out that even such uniform texts as register records can be
useful for producing evidence and understanding distinctions between the
Church ideas and interests of believers from different social strata. To realise
such distinctions is an important precondition for understanding the social daily
life and human mentality at the beginning of the baroque period.

The hereby presented dissertation thesis pursues the life prospects of brothers and sisters related to new owners of rural grounds located in three South Bohemian villages at the turn of the 18th and 19th Century. The very core of this analysis was coming to know the fortunes and life stories of such siblings, from the day of birth until their passing a milestone of realized marriage. The work itself was based on an extensive study of numerous archival files, comprising church and land registers, and lists of subjects, completed with records needed and used by nobility. Methodologically, this work proceeds from genealogical and history-demoghaphical attitudes.
The circumstances of rural farmsteads´ transfers, most imporantly the choice and age of an heir became the subject of research here. Furthermore, groom service of the owner´s offsprings and - as the case may have been - recruitment of his sons could not stay left aside. As a secondary subject of research, entering into marriage and subsequent application of marriage strategies as an important part of social mobility were put under scope.

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The aim of this paper was to examine if brides view the consumption culture of Bollywood weddings and adopt it in their wedding practices due to the emerging growth of the wedding sector and the recent influx of capital in weddings. Globalization has given birth to this new genre of Bollywood weddings with its masala (generic) plot, packed with romance, fantasy, lavish consumption culture and family values alongside class disparities and gender imbalance. This study offers an inquiry to understand how these dimensions shown onscreen is best reflected in its real life counterpart. Indian weddings are becoming as elaborate as the ‘larger than life’ Bollywood weddings, by borrowing ideas, complete with lavish, exotic and innovative features as seen on the big screen. Fusing the Bollywood format into real weddings, has given birth to a fully professional commoditized industry with week-long celebrations. Brides are spoilt for choice and are reinventing the traditional space with a unique blend of Bollywood flavour.

Through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with a sample of Indian brides, it also hoped to ratify the dimensions of capitalism, globalization and modernity against traditional Indian values. Although this area of study is under-researched, it nonetheless aims to produce interesting findings of the current socio-cultural practices in Indian weddings by making a contribution to the limited existing research available in this area. The findings are labelled into three core themes ‘Motives of consumption’, ‘Reinvented traditions’ and ‘Gender and class consumption’.

Overall, the study found that brides largely adopt the consumption culture of Bollywood weddings in their wedding practices. They aspire market driven luxury goods and services, through adopting modern practices marked by the reinvention of tradition as seen in Bollywood weddings, volunteering a conscious return to patriarchal relations (gender and class).

Many previous translations of the Sikh scriptures, the Siri Guru Granth Sahib, gender the creative force with terms like Lord/Master/Redeemer and add biblical and Christian concepts such as sin, heaven, hell, saviors, congregation, salvation, and hymns to the 16th century Punjabi poems. Now posting a decolonized translation of the shabads sung during the Anand Karaj (Sikh wedding ceremony).

My thanks to Sikhnet.org for the booklet template.
Thanks to the Sarang family for photos included, and for the opportunity.

https://www.shaunasinghbaldwin.com/home-page/for-your-enjoyment/
#Sikh #Lavan #weddingceremony #translationstudies #punjabiwedding

For related scholarly work, I recommend Nikky Guninder Kaur Singh's remarkable translations, especially Poems from the Guru Granth Sahib (2022), Harvard University Press. Available at: https://amzn.to/3yhrJEe.

Wedding Usher Books and Verses in the 19th Century:
Manuscript Wedding Usher Books on North-Eastern Hungary

This book aims to investigate 19th-century wedding usher books and wedding usher verses in terms of text linguistics, as well as textual history and history of the genre. The prime reason for the selection of this topic was the peculiar, dual nature of the area of scholarly research that these folkloric texts represent. On the one hand, the presence of a wedding usher, called vőfély [vøːfeːj] and acting as a sort of ’master of ceremonies’ at rural weddings, is a widely known and amply documented fact of ethnography in almost the entire Carpathian Basin. Such wedding ushers recite rhymes while directing the wedding proceedings and entertaining participants. Distributed in chapbooks or manuscripts, vőfély verses have been known since the late 18th century as a common, indispensible and characteristic part of any wedding celebration. They are mostly rhymed in form and recited, closely and functionally following the various stages of the wedding. Over the past 180 to 200 years, this custom has been extensively written about in very diverse bodies of literature, giving descriptions of varying complexity and quality. Collections of usher verses which have been published in print include thousands of titles, added to which are at least the same number of unpublished collections and handwritten sources held in public archives. Wedding ushers and usher verses maintained their presence in folk culture, and then, popular culture through the 19th and 20th centuries, and survive to date. Though there have been some alterations due to changes in the customs of wedding celebrations, the texts discussed herein represent one of the most stable and longest-lived elements of Hungarian popular culture. The 21st century seems to see a renaissance of this, mainly as a ‘survival’ or ‘revival’ phenomenon of folklorism and a conscious preservation of cultural heritage.

How to say the perfect wedding congratulation? First, try not to worry. You are not on the exam. Whatever you say, the newlyweds will be pleased to hear your congratulations, even if it is a classic "I wish you happiness!"But the desire to originate can play a cruel joke with you: you risk saying something extra, inappropriate, embarrassing to the bride and groom, or just stupid. To avoid this, prepare your greeting in advance and take a cheat sheet with you: reading a piece of paper is much better than stumbling, forgetting words.

This Article analyzes John Calvin’s reformation of Western family law in sixteenth century-Geneva. Calvin depicted marriage as a sacred and  presumptively enduring union, but also a conditional and breakable covenant with distinct and discernible goods and goals that couples and communities alikehad to support. This covenantal framework gave Calvin new rationales for old rules concerning marital and non-marital sex and cohabitation, courtship and weddings, procreation, nurture, and education of children, and the punishment of adultery, polygamy, and “unnatural” sex within and beyond the marital bed. But Calvin also set out new teachings on the proper communal formation and maintenance of the marital covenant, and introduced into Genevan law the rightsof husbands and wives alike to divorce and remarry in cases of hard fault.