Weekend Effect

BackgroundHospital congestion is worsened by fewer patients being discharged on the weekend than on weekdays. Weekend admissions fare worse in hospital than weekday admissions. Understanding the fate of patients discharged on the weekend, or any particular weekday, may help optimise hospital discharge processes.AimTo determine the effects of weekend and specific weekday discharges on adverse outcomes (mortality and readmission to hospital).MethodsElectronic records were used to identify unplanned admissions to two large public hospitals across a 5‐year period. Day of week of discharge, the inpatient length of stay, unplanned readmissions and mortality rate were determined.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in discharges on the weekend (49%), particularly for patients who were older or with significant comorbidity (P < 0.001). Adjusting for these differences, there was no difference in readmission and mortality between weekday and weekend discharges within two (OR 0.97; 95% ...

Introduction The concept of “weekend effect”, that is, substandard healthcare during weekends, has never been fully demonstrated, and the different outcomes of emergency surgical patients admitted during weekends may be due to different conditions at admission and/or different therapeutic approaches. Aim of this international audit was to identify any change of pattern of emergency surgical admissions and treatments during weekends. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the alleged “weekend effect”. Methods The database of the CovidICE-International Study was interrogated, and 6263 patients were selected for analysis. Non-trauma, 18+ yo patients admitted to 45 emergency surgery units in Europe in the months of March–April 2019 and March–April 2020 were included. Demographic and clinical data were anonymised by the referring centre and centrally collected and analysed with a statistical package. This study was endorsed by the Association of Ita...

There is only limited data on the influence of the admission time (normal business hours versus nighttime and weekends) on procedural timings, revascularization efficacy, and outcome after mechanical thrombectomy. We investigated whether the admission time has an impact on the above-mentioned factors. Our neurointerventional database was screened for all mechanical thrombectomies in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke between 07/13 and 06/14. Outcome measures were procedural timings and clinical and demographic data; we compared patients who were admitted at normal business hours (Monday to Friday 8:00-18:00) to those admitted at night or at the weekend. 98 patients were identified. Of them, 52 (53%) were admitted during normal business hours, the remainder at night or at weekend. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the time from symptom-onset to admission, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) or IVT-rate. Ther...

This study examines the differences for transportation expenditure between weekdays and weekend consumption. The purpose of this study to find out whether the use transportation on weekdays or what commonly called a workday is different from weekend or what commonly called holiday. The data collection is used by delivering questionnaires to 100 respondents randomly. The independent t-test is used in this study to analyze the data. The results of the analysis obtained shows that there is mean difference between transportation expenditure on Weekdays and Weekend. The ttest value shows positive (+) sign to justify that weekday group (first group) has higher mean value than weekend group (second group). This study implies the policy of public transportation in increasing its quality and the habitual or culture of the community.

Objective Routine administrative data have been used to show that patients admitted to hospitals over the weekend appear to have a higher mortality compared to weekday admissions. Such data do not take the severity of sickness of a patient on admission into account. Our aim was to incorporate a standardized vital signs physiological-based measure of sickness known as the National Early Warning Score to investigate if weekend admissions are: sicker as measured by their index National Early Warning Score; have an increased mortality; and experience longer delays in the recording of their index National Early Warning Score. Methods We extracted details of all adult emergency medical admissions during 2014 from hospital databases and linked these with electronic National Early Warning Score data in four acute hospitals. We analysed 47,117 emergency admissions after excluding 1657 records, where National Early Warning Score was missing or the first (index) National Early Warning Score wa...

Background: This study examined changes in aortic dissection (AD) mortality from 2006 to 2017 and assessed the impact of weekday versus weekend presentation upon mortality. Methods: This observational study analyzed all records in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database. NEDS aggregates discharge data from 984 hospitals in 36 states and the District of Columbia in the United States of America. All patients with thoracic and thoracoabdominal AD recorded as their principal diagnosis were identified via ICD codes. Results: Patient characteristics (weekday|weekend) count: 26,759|9,640, P = 0.016; age (years): 65.2 ± 15.8|64.7 ± 16.2, P = 0.016; women: 11,318 (42.3%)|4,086 (42.4), P = 0.883; Charlson comorbidity index: 2.3 ± 1.7|2.3 ± 1.6, P = 0.025. There were 36,399 ED visits with diagnosed AD. Annual AD diagnoses increased by 70% from 2006 to 2017. From 2012-2017, patients had lower in-hospital mortality (9.9% versus 11.9%, P < 0.001) compared with 2006-2011. Pat...

The study examined the day of the week effect on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE). The objective of the study was to relate the overall stock market returns to the individual returns of trading days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday). The aim was to establish whether returns of trading days were statistically different from each other. The ordinary least square regression model was used to model the returns. The study focussed on ZSE stocks with data from 19 February 2009 when the ZSE started to trade in United States dollars to 31 December 2013. A total of 62 stocks were used in this study. These stocks constitute the Industrial and Mining indices. Industrial and mining indices data were also utilised in the modelling exercise. Data was obtained from the ZSE website and other secondary data were sourced from journal articles, papers and reports. Data analysis was done in EViews 7. We found little presence of day of the week effect, about 26% of the stocks had signif...

Generally, calendar effects takes place when the returns of financial assets exhibit particular characteristics over specific days, weeks, months or even years. This research report uses dummy variables with multiple linear regressions to identify the existence of various effects. Which include month-of-the year effect or January effect, turn-of-theyear effect, summer effect, month-of-the quarter effect, week-of-the month effect, semi month effect, day-of-the-week effect or weekend effect, Monday effect, holiday effect, and Ramadhan effect. The study was done on the Karachi Stock Exchange using the KSE-100 Index. The study concluded that several seasonal effects do exist in the KSE. Some of the effects that were found included day 3 as the day-of-the-week effect; January, February, May indicate month-of-the-year effects; weeks 3, 5, 7, 21 and 22 show week-of-theyear effect and Ramadhan effect. These effects indicate that the returns are significantly higher in these periods/seasons....

Human activities have been linked to the changes in the earth’s climate. Studies indicate increase in the global mean air temperature during the industrial growth period. Since human activities tend to follow weekly cycles, the existence of a weekend effect on low-level air temperatures is suspected. Temperature data from two different stations is used to determine the existence of a weekend effect in the diurnal temperature range and to estimate the size of the effect. The sites are located in coastal areas of Mississippi, one in Pascagoula and one in Agricola. Temperature (and other data) was collected for every minute but was averaged to appropriate time intervals. A significant weekend effect was observed at both sites.

Airborne and ground‐based measurements during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) field study in May/June 2010 show a weekend effect in ozone in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) consistent with previous observations. The well‐known and much‐studied weekend ozone effect has been attributed to weekend reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions, which affect ozone levels via two processes: (1) reduced ozone loss by titration and (2) enhanced photochemical production of ozone due to an increased ratio of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to NOx. In accord with previous assessments, the 2010 airborne and ground‐based data show an average decrease in NOx of 46 ± 11% and 34 ± 4%, respectively, and an average increase in VOC/NOxratio of 48 ± 8% and 43 ± 22%, respectively, on weekends. This work extends current understanding of the weekend ozone effect in the SoCAB by identifying its major causes and quantifying their rela...

This paper examines the weekend effect on stock market returns by using the unconditional method and the conditional method. This paper uses daily closing prices of firms listed in Indonesian stock exchange by using LQ-45 index from January 2006 to December 2013 in three subperiods: All months, non-January months and January month. Independent sample t-test is applied to examine the significance of the weekend effect. Results support the weekend effect in three subperiods by using the unconditional method. But when using the conditional method, the weekend effect only exists in down market for all months period and non-January months period. There's no weekend effect in January month period by using the conditional method, both in up and down market. This paper presents new evidences and supplements the finance literature on the weekend effect for the case in Indonesian stock exchange, and also help investors to develop a good investment strategy.

This paper examines the weekend effect on stock market returns by using the unconditional method and the conditional method. This paper uses daily closing prices of firms listed in Indonesian stock exchange by using LQ-45 index from January 2006 to December 2013 in three subperiods: All months, non-January months and January month. Independent sample t-test is applied to examine the significance of the weekend effect. Results support the weekend effect in three subperiods by using the unconditional method. But when using the conditional method, the weekend effect only exists in down market for all months period and non-January months period. There’s no weekend effect in January month period by using the conditional method, both in up and down market. This paper presents new evidences and supplements the finance literature on the weekend effect for the case in Indonesian stock exchange, and also help investors to develop a good investment strategy. Keywords: Weekend Effect, The Condi...

ObjectiveTo determine whether the higher weekend admission mortality risk is attributable to increased severity of illness.DesignRetrospective analysis of 4 years weekend and weekday adult emergency admissions to a university teaching hospital in England.Outcome measures30-day postadmission weekend:weekday mortality ratios adjusted for severity of illness (baseline National Early Warning Score (NEWS)), routes of admission to hospital, transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) and demographics.ResultsDespite similar emergency department daily attendance rates, fewer patients were admitted on weekends (mean admission rate 91/day vs 120/day) because of fewer general practitioner referrals. Weekend admissions were sicker than weekday (mean NEWS 1.8 vs 1.7, p=0.008), more likely to undergo transfer to ICU within 24 hours (4.2% vs 3.0%), spent longer in hospital (median 3 days vs 2 days) and less likely to experience same-day discharge (17.2% vs 21.9%) (all p values <0.001).The crude 3...

Here, we present an assessment of long-term trends in the O3 weekend effect (WE) occurrences and spread within the Mexico City (MCMA), Guadalajara (GMA), and Monterrey (MMA) metropolitan areas, which are the three largest metropolitan areas (MAs) of Mexico and concentrate around 33% of the total population in the country. Daytime averages and peak differences in O3 concentrations from weekdays to weekends were used as a proxy of WE occurrence. All MAs exhibited the occurrence of WE in all years at least in one monitoring site. Substantial differences in O3 daytime averages and peaks from weekdays to weekends have decreased over time in all MAs, and since 1998 and 2013 for the MCMA and GMA, respectively, higher O3 levels during weekends are typical during most of the year. The largest variations in the O3 WE were observed at downwind and urban core sites of the MCMA and GMA. Significant increasing trends (p < 0.05) in the O3 WE magnitude were observed for Sundays at all sites with...

Here, we present an assessment of long-term trends in the O3 weekend effect (WE) occurrences and spread within the Mexico City (MCMA), Guadalajara (GMA), and Monterrey (MMA) metropolitan areas, which are the three largest metropolitan areas (MAs) of Mexico and concentrate around 33% of the total population in the country. Daytime averages and peak differences in O3 concentrations from weekdays to weekends were used as a proxy of WE occurrence. All MAs exhibited the occurrence of WE in all years at least in one monitoring site. Substantial differences in O3 daytime averages and peaks from weekdays to weekends have decreased over time in all MAs, and since 1998 and 2013 for the MCMA and GMA, respectively, higher O3 levels during weekends are typical during most of the year. The largest variations in the O3 WE were observed at downwind and urban core sites of the MCMA and GMA. Significant increasing trends (p < 0.05) in the O3 WE magnitude were observed for Sundays at all sites with...

Objective Routine administrative data have been used to show that patients admitted to hospitals over the weekend appear to have a higher mortality compared to weekday admissions. Such data do not take the severity of sickness of a patient on admission into account. Our aim was to incorporate a standardized vital signs physiological-based measure of sickness known as the National Early Warning Score to investigate if weekend admissions are: sicker as measured by their index National Early Warning Score; have an increased mortality; and experience longer delays in the recording of their index National Early Warning Score. Methods We extracted details of all adult emergency medical admissions during 2014 from hospital databases and linked these with electronic National Early Warning Score data in four acute hospitals. We analysed 47,117 emergency admissions after excluding 1657 records, where National Early Warning Score was missing or the first (index) National Early Warning Score wa...

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic is having a deep impact on emergency surgical services, with a significant reduction of patients admitted into emergency surgical units world widely. Reliable figures of this reduction have not been produced yet. Our international audit aimed at giving a precise snapshot of the absolute and relative changes of emergency surgical admissions at the outbreak of the pandemic. Materials and methodsDatasets of patients admitted as general surgical emergencies into 45 internationally distributed emergency surgical units during the months of March and April 2020 (Covid-19 pandemic outbreak) were collected and compared with those of patients admitted into the same units during the months of March and April 2019 (pre-Covid-19). Primary endpoint was to evaluate the relative variation of the presentation symptoms and discharge diagnoses between the two study periods. Secondary endpoint was to identify the possible change of therapeutic strategy during the same ...

Objectives To investigate a possible weekend effect in the in-hospital mortality rate for acute myocardial infarction in Portugal, and whether the delay in invasive intervention contributes to this effect. Methods Data from the National 2011-2015 Diagnostic-Related-Group databases were analysed. The focus was on adult patients admitted via the emergency department and with the primary diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Patients were grouped according to ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction episodes. We employed multivariable logistic regressions to determine the association between weekend admission and in-hospital mortality, controlling for episode complexity (through a severity index and acute comorbidities), demographic characteristics and hospital identifications. The association between the probability of a prompt surgery (within one day) and the day of admission was investigated to explore the possible delay of care delivery for ...

Objective Routine administrative data have been used to show that patients admitted to hospitals over the weekend appear to have a higher mortality compared to weekday admissions. Such data do not take the severity of sickness of a patient on admission into account. Our aim was to incorporate a standardized vital signs physiological-based measure of sickness known as the National Early Warning Score to investigate if weekend admissions are: sicker as measured by their index National Early Warning Score; have an increased mortality; and experience longer delays in the recording of their index National Early Warning Score. Methods We extracted details of all adult emergency medical admissions during 2014 from hospital databases and linked these with electronic National Early Warning Score data in four acute hospitals. We analysed 47,117 emergency admissions after excluding 1657 records, where National Early Warning Score was missing or the first (index) National Early Warning Score wa...

Introduction The concept of “weekend effect”, that is, substandard healthcare during weekends, has never been fully demonstrated, and the different outcomes of emergency surgical patients admitted during weekends may be due to different conditions at admission and/or different therapeutic approaches. Aim of this international audit was to identify any change of pattern of emergency surgical admissions and treatments during weekends. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the alleged “weekend effect”. Methods The database of the CovidICE-International Study was interrogated, and 6263 patients were selected for analysis. Non-trauma, 18+ yo patients admitted to 45 emergency surgery units in Europe in the months of March–April 2019 and March–April 2020 were included. Demographic and clinical data were anonymised by the referring centre and centrally collected and analysed with a statistical package. This study was endorsed by the Association of Ita...

Introduction The concept of “weekend effect”, that is, substandard healthcare during weekends, has never been fully demonstrated, and the different outcomes of emergency surgical patients admitted during weekends may be due to different conditions at admission and/or different therapeutic approaches. Aim of this international audit was to identify any change of pattern of emergency surgical admissions and treatments during weekends. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the alleged “weekend effect”. Methods The database of the CovidICE-International Study was interrogated, and 6263 patients were selected for analysis. Non-trauma, 18+ yo patients admitted to 45 emergency surgery units in Europe in the months of March–April 2019 and March–April 2020 were included. Demographic and clinical data were anonymised by the referring centre and centrally collected and analysed with a statistical package. This study was endorsed by the Association of Ita...

This paper describes how very little is known about weekend travel behavior in comparison to weekday travel in urban areas. Knowledge of weekend behavior is important for a number of purposes, including the prediction of weekend congestion, which is an emerging problem, especially in concentrated shopping districts. It is intuitively obvious that weekend travel is different than weekday travel. Weekends have a greater focus on shopping and leisure, with a lesser one on work and school journeys; heavier automobile usage but higher occupancies; and a mid-day peak rather than AM and PM peaks. However, there is little knowledge and no agreement on the size and scale of the differences between weekend and weekday travel behavior. This paper presents some basic descriptions of weekend travel behavior as revealed in a 2001 survey of household travel behavior in Calgary and in a similar 2000 survey in the San Francisco Bay Area. Analysis and comparison of these descriptions show that the we...

A desirable activity-based travel demand modeling framework should be able to address both weekday and weekend activities. However, a literature review shows previous research efforts have mostly focused on investigating weekday activities. Little or no research exists to quantify the differences between weekend and weekday activities. The best knowledge to date is limited to weekday and weekend activities starting at different time of the day and with different participation rates. This study aims to fill the gap by studying the differences between weekday and weekend activities in Calgary, Canada, in terms of their participation rates, starting time, duration and inferred location choices. This study clearly shows the weekend activities are different from their weekday counterparts and suggests that they should be treated separately in activity-based modeling frameworks.

Introduction The concept of “weekend effect”, that is, substandard healthcare during weekends, has never been fully demonstrated, and the different outcomes of emergency surgical patients admitted during weekends may be due to different conditions at admission and/or different therapeutic approaches. Aim of this international audit was to identify any change of pattern of emergency surgical admissions and treatments during weekends. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the alleged “weekend effect”. Methods The database of the CovidICE-International Study was interrogated, and 6263 patients were selected for analysis. Non-trauma, 18+ yo patients admitted to 45 emergency surgery units in Europe in the months of March–April 2019 and March–April 2020 were included. Demographic and clinical data were anonymised by the referring centre and centrally collected and analysed with a statistical package. This study was endorsed by the Association of Ita...

The quality of stroke care may diminish on weekends. We aimed to compare the quality of care and outcomes for patients with stroke/transient ischemic attack discharged on weekdays compared with those discharged on weekends. Data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry from January 2010 to December 2015 ( n = 45 hospitals) were analyzed. Differences in processes of care by the timing of discharge are described. Multilevel regression and survival analyses (up to 180 days postevent) were undertaken. Among 30,649 registrants, 2621 (8.6%) were discharged on weekends (55% male; median age 74 years). Compared to those discharged on weekdays, patients discharged on weekends were more often patients with a transient ischemic attack (weekend 35% vs. 19%; p < 0.001) but were less often treated in a stroke unit (69% vs. 81%; p < 0.001), prescribed antihypertensive medication at discharge (65% vs. 71%; p < 0.001) or received a care plan if discharged to the community (47% vs. 53%; ...