This paper presents a literature review on WSN networks, in which the capacity of network nodes is limited with respect to energy supply, restricted computational capacity and communication bandwidth. WSN is a complex set of applications,... more
This paper presents a literature review on WSN networks, in which the capacity of network nodes is limited with respect to energy supply, restricted computational capacity and communication bandwidth. WSN is a complex set of applications, link technologies, communication protocols, traffic flows and routing algorithms. Simulation is a predominant technique used to study and analyze the performance of a wireless senor network design. To prolong the lifetime of these sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols are critical. Basically, the Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network which ensures reliable multi-hop communication. To address this issue, in this paper, various protocols like AODV (Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) are discussed along with various comparative parameters like Throughput, Packet Loss Ratio, End to End Delay and Dropped Packets. The performance of these protocols varies depending on the simulation environment. It will be analyzed in two ways. Firstly, by varying nodes within a margin of 10 to 100 nodes. Another way is by keeping the number of nodes constant and varying the speed of nodes from 10 m/s to 90 m/s.
Ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which dynamically form a temporary network without any infrastructure or centralize entity. There are number of routing protocol exists in ad hoc network and this protocols have been... more
Ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which dynamically form a temporary network without any infrastructure or centralize entity. There are number of routing protocol exists in ad hoc network and this protocols have been compared. These protocols are like DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Algorithm), and TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) like more. AODV is Reactive routing protocol. We modify the existing AODV protocol. All Routing Protocol have different Strategies of routing like End to End delay, Packet delivery ratio, Traffic overhead and Power Consumptions. Routing Deals with route discovery between source and destination. Aim of Dissertation is to improve route error tolerance mechanism of AODV. In our propose scheme the transmission starts from closest neighbor node if the link fail in middle of the transmission. That shows very important reductions in delay and it improves the packet delivery ratio. It also reduces the routing overhead by reducing frequency of route discovery process.
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs) is an infrastructure – less network which is created by deploying the mobile nodes carrying wireless devices, able to route the data through multi hop fashion. MANETs uses distributed routing... more
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs) is an
infrastructure – less network which is created by deploying the
mobile nodes carrying wireless devices, able to route the data
through multi hop fashion. MANETs uses distributed routing
approach. In this paper, analysis of different classification of
routing protocols such as: Reactive (AODV, DSR) Proactive
(DSDV) and Hybrid protocols ZRP (Zone Routing Protocols)
has been done using NS2 simulator. The above work analysis has
been done on the following QoS parameters such as: Packet
Delivery Ratio, Average Throughput, Routing Overhead and
Average Delay
Mobile ad hoc Network is a self- configuring infrastructure-less network of nodes connected through wireless link. Each node in the network can act as router as well as host to find paths to exchange information. For finding paths,... more
Mobile ad hoc Network is a self- configuring
infrastructure-less network of nodes connected through wireless
link. Each node in the network can act as router as well as host to
find paths to exchange information. For finding paths, location
based routing protocols have been developed for mobile ad hoc
networks. This paper presents performance analysis of location
based routing protocols, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing
(GPSR) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), based on metrics
such as throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery fraction,
and routing overhead
WIMAX (World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is used to provide a wireless solution in the metropolitan area networks. WIMAX network is capable of wide range coverage, high data rates, secured transmission and mobility... more
WIMAX (World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is used to provide a wireless solution in the metropolitan area networks. WIMAX network is capable of wide range coverage, high data rates, secured transmission and mobility supported at vehicular speed. Mobile WIMAX is one of the best concepts for system designed in fixed wireless access to provide good performance and cost effective solution. In this paper, performance of the WIMAX network is analyzed in terms of throughput, end to end delay, and jitter. Simulation is carried out using QUALNET simulator. In this paper AODV, DYMO and ZRP routing protocols are applied to the created mobility scenario with variable transmission range. AODV and DYMO shows low jitter and low end to end delay. It is concluded that AODV and DYMO gives optimized result below 40dbm transmission range with respect to throughput and ZRP shows high throughput above 40dbm transmission range.
Wireless Sensor networks are a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Various routing protocols are designed basically to establish correct and efficient paths... more
Wireless Sensor networks are a challenging task due to the lack of resources in the network as well as the frequent changes in network topology. Various routing protocols are designed basically to establish correct and efficient paths between source and destination. In the recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed in literature and many of them studied through extensive simulation at different network characteristics. In this paper, we compare the performance of three most common routing protocols of wireless sensor networks i.e. AODV, DSDV and ZRP. These protocols have been simulated using NS2 Package. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, average throughput, dropped packets and end-to-end delay. Hence, evaluation and comparison between routing protocols is required because performance of any routing protocol can be changed with various parameters such as speed of nodes, pause times and number of nodes.
MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networking) is an ad hoc network formed by wireless mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure. Each node can send, receive and forward data from other nodes. The volatile nature of wireless medium and mobility of... more
MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networking) is an ad hoc network formed by wireless mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure. Each node can send, receive and forward data from other nodes. The volatile nature of wireless medium and mobility of nodes pose a great challenge for efficient routing in MANET. There are several routing protocols developed for MANET. ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) is one of the hybrid MANET routing protocols. It combines proactive and reactive routing approaches for better scalability. In ZRP, the nodes build overlapping zones and maintain topology information of the nodes within their zone. The zone size is decided by zone radius which is defined as no. of hops. Proactive routing is used within the zone and reactive routing is used outside zone. ZRP uses bordercasting to efficiently control the flooding of reactive route queries in outward regions. Each forwarding node propagates the query to selected neighbors which lead to uncovered border nodes of the zone. Ad hoc networks commonly use single channel network. While using single channel network in ZRP, bordercasting can be done either using multiple unicasting or broadcasting. This paper analyses and compares the impact of using multiple unicasting vs broadcasting on routing performance of ZRP, in single channel wireless network. Networking Simulator 2 (NS2) has been used for the simulations. The Qos parameters used for routing performance measurement were Packet delivery ratio (PDR), Average end-to-end delay, throughput and Normalized routing load (NRL). The simulation was done at high mobility by varying network size from small to large network. While using broadcasting, QD2 query control method was used to further control flooding of route queries to uncovered regions. The simulation results conclude that broadcasting is more performance efficient than multiple unicasting for bordercasting in ZRP.
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are formed by devices that are able to communicate with each other using a wireless physical medium without having a route to a preexisting network infrastructure. Omni directional antenna plays a vital role. Omni... more
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are formed by devices that are able to communicate with each other using a wireless physical medium without having a route to a preexisting network infrastructure. Omni directional antenna plays a vital role. Omni directional antenna has many advantages such as increased transmission range, higher gain and reduced interference. Omni directional antenna uses a set of elements which has fixed beam nature and radiate the frequency in all directions and also at a specific angle. In this paper we analyse the performance of different Omni directional antennas for different routing protocols such as AODV, OLSR and ZRP. We evaluate analysis based performance comparison of different pause time duration in second The performance analysis is based on different metrics of the application layer such as average jitter, average end to end delay and the basis of physical layer metrics such as power consumed in transmit, receive and idle mode using Qual-Net 6.1.
Probabilistic broadcast has been widely used as a flooding optimization mechanism to alleviate the effect of broadcast storm problem (BSP) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many research studies have been carried-out to develop and... more
Probabilistic broadcast has been widely used as a flooding optimization mechanism to alleviate the effect of broadcast storm problem (BSP) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many research studies have been carried-out to develop and evaluate the performance of this mechanism in an error-free (noiseless) environment. In reality, wireless communication channels in MANETs are an error-prone and suffer from high packet-loss due to presence of noise, i.e., noisy environment. In this paper, we propose a simulation model that can be used to evaluate the performance of probabilistic broadcast for flooding in noisy environment. In the proposed model, the noise-level is represented by a generic name, probability of reception (p c) (0≤p c ≤1), where p c =1 for noiseless and <1 for noisy environment. The effect of noise is determined randomly by generating a random number ξ (0≤ξ<1); if ξ≤p c means the packet is successfully delivered to the receiving node, otherwise, unsuccessful delivery occurs. The proposed model is implemented on a MANET simulator, namely, MANSim. The effect of noise on the performance of probabilistic algorithm was investigated in four scenarios. The main conclusions of these scenarios are: the performance of probabilistic algorithm suffers in presence of noise. However, this suffering is less in high density networks, or if the nodes characterized by high retransmission probability or large radio transmission range. The nodes' speed has no or insignificant effect on the performance.
The mobile ad hoc networks get subjected to security threats like other wireless networks. But due to their peer to peer approach and absence of infrastructural resources the mobile ad hoc networks can not use strong cryptographic... more
The mobile ad hoc networks get subjected to security threats like other wireless networks. But due to their peer to peer approach and absence of infrastructural resources the mobile ad hoc networks can not use strong cryptographic mechanisms as used by their other wireless counterparts. This led to the development of trust based methods as security solutions wherein a trusted node is relaxed from security checks when the trust value reaches to a particular limit. The trust methods are prone to security risks but have found their acceptance due to efficiency over computationally expensive and time consuming cryptographic methods. The major problem with the trust methods is the period during which trust is growing and is yet to reach the requisite threshold. This paper proposes security mechanism dependent upon Random Electronic Code Book (RECB) combined with permutation functions. The proposed mechanism has low time complexity, is easier to implement, computationally inexpensive and has very high brute force search value. It can be used as the temporary security guard during the trust growth phase. The impetus behind the proposed design is the reliance upon shared information between the peers in the ad hoc networks.
The Adhoc network is a wireless network without a fixed infrastructure, and this usually established on a temporary basis for a particular purpose like emergency rescue or military communication. Energy management in adhoc networks deal... more
The Adhoc network is a wireless network without a fixed infrastructure, and this usually established on a temporary basis for a particular purpose like emergency rescue or military communication. Energy management in adhoc networks deal with the process of managing energy resources that means the controlling of battery discharge, modifying the transmission power, and scheduling the power sources for the increasing of lifetime of the nodes in an adhoc network. In adhoc network all mobile nodes are powered by energy constraint battery, it could be difficult for a mobile node to sustain for a long time if it send and receive data more often. To solve this problem we describe the energy efficient routing in mobile adhoc network using Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and anycast addressing and we also simulate using NS2 simulator. The zone routing protocol behave as hybrid routing, proactive (table driven) and reactive (on demand) methodology to provide scalable routing in the ad-hoc network.
