creatinine clearance

Bretylium kinetics were examined in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment after a single intravenous dose of bretylium tosylate. Maximum plasma concentrations achieved at the end of the infusion, when normalized to the dose, correlated strongly with creatinine clearance. Drug disposition from plasma was biexponential, with a short distributive phase, but drug elimination was reduced, especially in patients with creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min X 1.73 m2. There was reduction in renal and total clearance and prolongation of t 1/2, with deteriorating renal function. In one patient who was reevaluated after a year, there was 76% reduction in the total clearance, corresponding to 43% deterioration of renal function. The difference of 33% between these values is due to a reduction of nearly 36% in volume of distribution, caused by the further deterioration of the renal function. Six-hour hemodialysis procedure on two anephric patients, resulted in an apparent one- to three...

MATERIAL: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is the most widely accepted marker of renal function. Precise calculation is not routinely performed in clinical practice. Several methods have been developed for eGFR: creatinine clearance (CCr) calculation ...

Quality of care in diabetic patients receiving pharmacologic treatment. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence. Appropriate treatment of the disease and preven- tion of chronic complications reduce morbidity and mortality in a cost-effective manner. These actions should be measured through the use of validated indicators for quality of care. The goal of this study was to assess the quality of care in diabetic patients under pharmacologic treatment in a private university hospital. A retrospec- tive study was conducted in adult patients who bought insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents during a 3 month period; demographic and clinical data were obtained for 12 consecutive months following the buying period. The study included 305 adult patients; most were males (60%), with type 2 diabetes (95%), and using oral hipoglycemic agents (86%). Control of blood pressure was registered in 80%, foot exam in 5%, eye exam in 27%, HbA1C blood level in 85%, complete lipi...

The pharmacokinetics of imipenem were studied in 11 adult patients with severe burns who were receiving a therapeutic regimen of imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg intravenously every 6 hours. Serial blood samples for measuring imipenem and 24-hour ...

This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of heroin after intravenous, oral, intranasal, intramuscular and rectal application and after inhalation in humans, with a special focus on heroin maintenance therapy in heroin dependent patients. In heroin maintenance therapy high doses pharmaceutically prepared heroin (up to 1000 mg/day) are prescribed to chronic heroin dependents, who do not respond to conventional interventions such as methadone maintenance treatment. Possible drug-drug interactions with the hydrolysis of heroin into 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, the glucuronidation of morphine and interactions with drug transporting proteins are described. Since renal and hepatic impairment is common in the special population of heroin dependent patients, specific attention was paid on the impact of renal and hepatic impairment. Hepatic impairment did not seem to have a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites. However, some modest effects of...

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Severe hypoglycemia is a frequent cause of hospi- talization in Mexico.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical and laboratory characteristics as- sociated to severe hypoglycemia in consecutive patients with severe hypoglycemia and normal creatinine serumvalues.
PATIENTS AND METHOD: A prospective study was done from August 11, 2011 to May 31, 2013, including patients with severe hypoglyce- miaandnormal creatinine serumvalues.Age, sex, timeof evolutionof diabetesmellitus2,antidiabetictreatment,comorbiditiesand24-hour urine creatinine clearance wererecorded.
RESULTS: From 234 patients with severe hypoglycemia admitted, 21 (9%)hadnormalcreatinine:13women(62%)and8(38%)men,with
amean age of 64.76 years (range: 42-84); 13 (62%)were older than
60 years; 15 (71%) hadmore than 5 yearswithDM2(mean evolution
of 9.2 years); 15 received glibenclamide (71%),4 in combinationwith insulin(19%)and8withmetformin(38%).Tworeceivedrosiglitazone plusinsulin.Fourpatientshadnotcomorbidities(19%);16hadarterial hypertension (71%) and 3, neoplasms (adenocarcinoma, gastric carci- nomaandesophagealcarcinoma).Elevenpatients(52%)wereadmitted with syncope, 5 with disorientation (24%), 4 with conduct disorders (19%)andonewithdyslalia(5%);15of21patients(71%)hadadvanced degreesofrenalimpairment,despitenormalcreatinineserumvalues.
CONCLUSIONS: It is important to perform creatinine clearance at all levels of care, the only guide for safe treatments according to kidney function. Glibenclamide should be cautiously prescribed in older adults with a history of more than 10 years of diabetesmellitus 2 and should be avoided in those with documented chronic renal failure.
KEYWORDS: hypoglycemia; diabetes mellitus 2; oral antidiabetic drugs; chronic kidney failure

Background: Relaxin (Rlx), a 6-kD protein hormone, belongs to the insulin growth factor family. We have previously shown that Rlx reduces interstitial fibrosis in a model of chronic papillary necrosis. Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to extend these observations to a model of renal injury induced by mass reduction. Material and Methods: Renal mass was reduced by either infarction or surgical excision of both poles, with removal of the contralateral kidney. Two weeks later, creatinine clearance was done and animals from both groups implanted with osmotic pumps delivering either Rlx (2 µg/h) or vehicle (Veh). Treatment was continued for 4 weeks. The severity of the glomerular injury was quantified by planimetric measurements. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and plasma creatinine. Results: Rlx significantly decreased systolic blood pressure in animals with infarction. This was accompanied by a decrease in serum creatinine and a slight improvement in creati...

A subtype of antenatal Bartter syndrome and sensorineural deafness (BSND) was originally described among families from southern Israel, and its gene (Barttin, OMIM #606412) has recently been identified. A report has suggested that these children develop chronic renal insufficiency during childhood attributable to chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis and atrophy. Data from 13 infants with BSND, who were born during a 20-year period in our institution, were retrospectively analyzed. All pregnancies were complicated by polyhydramnion and premature birth. All patients have sensorineural deafness, as well as hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Persistent hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis were absent in most children. All children have been treated with indomethacin (2 mg/kg/d) and potassium supplementation. The current average serum creatinine and calculated creatinine clearance from the older group (n = 8; mean age: 8.8 +/- 1.4 years) is 60.8 +/- 16.5 micro mol/L and 95 +/- 20 mL/min/1.73m(2), respectively. Kidney biopsies from two 7-year-old patients revealed mild focal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and minimal mesangial proliferation but no glomerulosclerosis. Early renal function deterioration is not a uniform finding among children with BSND mutations.

Methods. Adult Wistar female rats (210–250 g) were randomly allocated to four groups: (i) an ARF group that received PD [15 mg/kg body weight (bw), single dose subcutaneously]; (ii) a group that received PD plus RA (1 mg/kg bw) beginning at 5 days before PD and that ...

Cisplatin (c-DDP) is a widely used antineoplastic drug whose main side effect is nephrotoxicity. Selenium, administered intravenously or intraperitoneally, has been shown to provided protection against c-DDP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. In the present study, ...

Key findings There was a good correlation between 24-h Ccr and 1/Scys-C (r 2 = 0.616), whereas less marked correlation was observed between 24-h Ccr and 1/Scr (r 2 = 0.221). On the other hand, vancomycin concentration was predicted from population pharmacokinetic ...

In β-thalassemia, profound anemia and severe hemosiderosis cause functional and physiological abnormalities in various organ systems. In recent years, there have been few published studies demonstrating proteinuria, aminoaciduria, low urine osmolality, and excess secretion of the tubular damage markers, such as urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (UNAG) and β2 microglobulin, in patients with thalassemia. The object of this study was to analyze renal

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a devastating complication following cardiac surgery and the ideal management is controversial. This prospective, randomized, open-label and double-blinded study analyzed the renoprotective effects of furosemide infusion and intermittent bolus therapy administered with dopamine infusion in cardiac surgical patients. Between August 1, 2007 and July 31, 2008, 100 adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) surgery with normal renal function (creatinine <1.4 mg/dl) were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomized for the comparison of intermittent (Group 1, n=50, 1mg-3mg/kg) and continuous infusion of furosemide (Group 2, n=50, 10mg/ml). Continuous variables were expressed as mean+/- SD and compared by unpaired Student's t test or ANOVA for repeated measures. Statistical significance was assumed if p value was <0.05. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was used in 5% of patients (all in group 1, p=0.028). The 30-da...

Potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 )-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study we investigated the relation between the time course of the oxidative and nitrosative stress with kidney damage and alterations in the following antioxidant ...