reign of Philip the Fair

Après avoir rappelé les grandes lignes de l’affaire du Temple, l’article en esquisse une réinterprétation d’ensemble. L’analyse des sources émises par les instigateurs du procès – le roi de France Philippe le Bel et ses conseillers – est privilégiée. Une logique étrangère à l’histoire de l’ordre mais propre, en revanche, à celle de la monarchie capétienne présida aux événements. La « découverte » et la répression d’une « hérésie des templiers » fut la dernière étape d’un processus, commencé lors du conflit avec Boniface VIII, au cours duquel la royauté française s’appropria les fondements mystiques de la théocratie pontificale. Dans l’affaire du Temple, les légistes royaux achevèrent de sceller une Nouvelle Alliance entre Dieu et le Capétien. Défenseur suprême de la foi catholique, le roi était désormais investi d’une fonction christique, supérieure à celle du pape. L’enjeu du procès des templiers fut la transfiguration du pouvoir royal.

Abstract
« A Heresy of State. Philip the Fair, the Trial of the ‘Perfid Templars’ and the pontificalization of French Kingship ».

Having first summed up the Temple case, this article outlines a comprehensive reinterpretation with special regard to the texts written by the instigators of the trial, namely Philip the Fair and his ministers. The logic that prevailed was peculiar to the history of the capetian monarchy ; it had nothing to do with the order’s history. The « discovery » and repression of the « templars’ heresy » was the last step of a process that had begun with the franco-papal rift at the time of Boniface VIII. In this process, the french monarchy appropriated the mystic foundations of the papal theocracy. With the Temple case, the royal legists finished to set the seal on a New Alliance between God and the king. As the ultimate defender of the catholic faith, the capetian king was now fully invested with a christical function that put him above the pope. What was at stake in the templars’ trial was the transfiguration of the royal power.

Spunti per una rilettura del caso Saisset, con il quale si aprí il "grand différend" tra Filippo il Bello e Bonifacio VIII nel 1301, cioè un momento chiave per lo sviluppo della Chiesa gallicana. L'analisi dei testi scritti nell'entourage regio (specie dal Nogaret) all'occasione del caso mette in luce gli inizi di un fenomeno di "pontificalizzazione" della monarchia capetingia, il quale si sarebbe accentuato negli anni 1302-1314 con le accuse rivolte a Bonifacio VIII e con il processo ai templari.

Prelates, nobles and towns. The composition of the Estates of Brabant in the fifteenth century

Who were the members of the Estates of Brabant and could receive a summons letter for an assembly in the fifteenth century? In this study, I give an overview and an analysis of the composition of this representative institution on the basis of four undated summons lists. Given the importance of these lists for the political-institutional and social history of the Duchy of Brabant, a complete critical edition of the lists is the backbone of this study. Moreover, all listed persons are identified in brief biographical notes. New lists were composed by the ducal chancery on the occasion of major political events when the presence and participation of the (most powerful) representatives of the citizens was required. A closer examination showed that these summons lists were compiled on the occasion of the inauguration of Duke Anthony of Burgundy in 1406, the inauguration of Duke John IV in 1415 and to celebrate the peace concluded between Archduke Maximilian and the rebellious cities of Brabant in August 1489.  These lists, together with the Brabantine part of the convocation list for the Estates General of 1464, offer an overview of the  persons who were considered by their contemporaries as the political representatives of the three Estates: the clergy, the nobility and the Third Estate. This overview is then compared with the attendance at several important meetings of the Estates in the first quarter of the fifteenth century. To make the process of convocation yet more transparent, the lists are followed by a critical edition of some summons letters for the abbot of Park, Engelbert I of Nassau, lord of Breda, and the city of Antwerp.

On sait que Philippe le Bel fut le dedicataire d'oeuvres medicales ou chirurgicales imposrtantes, comme la Chirurgia magna de Lanfranc, les Medicationis Parabole d'Anraud de Villeneuve ou la Chirurgia d'Henri de Mondeville. Au dela du caractere courtois de ces dedicaces, des indices nous invitent a reflechir sur la nouvelle attitude des gens de cour au tournant du XIVe siecle, y compris du roi Philippe le Bel. On sait qu'il avait dans son entourage de nombreux praticiens, beaucoup plus que ses predecesseurs du XIIIe siecle, et qu'il prit un tel interet a l'exercice de la chirurgie qu'il en reglementa la pratique par un edit pris en 1311. En outre, ce roi se distingue nettement d'autres souverains par le fait qu'un receptaire, une collection de recettes chirurgicales, porte son nom. C'est sur ce recueil que cet article se concentre pour finir.

This motet is the second "Salve Regina" motet composed by Alexander Agricola.
For a recording and score-video of Salve Regina II see here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoQLA3BXvQs

For a transcription of his first Salve Regina see here:
https://www.academia.edu/21795600/Alexander_Agricola_Salve_Regina_I_Brussels_Bibliotheque_Royale_MS_9126_fol._138v-143r_
For a recording and score-video of Salve Regina I see here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3B-j3fUbqc

"Salve Regina II" is not only based off the classical "Salve Regina" (solemn tone) chant. The tenor of this piece is derived from Walter Frye's (d. 1474?) Marian motet, "Ave Regina".

For information and a video-score on Frye's motet see the link here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH43f-yd9oA
For a transcription see here:
https://www.academia.edu/31933857/Walter_Frye_-_Ave_Regina_tenor_for_Agricola_Salve_Regina_II_-_Full_Score.pdf

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Ave Regina (Latin text):

Ave Regina coelorum mater Regis angelorum.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.
Funde preces ad filium pro salute fidelium.
O Maria flos virginum velut rosa, velut lilium.


Hail Queen (English translation):

Hail, Queen of heaven, Mother of the King of angels.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.
Pour out prayers to the Son for the salvation of the faithful.
O Mary, flower of virgins, like the rose, like the lily.

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Salve Regina (Latin text):

Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ,
vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve.
Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ,
Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes
in hac lacrimarum valle.
Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos
misericordes oculos ad nos converte;
Et Jesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exsilium ostende.
O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.


Hail, holy Queen (English translation):

Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Our life, our sweetness and our hope.
To you do we cry,
Poor banished children of Eve;
To you do we send up our sighs,
Mourning and weeping in this valley of tears.
Turn then, most gracious advocate,
Your eyes of mercy toward us;
And after this our exile,
Show us the blessed fruit of your womb, Jesus.
O clement, O loving,
O sweet Virgin Mary.

Guarantor or Healer ?
King Philip the Fair and the body, according to the Réceptaire named after him


We know that Philip the Fair was the recipient of important medical or surgical works, like Lanfranc’s Chirurgia magna, Arnold of Villanova’s Medicationis parabole or Henry of Mondeville’s Chirurgia, written for the public good and dedicated to the King.
Now, beyond the courtly dimension of the dedication, some evidences invite us to trace a new attitude of the courtiers towards surgery in the bend of the XIVth century, to begin with Philip the Fair. We know for example that the physicians of king of France are a few for the whole XIIIth century, and that things changed with the reign of Philip the Fair. The King had henceforth in his immediate medical circle numerous practitioners, several doctors but also many surgeons.

We know besides that Philip the Fair took such an interest in surgery that he regulated the exercise of this practice by an edict taken in 1311, which placed the sworn surgeons under the authority of the royal surgeon. Philip the Fair, finally, distinguishes himself from the other sovereigns by the fact that a réceptaire, a collection of surgical remedies, on which our final reflections concentrate is named after him.