theory and Analysis of architecture

Purpose
Ingels, who was influenced by Darwin, designs new mutants by developing prototypes. This study, it is aimed to scrutinize the public space alternatives proposed for the 21st-century city through the comparative analysis of the stepped pixelated buildings, one of the mutants of the architect. It has been how much questioned the stages, which offer a public space proposal, in the stepped pixelated buildings allow urban dialogue.
Design/Methodology/Approach
While Ingels' design philosophy constitutes the conceptual approach of the study, this study is prepared by using the architect's discourse, interviews, videos, digital texts, and literature studies. In this context, the repetitive examples that the architect defines as mutation and adaptation are classified. The stepped pixels in this classification are the main subject of this study. Ingels' pixelated buildings; Suitable human scale, the language of mass and form, relationship between human and space, the suggestion of space for experience, public space concept, dialogue spaces were discussed based on architect's approach.
Findings
Ingels went in the way of dividing the object through pixels when designing macro-scale structures. Thus, he made the big picture more understandable and perceptible. He tried to achieve the human scale with the gradual pixels rising from the ground level. In this way, Ingels' pixels buildings have transformed themselves into an experiential part of urban.
Research Limitations/Implications
These parameters were evaluated under four dwelling buildings of the stepped pixel in the case study (Lego Tower, Mountain Dwellings, King Street West, 79 & Park).
Social/Practical Implications
At this research, it is foreseen that the new living space suggestions consisting of stepped pixels designed by Ingels will undergo different mutations and come up with new urban alternatives in the future.
Originality/Value
Pixelated dwellings, one of the mutations of Ingels, who constantly draws attention to the problem of not integrating the buildings into the city in today's architecture, have been analysed and evaluated in the context of urban alliterations. In this way, research, a first in its field is important in terms of opening to discuss the alternative urban living spaces proposed by the architect for 21st-century architecture in the contemporary architectural environment.

The purpose of this research is to expand the knowledge of sacred architecture by bridging the gap between the “subjective” phenomenology of human experience and architecture’s “objective” built conditions. The research employs mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of survey data as well as graphical analysis of specific case studies. The analyses from these methods demonstrate the importance, relevance, and compatibility of Lindsay Jones’ conceptual model or “morphology of ritual-architectural priorities” when (re)designing sacred spaces during the evidence-based design process.
Design professionals and religious specialists can improve the experience of sacred architecture by incorporating Jones’ conceptual model within the evidence-based design process. A preliminary survey tool, designed using Jones’ categories, was tested against a non-probability sample of respondents (N=112). In general, the survey can be replicated case by case to identify which categories of sacred space are important for different user groups – an essential part of programming and pre-design. As top design priorities are identified and converted into research questions, information and evidence are collected. Evidence of people’s actual (i.e., real, lived) “subjective” experiences that occur within specific cases of Catholic sacred architecture are derived from Julio Bermudez’s large survey database (N=2,872) of “extraordinary architectural experiences.” In addition, graphical analysis and interpretation of the “objective” built conditions are conducted for the Pantheon, Chartres Cathedral, and the chapel at Ronchamp.  The empirical data for both “subjective” and “objective” conditions are then compared in order to test Jones’ conceptual model. For example, does a sacred space built with “XYZ” category actually result in “XYZ” experience? 
The study concludes that built environments possessing a higher presence and quality of Jones’ “morphology of ritual-architectural priorities” in the “objective” built conditions are more likely to be perceived as sacred, produce extraordinary experiences, and transform human understanding. Meanwhile, the opposite is also plausible. Evidence-based design for sacred architecture and transformative human experience demand more attention from scholarly inquiry.

Villagio La Martella  is urban and architectural housing project realised 1954 outskirts of the southern Italian town Matera, capital of region Basilicata. Two contextual factors leaded to realisation of this project: postwar Reclamation and Land Reform of Southern Italy and comprehension of Matera as a national scandal due to the poor living condition in part of historical center called Sassi.

Urbanization, the most common and inevitable phenomenon for the economic development of a city has its share of adverse effects too, one of which is urban flooding. According to the World Bank statistics in 2015, 32.7% of the population of India resides in urban areas. The residing population requires development of infrastructure which leads to the increased demand for land resulting in consequences such as encroachment of land that is seldom known or used. Most often these lands are seasonal water bodies (wetlands) that have been dried up for a while. When these smaller acts of negligence occur in a city level, it experiences escalation in impervious surfaces in the natural drainage areas, resulting in urban flooding during monsoons.
A marsh is a type of a wetland, which is categorized under the palustrine type that is defined as the wetlands which is fed by inland water bodies and is populated predominantly by herbaceous vegetation. Although the marshlands are a unique type of ecosystem, they standout to be easy alternatives for vacant lands since they are conventionally considered to be wastelands and most of the times the benefits they provide are disregarded. One of the important ecosystem service that a marshland provides is flood retention, i.e., it acts as a natural reservoir that stores the excessive flood water during the times of heavy run-off and releases the water that has been stored during dryseasons. The case area selected for the study is Pallikaranai marshland in Chennai, Tamilnadu. 
Due to rapid urbanization and human interference the last remaining marshland of Chennai city, the Pallikaranai marshland, a unique ecosystem of its kind, which has been authorized as a reserve forest area has been reduced to one-third of its original extent. The marshland which extended more than 80sq.km originally about 30 years back has been reduced to 5.9 sq.km in 2007 and has further reduced to 3.17 sq.km (97.27% decrease) at present. Chennai has a history of urban flooding especially after the 2000s, the recent incident being in November 2015 which is marked to be one of the worst floods the city has ever experienced, recording the second highest rainfall in the decade and the third highest rainfall in the century which is 1025mm during November 2015.  Many direct and indirect factors contributed to this, but one of the main reasons was the lack of proper natural drainage. Chennai used to have about 150 water bodiesin and around it, but today, the number has been reduced to 27 water bodies (only 18 % remain). The study will focus on ascertaining the services that Pallikaranai marshlands provide to their surrounding areas, analyzing the evolution of landuse in the vicinity of the marshland, identifying the causes for marshland degradation and its impact on urban flooding and in establishing the situations of influence of the marshlands under optimum conditions within the context of Pallikaranai  marshlands. The way forward, will be discussed with respect to the identification ofthe issues and suggesting suitable recommendations to each of the above mentioned objectives.The study aims to analyze the relationship between marshland degradation and urban flooding with specific focus on the impact that degradation has on urban flooding on the surrounding areas of the marshland.

Abstract. This paper studies a general methodology and an associated tool for translating AADL (Architecture Analysis and Design Language) and annex behavior specification into the BIP (Behavior Interaction Pri-ority) language. This allows simulation of systems specified in ...

This book  is an attempt  to create a new field of research within the study on  architectonic form in its wide meaning; not limited by the traditional aesthetic- compositional aspects but by enclosing  the systematized spatial aspects. The subject of the research is  the spatial structure of architectonic objects treated as an autonomous complex of issues which are  the basis for other research on architecture. The hereby considerations are based on the assumption that the spatial structure of architectonic objects should be taken through the systematic  descriptive and analytical, comparative and typological research. It seems indispensable to create the scientific ground of the discipline defined as  the one responsible for order in the spatial surroundings of a human being. This research requires suitable methodological apparatus. Similar problems occur in several other scientific disciplines such as linguistics, geology and biology. The attempt of this book to create such an  apparatus is inspired by some methodological approaches used in those disciplines. Particularly important is grounding the discussion and study suggestions on the state of research on visual perception and defining the issue of the spatial structure of architectonic objects in systemic categories. It was said that every architectonic object is a system consisting of components having specific spatial features which are linked by specific spatial relations.  There was also an attempt to quantify these features with the help of quantifiers. The description is of general character and is grounded on the elementary geometric and topological categories.  No mathematical apparatus was applied to this general approach. The basic kinds and types of spatial elements and the features of them were isolated and described; it was described as the spatial architectural morphology. The most frequent  relations were isolated and described as the spatial syntax. All notions and categories were illustrated with 2D and 3D drawings and photographs of real objects. The process of the analytical description was shown on the example of Andrea Palladio’s Villa Rotonda and treated as a case study. There are also shown (no analysis included) two examples of architectonic objects from other cultures and epochs. The preliminary comparisons of such objects allow to present the following working hypothesis: there can occur significant similarities between very different objects of architecture  which occur on the most general and basic level – on the level of spatial structure. The verification of the hypothesis would require further and wider comparative studies. The descriptive – analytical system can also be applied in the basic research of architecture, e.g. in the field of the theoretical  basis of generative and parametric designing, as well as on the impact of spatial aspects of architectonic form on the psyche and behavior of people in their built environment.

Raising the persistence question about architectural entities consists in asking what is necessary and sufficient for a past or future architectural entity, like a building, to exist now. In this paper I investigate how the persistence question about buildings is affected by their spatial relocation. Why do we normally doubt that Notre Dame can survive its meticulous stone-by-stone transfer to Las Vegas? I argue that, since architectural plans are not capable of specifying all the constitutive properties of a building, the source of differentiation among constitutive and non-constitutive properties for buildings lies in a property’s being eligible or not eligible to be aesthetically relevant in the aesthetic judgements about them. As a matter of fact, our aesthetic judgements about buildings often concern, and are grounded on, extrinsic contextual properties. This explains why buildings can usually not survive relocation: because normally there is no basis for ruling out any extrinsic contextual feature of the building as inessential. I also try to explain why the change from thirteenth century Paris to contemporary Paris proved not to be lethal to Notre Dame’s persistence, in spite of its being more significant than other imaginary context changes that we would easily count as fatal.

Lisa Landrum's paper "Modus Operandi of an Architectus Doli: Architectural Cunning in the Comic Plays of Plautus"  appears as Chapter 15.  Also in the book are essays by Karsten Harries, Marco Frascari, David Leatherbarrow, Kenneth Frampton, Juhani Pallasmaa, Steven Holl, and other colleages and former students of Alberto Perez-Gomez including: Ricardo L. Castro, Tracey Eve Winton, Robert Kirkbride, Paul Emmons, Indra Kagis McEwen, Santiago de Orduña, Caroline Dionne, Lily Chi, Louise Pelletier, Lawrence Bird, Lian Chikako Chang, Natalija Subotincic, Stephen Parcell, Graham Livesey, Juan Manuel Heredia, Anne Bordeleau, Peter Olshavsky, and David Theodore.

Paper summary/excerpts: "At least five of Plautus’ twenty extant comedies involve what classicists call an architectus doli, an “architect of trickery.” … Plautus’ elaboration of the cunning slave character has long been considered one of his most original contributions to Latin drama; but the “architect” terms associated with these slaves (and with Jupiter) were likely transposed from the now largely lost Greek comedies that Plautus adapted and translated into Latin. These five imported “architects” were generally ignored in early studies of Plautine inventiveness. They eventually gained attention, however, in an important 1952 study on The Nature of Roman Comedy. Since then, Plautus’ architectus figure has been interpreted in a variety of ways within classical scholarship: as a euphemism for the play’s lowly agent of intrigue; as a proxy for the scheming playwright; and as a media-reflexive figure associated with other craft imagery used throughout Plautus’ plays to qualify and vivify not only acts of scheming and plot construction, but also moral edification. Yet, there are further interpretations to be made and important questions to be asked…This essay cannot answer these questions in full, but it will initiate an interpretation of Plautus’ architectus doli with such questions in mind. By lifting this Roman dramatist up out of the footnotes of architectural scholarship (where he is sometimes merely credited with providing the earliest extant use of the Latin term architectus), the following study prepares the grounds for discovering how the cunning agents and agencies of Plautus’ comedies meaningfully illuminate the modus operandi of architects..."

The research presented in this paper aims to inform interface design for mobile guides by understanding and modelling the built environments in which the guide will be used. This is important because research into the use of mobile guides has shown that people have a strong ability to make sense of the physical space in which they are situated and make use of this when using mobile guides. Based on a field study and architectural analysis of the recently built Federation Square in Melbourne, Australia, we present a descriptive framework, MIRANDA, which provides a summarized abstraction of the fundamental architectural and informational features of a built environment. The use of this descriptive framework in HCI design for mobile guides is exemplified through the design of a mobile guide system for Federation Square that was informed by the identified architectural characteristics. On the basis of the field study and example design, we argue that mobile guides interface design can benefit from making use of 'knowledge-in-the-world' by streamlining and indexing information and functionality to physical information cues implicit in the built environment surrounding the user.

Software evolves. One of the challenges that orga- nizations are facing is how to reduce the costs as- sociated with these adaptations. To address this is- sue, software architecture is seen as an important tool. A system's software architecture is generally regarded to have a large influence on the effort re- quired to adapt a system (1). Therefore, analysis of

... A problem is that prevailing software architecture models, such as UML component diagrams and architecture description languages (ADLs) are not designed to represent both softwarearchitecture structure and its associated organizational structure, that is, the communication ...

El siguiente trabajo consiste en: (a) un texto descriptivo [texto, mapas y diagramas], seguido por (b) un hipertexto consecuencial. El texto descriptivo / mapas / diagramas pertenece a un territorio llamado Beit Eil; una colonia israelí ilegal al norte de las ciudades de al-Bireh y Ramallah, Palestina. El territorio está siendo estudiado y analizado para el proyecto de mi tesis, en la Maestría de Proyecto Arquitectónico y Urbano. Después de posicionar el territorio en un marco general, el texto descriptivo se dividirá en dos descripciones paralelas y contradictorias al mismo tiempo: una pertenece al actual usuario del espacio en el territorio y la otra pertenece al afectado, que no es usuario del espacio sino que es residente en los alrededores del territorio. Según mi propio entendimiento del sitio, afectado por la comprensión social y colectiva de las colonias en Cisjordania en Palestina, presentaré en el siguiente trabajo un hipertexto para una proyección alternativa de lo que el territorio puede ser. La proyección se presenta como una propuesta de un programa de proyecto urbano, así como, características conceptuales de un proyecto arquitectónico específico. La idea que exige el hipertexto se extiende más allá de (1) criticar y documentar un fenómeno o un acontecimiento, O (2) abordarlo desde un enfoque memorativo en tiempo y circunstancias futuristas, tal como centros culturales y conmemorativos. La idea presentada es un llamado para explorar las posibilidades potenciales para incluir operaciones funcionales activas, diseñadas para beneficiar al no usuario afectado, o ambos, el usuario influyente y el no usuario afectado. El hipertexto y todas sus ideas proyectadas son originales. Algunas partes serán presentadas, en un documento más detallado, para mi tesis en MAP[au].

The features of the tropical forest are found in Sundanese village-gardens. They are rich in plant species, a layered structure of the vegetation, existing patchwork and succession of sylvigenetic phases (from pioneer to homeostatic phase). These traditional agroforests reflect the sourrounding forest ecosystem, simplifying the features. The architectural method of tropical forest analysis is applied to Sundanese agroforests, but here each plant is both a structural element of the ecosystem and a producing element of the agricultural landscape. Such structural analysis could represent one aspect of an integral analysis of complex agroforestry systems. Il existe dans les villages de l'Ouest-Java, des jardins qui présentent toutes les caractéristiques de la forêt tropicale: richesse de la flore cultivée, structure ‘en étages’ de la végétation, juxtaposition et succession des différentes phases de la sylvigenése (depuis les stades pionniers jusqu'à la maturité). Ces agroforêts traditionelles semblent calquées sur l'écosystème forestier ambiant, tout en en simplifiant les conditions. La méthode architecturale mise au point pour analyser la structure et le fonctionnement des forêts tropicales est appliquée ici à l'étude de ces agroforêts en considérant en outre chaque plante comme un élément de la production dans l'agroécosystéme. Une telle approche représente un élément pour une étude globale des systèmes agroforestiers complexes.