H

PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

PHNG TRNH MAXWELL
Differential form Differential form Integral Form Integral Form
Gauss Gauss s s Law for Law for E E
field. field.
Gauss Gauss s s Law for Law for H H
field. Nonexistence field. Nonexistence
of monopole of monopole
Faraday Faraday s s Law Law
Ampere Ampere s s Circuit Circuit
Law Law
v
D =
r
0 = B
r
t
B
E

=
r
r
t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r

=
v
v
s
dv S d D
r r
0 =

s
S d B
r r

=
s L
S d B
t
l d E
r r r r

+ =
s L
S d
t
D
J l d H
r
r
r r r
L THUYT ANTEN
H ta cu


cos sin sin cos sin
tan tan
1
2 2
1 2 2 2
r z r y r x
x
y
z
y x
z y x r
= = =
=
+
= + + =

z
y
x r
r
z
y
x
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
0 cos sin
sin sin cos cos cos
cos sin sin cos sin
0 sin cos
cos sin cos sin sin
sin cos cos cos sin

A A A r A
r
+ + =
r
Cc php tnh vector
Laplacian
(del
2
)
Curl (ROT)
Divergence
Del (gradient)
z
A
y
A
x
A
z
y
x

= A
r
z y x
A A A
z y x
z y x

=

A
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
V
y
V
x
V
V

=
z
z
y
y
x
x

=
Theorems
Divergence
Stokes
Laplacian

=
v S
dv S d A A
r r r
( )

=
S L
S d l d
r r r r
A A
z A y A x A
z
V
y
V
x
V
V
z y x

A
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + =

=
r
Scalar:
Vector:
Some terms
E = cng in trng electric field intensity [V/m]
D = mt in trng electric field density
H = cng t trng magnetic field intensity, [A/m]
B = mt t trng magnetic field density, [Teslas]
m H
m F
H B
E D
o
o
/ 10 4
36
10
/ 10 85 . 8
7
9
12

=
= =
=
=

H
H

PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

PHNG TRNH MAXWELL
Differential form Differential form Integral Form Integral Form
Gauss Gauss s s Law for Law for E E
field. field.
Gauss Gauss s s Law for Law for H H
field. Nonexistence field. Nonexistence
of monopole of monopole
Faraday Faraday s s Law Law
Ampere Ampere s s Circuit Circuit
Law Law
v
D =
r
0 = B
r
t
B
E

=
r
r
t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r

=
v
v
s
dv S d D
r r
0 =

s
S d B
r r

=
s L
S d B
t
l d E
r r r r

+ =
s L
S d
t
D
J l d H
r
r
r r r
L THUYT ANTEN
0 = B
r
0 = A
r
Theo nh lut Gauss:
Vi vector A bt k:
H A B
r r r
= =
Nn lun c th tm c vector A bt k sao cho:
:Vector th t
Trng ca mt vector khng c divergence
nn n l rotation ca mt trng khc
Trng ca vector ny khng c divergence
A
r
C B tm v s A
C A tm c 1 B
Gi s c B, cn tm thm iu kin c
c th A

= A
t
A
t
E
r r r
t
B
E

=
r
r
T nh lut
Faraday:
0 =

+
t
A
E
r
r
L THUYT ANTEN
=

+
t
A
E
r
r
( ) 0 =
: is the Electric Scalar Potential (Vector th in)
Trng ca mt vector khng to rotation
nn n l divergence ca mt trng v hng khc
0 =

+
t
A
E
r
r
Mt khc vi mi trng v
hng lun ng vi :
L THUYT ANTEN
H A B
r r r
= =
t
A
E

=
r
r

J
t
E B
r
+

J
t
D
H
r
r
r
+

=
( ) [ ]

+ =
t
A
t
J A A

r
2
1
( ) A A A
2
=
2
2
2
1
t
A
t
J A A

+ =
r
r r r

J
t
A
A
t
A
r
r
r r
+

+
2
2
2

J
t
A
A
t
A
r
r
r r
+

+
2
2
2

J
t
A
A
t
A
r
r
r r
+

+
2
2
2

Ban u c trng in t, hay

xc nh B; A c chn sau cho
xoy ca A bng B:
H A B
r r r
= =
Tuy nhin, divergance ca A (bin
thin ca A theo hng ly tm) th
khng b rng buc vi xoy ca n
Vy chn
t
A

r
Vector bt k c th xoy
c lp vi divergance
C th gn A theo iu kin khc
0 =

+
t
A

r
J
t
A
A
r
r
r
=

2
2
2
v
D =
r

v
E =
( )

v
t
A
=

v
t
A
=

v
t t
=

+
2

v
t
=

2
2
2

Cho tr
Cho tr

ng s
ng s

ng sin
ng sin
(harmonics):
(harmonics):
Trong
Trong

J A k A
J A j A
J
t
A
A
r
r
r

= +
=
=

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
) (

2 2
= k
J A k A
r r r
= +
2 2
x x x
J A k A = +
2 2
y y y
J A k A = +
2 2
z z z
J A k A = +
2 2
( ) ( )

=

V
jkr
v d
r
e
r J r A
r
r
r
r

4
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
( ) z y x

, ,
( ) r P
r
( ) ( )

=

V
jkR
v d
R
e
r J r A
r
r
r
r

4
( ) ( )

=

v
jkR
v d
R
e
z y x J z y x A , ,
4
, ,
r r

0
z
x
y
r
r
r

r
r r R

=
r r
r

( ) z y x , ,
( ) z y x

, ,
( ) r P
r

=

V
jkr
v d
r
e
J A
r r

=

V
jkr
x x
v d
r
e
J A

=

V
jkr
y y
v d
r
e
J A

=

V
jkr
z z
v d
r
e
J A

4
( ) ( )

=


V
r r jk
v d
r r
e
r J r A
r r
r
r
r
r
r r

4
0
z
r
r
r

r
r r R

=
r r
r
x
y
J
r
( ) r P
r
( ) ( )

=

S
jkR
S
s d
R
e
z y x J r A , ,
4
r
r
r

( ) ( )

=

C
jkR
e
l d
R
e
z y x I r A , ,
4
r
r
Tch phn mt
Tch phn ng
TRNG VNG XA TO BI
ANTEN BT K
( ) ( )

=


V
r r jk
v d
r r
e
r J r A
r r
r
r
r
r
r r

4
0
z
r
r
r

r
r r R

=
r r
r
x
y
J
r
( ) r P
r
0
z
r
r
r

r
r r R

=
r r
r
x
y
J
r
( ) r P
r
r r

r
r r r r r R

=
r r r
( ) ( )

=


V
r r jk
v d
r r
e
r J r A
r r
r
r
r
r
r r

4
( ) ( )
( )
( )

V
r r r jk
v d
r r r
e
r J r A

r
r
r
r
r
r

( ) ( )
( )
( )

V
r r r jk
v d
r r r
e
r J r A

r
r
r
r
r
r

( ) ( )

=

V
r r jk
jkr
v d e r J
r
e
r A

4
r
r
r
r
r

( ) ( ) r A
j
r E
r
r
r
=

1
A H
r r
=

1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) r A r jk r jk
j
r E
r
r
r
=

1

r jk

r E
r
r



r A r A j r E
r r r
r
+ =
( ) ( ) ( )


,

, F F
r
e
r E
jkr
+ =

r
r
( ) ( )

4
1
,

V
r r jk
v d e r J j F
r
r
r
( ) ( )

4
1
,

V
r r jk
v d e r J j F
r
r
r

2
D
r >>
D r >>
1 >> kr
TRNG VNG XA CA DIPOLE
HERTZ
TRNG IN T C TO
BI DIPOLE HERTZ
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
( ) r P
r
2 l
2 l
( )

2 2
; 0
; 0

0
l z l
y
x
z I r I
e
r
r
( ) ( )z r A r A
z

r r
r
=
Kch thc dipole rt nh
ng knh dipole rt nh
( ) ( )

V
r r jk
jkr
v d e r J
r
e
r A

4
r
r
r
r
r

( ) ( )

=

C
jkR
e
l d
R
e
z y x I z y x A , ,
4
, ,

r
( ) z l
r
e
I z d e
r
I
z z y x A
jkr
l
l
jkr
z

4 4

, ,
0
2
2
0

r
r R
Hng s i vi tch phn
r
r
l
r
e
I
r
r
A
A
jkr
z
z

4

( ) z r
r
e
r
jke l I
r H
jkr jkr

4
2
0

r
r
r
r
e
r
jke l I
A
jkr jkr
z

4
2
0

Dipole Hertz
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z P y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
2 l
2 l
50 l
PHN B DNG
Ni khc
Phn b dng dipole Hertz
0
I
PHN B DNG
2 l
2 l

<
=

khc i N 0
1
2
,
2
1
L
L z
l
z P
z
TRNG IN T C TO
BI DIPOLE HERTZ
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
( ) r P
r
2 l
2 l
( ) ( )z r A r A
z

r r
r
=
Kch thc dipole rt nh
ng knh dipole rt nh
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z P y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
( ) ( )

=

V
jkr
z z
v d
r
e
r J r A
r r

4
( ) ( ) ( )

=
V
jkR
z
dxdydz
R
e
y x I r A

0
4
r
( )

=
2
2
0
4
l
l
jkR
z
dz I
r
e
r A

r
( )

=
2
2
0
4
l
l
jkr
z
dz
r
e
I r A

r
( ) ( )z r A r A
z

r r
r
=
r R
Hng s i vi tch phn
( ) z l
r
e
I r A
jkr

4
0

r
r
( ) l
r
e
I r A
jkr
z

=
0
4
r

z
y
x r
A
A
A
A
A
A
0 cos sin
sin sin cos cos cos
cos sin sin cos sin

V
0 =
x
A
0 =
y
A

cos
4
cos
0
r
le I
A A
jkr
z r

= =

sin
4
sin
0
r
le I
A A
jkr
z

= =
0 =

A
( ) l
r
e
I r A
jkr
z

=
0
4
r
A H
r r
=

sin
4
sin
0
r
le I
A A
jkr
z

= =
z A H
z

1
=

r
z A z A H
z z

1

1
+ =

r
z A H
z

1
=

sin
1

=
z z z
z
A A
r
r
A
A
Hm khng ph thuc (i xng xung quanh trc z)
( ) l
r
e
I r A
jkr
z

=
0
4
r
( ) z r
r
e
r
jke l I
r H
jkr jkr

4
2
0

r
r
( )

sin
1
4
0
2
l I
r r
jk e
jk r H
jkr

+ =

r
r
( ) ( )
( )
t
r D
r J r H

+ =
r
r
r
r
r
r
V dng ch tp trung anten,
( )
( )
t
r D
r H

=
r
r
r
r
( )
( )
( ) r E j
t
r D
r H
r
r
r
r
r
r
=

=
( ) ( ) r H
j
r E
r
r
r
r
=

1
( )

sin
1
4
0
2
l I
r r
jk e
jk r H
jkr

+ =

r
r
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

r H
r rH
r r
r rH
r
r H
r
r H
r H
r
r r H
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
1

sin
1

sin
sin
1

( ) ( )
( )

sin
sin
1

E r E j
rH
r r
H
r
r H
r
+ =

=
( )

cos sin 2
1
4 sin
1
sin
sin
1
2
jkr
o
r
e
r r
jk l I
r
H
r
E j

=
=

cos
1 /
2
3 2
jkr
o
r
e
r j r
l I
E

=
( )

sin
1
4
1
2
2 jkr
o
e
r r
jk
k
r
l jI
rH
r r
E j

=
=

sin
1 /
4
3 2
jkr
o
e
r j r r
j l I
E

+ =
General
General
@Far field
@Far field
r
r
>
>
2D
2D
2
2
/
/

cos
1 /
2
3 2
jkr
o
r
e
r j r
l I
E

sin
1 /
4
3 2
jkr
o
e
r j r r
j l I
E

+ =

sin
1
4
2
jkr
o
e
r r
jk l I
H

+ =
0 =
r
E

sin
4
jkr
o
e
r
j l I
E

sin
4
jkr
o
e
r
jk l I
H

=
TRNG VNG XA CA DIPOLE HERTZ
( )

sin
4
0
l I
r
e
jk r E
jkr
=
r
r
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z P y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

2 l
50 l
PHN B DNG
2 l

Mt cng sut bc x
( )

sin
4
0
l I
r
e
jk r E
jkr
=
r
r
( )
( ) ( )
r
r
F F
r W

2
, ,
2
2
2

+
=
r
r
( )
( )
r
r E
r W

2
2

r
r
r
r
=
( ) ( ) r l I
r
k
r W

sin
32
2
2
0
2 2
2

=
r
r
Cng bc x
( ) ( ) r l I
r
k
r W

sin
32
2
2
0
2 2
2

=
r
r
( ) ( ) r W r U
r
2
, =
( ) ( )

2
2
0
2
2
sin
32
, l I
k
U =
V trong cc mt phng
y

Mt phng yOz

2
sin
2
, =

n
U
y

z
x

=
( )
2
sin , =
n
U
V trong cc mt phng

z
Mt phng xOy
1 ,
2
=

n
U
x

=
( )
2
sin , =
n
U
CNG SUT BC X
( )

= d d U P
R
sin ,
( ) ( )

2
2
0
2
2
sin
32
, l I
k
U =
( )
3
8
32
2
0
2
2

l I
k
P
R
=
( )
2
0
2
12
l I
k
P
R

=
( )
2
0
10 l kI P
R
=
Cng sut bc x
2
3
4
max
0
= =
R
P
U
D
2
0
2
2
0
2
10
12
l I k
l I k
P
R
= =

2
2
2 2
2
0
80
6
2

= = =

l l k
I
P
R
R
R
LI
( ) ( )

2
2
0
2
2
sin
32
, l I
k
U =
( )
( )

4
,
,
R
P
U
D =
( )

= d U P
R
,
( )

= d d U P
R
sin ,
( )
( )
( )

=



d d U
U
D
n
n
sin ,
, 4
,
( ) ( )
2
sin , =
n
U
( ) ( )
2
sin
2
3
, = D
IN TR BC X
( )
2
0
10 l kI P
R
=
2
0
2
I
P
R
R
R
=
2
2 2 2
80 20

= =

l
l k R
R
2
3
4
max
0
= =
R
P
U
D
( )

sin
4
0
l I
r
e
jk r E
jkr
=
r
r
( ) ( ) r l I
r
k
r W

sin
32
2
2
0
2 2
2

=
r
r
( ) ( )

2
2
0
2
2
sin
32
, l I
k
U =
( )
( )
2
0
2
2
0
2
10
12
l I k
l I k
P
R
= =

2
2
2 2
2
0
80
6
2

= = =

l l k
I
P
R
R
R
l
a
R
R
S
D
2
=

2
=
S
R
a
z
2 l
2 l
( ) [ ]
( ) 2 tan
1 2 ln
120
kl
a l
X
in

Dipole ngn
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z T y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
2 l
2 l
10 50 l
PHN B DNG
Ni khc
( )

sin
4 2
1
0
l I
r
e
jk r E
jkr
=
r
r
Phn b dng dipole ngn
0
I
PHN B DNG
2 l
2 l

<
=

khc i N 0
2
2
1
2
,
L
L
l
z
l
z
l
z T
z
I
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z T y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
Dipole ngn
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z T y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
2 l
2 l
10 50 l
PHN B DNG
Ni khc
( )

sin
4 2
1
0
l I
r
e
jk r E
jkr
=
r
r
Dipole c chiu di hu hn
( ) ( ) ( ) z z
l
k y x I r J
2
sin
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
2 l
2 l
10 l
PHN B DNG
Dipole ngn
( ) ( ) ( ) z
l
z T y x I r J
2
,
0

=
r
r
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
2 l
2 l
10 50 l
PHN B DNG
Ni khc
25 . 0 = l
2 l
2 l
5 . 0 = l 75 . 0 = l = l 25 . 1 = l 5 . 1 = l
0
I
( ) ( ) ( ) z z
l
k y x I r J
2
sin
0

=
r
r
PHN B DNG CA DIPOLE C
CHIU DI HU HN
5 . 0 = l 25 . 0 = l 75 . 0 = l = l 25 . 1 = l 5 . 1 = l
2 l
2 l
( ) ( ) ( ) z z
l
k y x I r J
2
sin
0

=
r
r
Cng in trng to bi
dipole hu hn

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2
0
kl kl
r
e I
j E
jkr

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2
0
kl kl
r
e I
j
E
H
jkr
Cng in trng
Cng t trng
Mt cng sut v Cng
bc x
( ) r
kl kl
r
I
r W

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
8
2
2 2
2
0

r
( )
2
2
2
0
sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
8
,

kl kl
I
U
1 . 0 = l
25 . 0 = l
375 . 0 = l 5 . 0 = l
625 . 0 = l
75 . 0 = l
= l
25 . 1 = l
5 . 1 = l
75 . 1 = l 2 = l
5 . 2 = l
3 = l
5 . 3 = l
5 = l
8 = l
5 . 8 = l
z TH BC X
z
x
y
z
25 . 1 = l
4 = l
Cng sut bc x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] {
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]} kl C kl C kl C kl
kl S kl S kl kl C kl C
I
P
i i
i i i R
2 2 2 ln cos
2 sin ln
4
2
1
2
1
2
0
+ + +
+ + =

( )

= =
x
x
i
dy
y
y
dy
y
y
x C
cos cos
( )

=
x
i
dy
y
y
x S
0
sin
5772 . 0 = C
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x C x
x C x x C x x C
i
i i in
+ =
+ = =
ln 5772 . 0
ln ln ln
( )

=
x
in
dy
y
y
x C
0
cos 1
Directivity
( )
2
2
sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
,

kl kl
F
( )
( )

=
d F
F
D
2
2
max
0
,
4
1
,

( )
( )

=



0
2
2
max
0
sin ,
, 2
d F
F
D
( )
Q
F
D
2
max
0
, 2
=
in tr bc x
dipole

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2
0
kl kl
r
e I
j E
jkr

sin
2
cos cos
2
cos
2
0
kl kl
r
e I
j
E
H
jkr

2
= k
2

= l
DIPOLE NA BC SNG
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
4
4

sin
cos
2
cos
2
0
r
e I
j E
jkr

sin
cos
2
cos
2
0
r
e I
j H
jkr
DIPOLE NA BC SNG
0
z
x
y
r
r

( ) z y x , ,
4
4

sin
cos
2
cos
2
0
r
e I
j E
jkr
( )

sin
cos
2
cos
2
0

r
e I
j r E
jkr
r
r

( ) r
r
I
r
r
I
r W sin
8

sin
cos
2
cos
8
3
2 2
2
0
2
2 2
2
0

=
r
r
( )
2
2
2
0
sin
cos
2
cos
8
,

I
U
( ) r
r
I
r W
sin
cos
2
cos
8
2
2 2
2
0

r
r
( )

3
2 2
2
0
2
2
2
0
sin
8 sin
cos
2
cos
8
,
r
I I
U

8
435 . 2
2
0
I P
R
=
( )
2
sin
cos
2
cos
643 . 1 ,

D
5 . 42 73 j Z
in
+ =
5 . 42 3 7 j e Z
A
+ =
th bc x ca dipole na bc sng
z
x y
2 l
2 l
2
2
, ,
4
r t r t r r r t t t S
p p q q G G P
r
P
L
r r

2
0
2
4
G P
r
P
S
L

r r r t t t S
G G P
r
P
L

, ,
4
2

=
dBd vs dBi (dB)
r t S
G G P
r
P
L
1
2
4
1

r t S
G G P
r
P
L
2
2
4
2

r t S
G G P
r
P
L
1
2
4
1

r S
G P
r
P
L
643 . 1
4
2
2

643 . 1
1
2
1 t
L
G
P
P
L
[ ] [ ]
( ) 643 . 1 log 10 log 10
1
2
1
1
=

=
dBi t
L
dBd t
G
P
P
G
L
[ ] [ ]
15 . 2 log 10
1
2
1
1
=

=
dBi t
L
dBd t
G
P
P
G
L
2 2
1 1 1
2
643 . 1
1
PLF q
PLF q G
P
P
t
t t
L
L
[ ]
( )
[ ] [ ] 2 1 2 1
1
2
643 . 1 log 10 log 10
1
PLF PLF q q
G
P
P
dB t dB t
dBi t
L
L
+
=

[ ]
[ ] [ ] 2 1 2 1
1
2
1
log 10
PLF PLF q q
G
P
P
dB t dB t
dBd t
L
L
+
+ =

[ ]
[ ] [ ] 2 1 2 1
2
1
1
log 10
PLF PLF q q
P
P
G
dB t dB t
L
dBd t
L
+

=
Anten khung trn nh

sin
4
2
0
2
a I
r
e
k E
jkr
=
Square Loop
Anten khung vung nh
L THUYT ANTEN
0 = B
r
0 = A
r
Gi s c vector B bin thin
trong khng gian, thi gian nht
nhTheo nh lut Gauss:
C v s vector A p ng iu kin trn,
A B
r r
=
Do vi vector A bt k:
Trng ca mt vector khng c divergence
nn n l rotation ca mt trng khc
Tm vector A sao cho
Theo nh lut Gauss:
Cn thm cc rng buc khc tm ra A nht nh