Bus Reactor
Bus Reactor
Bus Reactor
Abstract—In EHV substations, it is a common practice to use But the permanent connection of the shunt reactors leads to
breaker switched bus reactors to maintain the bus voltage within reduced voltage levels and decreased transmission capacity
permissible limits under varying load conditions. With the of the lines during full load conditions. This problem is
development of Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR) which is a
addressed by breaker controlled shunt reactors in many parts
thyristor controlled high impedance transformer, a stable bus
voltage can be maintained by providing variable reactive power of the world. In such cases, the dynamic over voltages and
based on the bus voltage deviations due to the load variations. problems evolving from breaker switching of reactors are
The high impedance transformer which is also known as reactor solved by other technical innovations. The Controlled Shunt
transformer (RT) can be made to any size without any limitation Reactor1 (CSR) which is a thyristor controlled equipment
unlike gapped core shunt reactors. As a single CSR of large offers a good solution with a fast response time to take care of
capacity can be realized with suitable control mechanism, this dynamic conditions. Also the switching problems associated
approach proves to be technically superior and economical
with breakers are completely avoided. An ON/OFF type CSR
compared to the existing practice of breaker switched bus
reactors. is in operation at Itarsi substation in India for last five years.
A CSR with a detailed control system is modeled along with a Shunt reactors which are meant to be used for controlling
typical EHV system in PSCAD/EMTDC environment. The study the bus voltage of sub station are known as bus reactors. These
includes the effectiveness of filters introduced in the tertiary of are always connected through a circuit breaker and switched
the reactor transformer in controlling the harmonics generated on or off, based on the voltage variations. In large switching
during partial conduction of thyristors. The transient and steady substations, it is not uncommon to find multiple bus reactors
state performance of the CSR system for varying system
when the total reactor capacity required is large. Due to
conditions is studied and the same is compared with the
conventional practice. The paper presents and discusses the limited standard ratings of gapped core shunt reactors, it is
results of the study. necessary to provide in multiples of standard ratings along
with associated bay equipment and space for accommodating
Keywords: High impedance transformer, shunt reactor, the same. The CSR mentioned above is based on a high
reactive power, compensation, EHV systems, voltage control, impedance transformer known as Reactor Transformer (RT)
thyristors. with a provision to control from the secondary side through
thyristor valves. As RT of any large capacity can be realized as
I. INTRODUCTION
a single three phase unit or three single phase units, it is
provided with conventional bus reactors for comparative 0.03789 12.299 0.03789 12.299 0.03789 12.299
b yp b r k
C
B
A
3 Phase
R MS
equipment is the RT which is a three winding transformer. The FP4 FP6
B
A
Power
FP2
IR C
IR B
IR A
1 3 5
Vp u
Q
P
FP1 FP3 FP5
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 1
0 .0 0 1
harmonics. This is realized from the standard library of
PSCAD with appropriate voltage ratings and impedances. The
Fig. 2. Model of CSR power circuit in PSCAD
key issue is the 100% impedance between the primary and the
secondary windings which has a significant influence on the
The tertiary connected in delta takes care of third harmonic
full load losses of the transformer. The impedance between the
and the other significant harmonics the 5th,7th, and 11th are
secondary and tertiary is important for effective control of
mitigated by providing suitable LC filters across the same. The
harmonics during partial conduction of thyristors. In other
complete modeling of CSR is converted into a user defined
words, the coupling between secondary and tertiary is stronger
component as shown in Fig. 2.
compared to the one between primary and tertiary. The
The control system of CSR comprises a Proportional
parameters of RT are chosen in line with the practical
Integral (PI) block available in the PSCAD library. The bus
experience of building the first prototype CSR.
voltage is compared with the reference value and the deviation
becomes the error signal or actuating signal to the PI block.
The output of PI block is scaled to suit the operational range of
thyristors which is between /2 and with reference to the
zero crossing of voltage waveform. The output of the
controller is used for generating firing pulses for each thyristor
based on the reference derived from individual phase voltages.
Voltage, power and current meters are provided at appropriate
locations to capture the operation of CSR. The Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) block is used to estimate the magnitude of
harmonics and the distortion factor due to the same is also
calculated using the Harmonic Distortion (HD) block. The
control system and the thyristor firing pulse generation block
Fig. 1. CSR scheme for continuous control. are shown in Fig. 3.
The primary terminals of CSR are to be connected to the
HV bus (400kV) of the substation through a mechanical
PI CONTROL
isolator. Mechanical isolators are not part of the modeling as BLOCK
10.0
feed back. The secondary terminals of RT are connected to an Low pass filter
75Hz
50Hz 100Hz
Notch filters FP1
anti parallel pair of thyristors with a bypass path. The bypass Va FP2
path consists of a vacuum circuit breaker in series with a Ma
Vb FP3
ThyCtrl
choke. This has a special significance in line reactor Ia
Mag1 Mag2 Mag3
(15) (15) (15)
X1 Ph1 Vc FP4
application but is retained here as a generic arrangement. For FFT
(15)
3 Phase
RMS Vbrms
Vs BRKFS2 BRKFR2
200.0 km
63.0 [MVAR] 63.0 [MVAR]
T2
TLine4
provided with breaker controlled shunt reactors, it will be
through three units of 60 MVAR capacity. This case is also
400.0 km
TLine2
BRKFS3 BRKFR3
310.0 km
TLine5 studied for comparison with CSR. A case without any bus
63.0 [MVAR] 63.0 [MVAR]
reactor compensation is also studied and compared with the
18 0.0 [MW ]
VC S R B
VC S R A
VCSRA
y
0.40
0.20
TABLE II 0.00
SIMULATION SEQUENCE
Vref Vbrmsfr
1.20
Case
Time 1.00
Description Of 1 2 3
0.80
Instant Without Switched CSR 2
Operation 0.60
(Secs) Reactors Reactors
y
0.40
0.20
0.2 Close SBRK 0.00
0.3 Deblock Vref Vbrmswthtrect
- - 1.40
thyristors 1.20
0.4 Open BYBRK - - 1.00
0.5 Close Tl 0.80
1.0 Close T2
0.60 1
y
0.40
1.5 Close BRKFS2 0.20
2.0 Close BRKFS1 0.00
3.0 Close BRKFS3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
y
-4.0
y
-0.10 -6.0
-8.0
-0.20 -10.0
-0.30 Icsrpa Icsrpb Icsrpc
-0.40 0.40
0.30
0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0.10
0.00
y
-0.10
Fig. 7. Primary currents variation in CSR during the simulation sequence. -0.20
-0.30
-0.40
Under full conduction i.e. at 180 MVAR capacity primary and 0.50
Icsrpa Icsrpb Icsrpc
0.10
CSR : Graphs
Icsrsa Icsrsb Icsrsc 0.00
5.0
y
4.0 -0.10
3.0
2.0 -0.20
1.0
0.0 -0.30
y
-1.0
-2.0 -0.40
-3.0
-4.0 -0.50
-5.0 5.950 6.000 6.050 6.100 6.150 6.200
Icsrpa Icsrpb Icsrpc
0.125
0.100
0.075 Fig. 10. Response of CSR for sudden load throw off.
0.050
0.025
0.000
The effect fast response is to limit the over voltage on the SS
y
-0.025
-0.050
-0.075
bus. Under the same conditions, breaker switched reactors are
-0.100 used for the same purpose with a minimum delay of 100ms.
-0.125
The corresponding waveform of the bus voltage in this case is
2.380 2.400 2.420 2.440 2.460 2.480
compared with the one with CSR as shown in Fig. 11.
-600
5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Mr.S.V.N. Jithin Sundar was born in Vijayawada A.P India and graduated
Fig. 11. Load throw off effect on the bus voltage. in Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Osmania University in
1) With CSR 2) With breaker switched reactors. the year 1981.
Mr. Jithin Sundar joined Corporate R&D, BHEL
in the same year as Engineer Trainee. At present, he
V. CONCLUSIONS is working as Senior Deputy General Manager in
PES group at R&D complex. Mr.Jithin Sundar has
The simulation studies prove that the CSR developed can worked in the development Transmission products
be effectively used for the management of bus voltage in a & Systems for last 24 years. He has published
technical papers in several National & International
EHV sub station. The main equipment RT being a simple
Conferences including CIGRE. He has co-authored
transformer type, can be designed as a single three phase unit a few patents in the area of Controlled Shunt Reactor & Phase Shifting
or as three single phase units. There is no restriction for Transformer. He is a member of IEEE, Hyderabad section.
selecting the suitable capacity of reactor for any specific
Miss G.Vaishnavi obtained her B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics
location.
Engg from SVU University Tirupathi in 2004, and M.Tech in High Voltage
The application of CSR for this purpose provides economic Engg from JNTU Kakinada in 2006.She has worked in Corporate R&D,
benefits in terms of space and equipment. As a single large BHEL for her M.Tech Project during 2006.
equipment compared to individual shunt reactor units, CSR
occupies less space and the individual switchgear, protection
and other substation equipment reduce in quantity. The filters
required along with CSR are effective in mitigating the
harmonics produced during partial conduction of thyristors.
The CSR control system being automatic and local bus
voltage dependent, is simple, reliable and fast. Thus it is
technically superior to manual switching of shunt reactors
which is the existing practice in most of the EHV substations.
The problems associated with reactor switching can be averted
with the use of CSR.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all
the team members of CSR development. Authors thank the
management of Corp.R&D, BHEL for granting permission to
publish this work.