ABB Network Partner AB

1MRK 502 003-AEN

May 1997
ABB Network Partner AB
Page 2
List of contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 4
2 Tripping....................................................................................... 6
3 Indication .................................................................................... 6
4 Protective relays for generators and generator-
transformer units........................................................................ 7
5 Stator earth-fault protection ..................................................... 8
5.1 Stator earth-fault protection for generators with
unit transformers .......................................................................... 8
5.2 100 % stator earth-fault relay RAGEK ........................................ 9
5.3 Stator earth-fault relay for generators connected directly
to distribution buses ................................................................... 10
5.4 Directional earth-fault current relay RAPDK ............................ 13
6 Rotor earth-fault protection.................................................... 14
6.1 Rotor earth-fault relay with dc injection ................................... 14
6.2 Rotor earth-fault relay with ac injection..................................... 15
6.3 Time-overcurrent relay RAIDG................................................. 15
7 Phase short-circuit protection ................................................. 16
7.1 Generator differential relays....................................................... 16
7.2 Generator and unit transformer differential relay....................... 19
7.3 Phase short-circuit back-up relays.............................................. 20
7.4 Impedance relay RAZK.............................................................. 21
8 Phase interturn short-circuit protection ................................ 22
8.1 Interturn short-circuit current relay RAIDK .............................. 23
9 Thermal overload protection................................................... 24
9.1 Thermal overload relay RAVK.................................................. 24
10 Negative phase-sequence current protection ......................... 25
10.1 Negative-sequence current relay RARIB with
thermal memory ......................................................................... 26
11 Loss-of-excitation protection................................................... 27
11.1 Loss-of-excitation relay RAGPK............................................... 28
11.2 Comparison between RXPDK and the offset-mho relay ........... 30
12 Over-excitation protection....................................................... 31
12.1 Over-excitation relay RALK...................................................... 32
13 Over-voltage protection ........................................................... 33
13.1 Over-voltage relay RAEDK....................................................... 33
14 Shaft current protection .......................................................... 34
14.1 Shaft-current relay RARIC......................................................... 34
15 Under-frequency protection .................................................... 36
15.1 Over-frequency protection ......................................................... 36
15.2 Time over/under frequency relay RAFK.................................... 36
16 Reverse power protection ........................................................ 37
16.1 Reverse power relay RXPE 40................................................... 37
17 Protection against inadvertent energization (dead
machine protection).................................................................. 39
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Maj 1997
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 3
17.1 Dead machine protective relay RAGUA.................................... 40
18 Special relays for pumped-storage generator/motors........... 41
18.1 Sensitive generator differential relay ......................................... 42
18.2 Low-frequency overcurrent relay............................................... 42
18.3 Sensitive stator earth-fault relay................................................. 43
19 Protective schemes for generators .......................................... 44
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 4
1 Introduction
Generators are designed to run at a high load factor for a large number of
years and permit certain incidences of abnormal working conditions. The
machine and its auxiliaries are supervised by monitoring devices to keep
the incidences of abnormal working conditions down to a minimum.
Despite the monitoring, electrical and mechanical faults may occur, and
the generators must be provided with protective relays which, in case of a
fault, quickly initiate a disconnection of the machine from the system and,
if necessary, initiate a complete shut down of the machine.
No international standards exist regarding the extension of the protective
schemes for different types and sizes of generators. The so called "com-
mon standard" varies between different countries and also between power
companies within the same country, depending on their past experience
and different ways in which fault statistics may be interpreted. A relay
manufacturer working on the international market should, therefore, be
able to offer a protective system which can be easily modified to meet dif-
ferent requirements from different users.
ABBs protective relays in the COMBIFLEX

system are built up of

standard plug-in units and offer the following advantages:
Great flexibility in mounting and wiring, hence, easily adapted to
users practice regarding included relays and the number of output
functions. The users requirement on contacts for tripping and exter-
nal signaling, as well as indicating flags or light emitting diodes
(LED's) for start and tripping functions, etc, are easily met.
Modifications and extension can easily be made
Pre-wired and factory tested equipment in cubicles assures easy
installation and reduces commissioning work to a minimum.
Micro-processor and static relays with low power consumption in
the measuring circuits reduce the burden on CT's and, hence, the sat-
uration effects.
Built in testing system COMBITEST

simplifies the maintenance

testing.
The number of spare parts is reduced by using the same type of
plug-in unit in several protective relays.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 5
New modular generator protection packaging type RAGCX.
The present Generator Application Guide is written on the basis of describ-
ing applications of discrete stand alone COMBIFLEX generator protection
functions. All the described functions may be delivered as separate and in-
dependent protective functions as described or as parts of an integrated
modular protection system available for 19" rack-mounting or panel-
mounting. The relays are available in equipment frames adapted for differ-
ent mounting requirements.
Over the years thousands of machines including many nuclear generating
plant installations have been equipped with COMBIFLEX plant and gen-
erator protective relays.
The new 1997 Buyers Guide describes a new integrated modular genera-
tor protection system type RAGCX that makes use of the protection func-
tions described in this Application Guide. I.e COMBIFLEX modules
described in here are also used in RAGCX providing a more compact ar-
rangement mainly intended for small to medium size generators in the 5 to
150MVA range. Microprocessor technology is used in many of the new
measuring modules providing extended application and an efficient use of
standard high volume plug-in elements.
The RAGCX scheme allows dual redundant DC supplied protection to be
built up according to the varying needs of the customers for different pow-
er plants. Since redundancy is also achieved internally within each sub-set
through the use of individual protection function modules results in a very
fault-tolerant package. Gas turbine generators as well as steam turbine and
hydro generator protection schemes may thus be built in a very cost effec-
tive packaging not sacrificing the quality and performance that made the
COMBIFLEX system well known on a world-wide basis.
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
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2 Tripping
Tripping relays with the required number of free contacts are normally
placed in the same cubicle as the protective relays. Latching relays with
magnetic holding and with electrical or manual resetting can be provided
The tripping relays which are activated by the fast acting differential
relays normally have contacts of a 4 ms relay connected in parallel with
the heavyduty tripping contacts to shorten the operate time.
If each protective relay is provided with a separate tripping relay, the pro-
tective scheme can easily by adapted to new requirements if the power
station layout is modified.
3 Indication
Each individual protective relay can be provided with flags or LEDs for
indication of start, tripping or faulted phase (when applicable). Generaly,
several potential-free contacts are available for external functions, such as
alarm, start of event recorder etc. All the signal relays with indicating
flags may, if preferred, be grouped together and placed in one of the upper
equipment frames.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 7
4 Protective relays for generators and generator-transformer units
Fig. 1 shows an overview of standard protective relays for generator-
transformer units. A recommended minimum of relays for different types
and sizes of generators is given under section Protective relay schemes.
The numbers (26, 40 etc) used in Fig. 1 are in accordance with the stand-
ard ANSI/IEEE C 37.2 - 1979.
Fig. 1 Protective relays for a generator-transformer unit
87T
59N
59F
59
40
26
46
21
59N
87G
32
~
1)
64F
50/51
Unit transformer
Overcurrent
relay RAIDK
Unit aux.
transformer
Field winding
earth-fault
RXNB4
1) Instruments
Block diff.
relay RADSB
Stator earth-fault
relay RAGEK (95%)
Over-excitation
relay RALK
Over-voltage
relay RAEDK
Loss-of-excitation
relay RAGPK
Thermal overload
relay RAVK
Neg. phase-sequence
relay RARIB
Impedance
relay RAZK
Stator earth-fault
relay RAGEK (100%)
Generator diff. relay
RADHA/RADSG/RADSC
Reverse power
relay (RXPE 4)
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 8
5 Stator earth-fault protection
Common practice in most countries is to earth the generator neutral
through a resistor, which gives a maximum earth-fault current of 5-10 A.
Tuned reactors which limit the earth-fault current to less than 1 A are also
used. In both cases, the transient voltages in the stator system during inter-
mittent earth-faults are kept within acceptable limits, and earth-faults
which are tripped within some few seconds will only cause negligible
damage to the laminations of the stator core. The generator earthing resis-
tor normally limits the neutral voltage transmitted from the high voltage
side of the unit transformer in case of a earth-fault on the high voltage side
to max. 2-3 % of rated generator phase voltage.
Short-circuits between the stator winding in the slots and the stator core
are the most common electrical fault in generators. The fault is normally
initiated by mechanical or thermal damage to the insulating material or
the anti- corona paint on a stator coil. Interturn faults, which normally are
difficult to detect, will quickly develop into an earth-fault and will be
tripped by the stator earth-fault protection.
Earth-faults caused by mechanical damage may occur close to the genera-
tor neutral. Today there is a distinct trend towards providing earth-fault
protection for the entire stator winding (100% stator earth-fault protec-
tion).
5.1 Stator earth-fault
protection for
generators with unit
transformers
95 % stator earth-fault protection
A neutral point overvoltage relay, fed either from a voltage transformer
connected between the generator neutral and earth or from the broken
delta winding of three-phase voltage transformers on the generator line
side, will depending on the setting, protect 80-95 % of the stator winding.
The relay is normally set to operate at 5 % of phase voltage with a
time-delay of 0,3-0,5 s. With this voltage setting, the relay protects
approximately 95 % of the stator winding. It also covers the generator
bus, the low-voltage winding of the unit transformer and the high-voltage
winding of the unit auxiliary transformer.
95 % stator earth-fault relay RAGEK
The micro-processor based voltage relay RXEDK 2H with scale range 2 -
80 V or 10 - 320 V for stage 1 is used as 95 % relay. Stage 1 is program-
mable for inverse time or definite time delay, settable 50 ms to 16,1 s. The
optional filter, 50 - 60 Hz sharp, has a damping factor of more than 40 for
third harmonic voltages.
Stage 2, with voltage scale range 1-120 resp. 5 - 480 V can be delayed
from 0,03s up to 10 s.
Single-phase relay assemblies, type RAGEK, are made up based upon the
RXEDK 2H unit. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 9
Fig. 2 95 % stator earth-fault protection
Units with generator breaker between the transformer and the generator
should also have a three-phase voltage transformers connected to the bus
between the low voltage winding of the transformer and the breaker. The
broken delta connected secondaries are connected to a neutral point over-
voltage relay, normally set to 20 - 30 % of phase voltage, which will pro-
vide earth-fault protection for the low voltage winding and the section of
the bus connected to it when the generator breaker is open.
Normally, voltage limiting capacitors will be required for this bus section.
5.2 100 % stator
earth-fault relay
RAGEK
Generators which produce more than 1 % third harmonic voltage under all
service conditions, can have the entire stator winding down to and includ-
ing the neutral point protected by the 100 % stator earth-fault relay
RAGEK.
The principle diagram of the relay is shown in Fig. 3. The 100 % stator
earth-fault scheme includes a 95 % relay RXEDK 2H (1), which covers
the stator winding from 5 % off the neutral, and a third harmonic voltage
measuring relay RXEDK 2H (2), which protects the rest of the stator
winding. The third harmonic voltage measuring relay connected to the
generator neutral voltage transformer (3), has standard scale range of 0,2 -
24 V, 150 Hz (180 Hz for 60 Hz generators) and is provided with a desen-
sitizing filter, which increases the basic frequency operate voltage by a
factor of more than 90 for 50 Hz and more than 50 for 60 Hz voltages.
~
G
U >
>
(+) Trip
Optional
connection
Rg
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 10
Fig. 3 100 % stator earth-fault relay RAGEK
When the generator is running and there is no earth-fault near the neutral,
the third harmonic voltage relay (2) and the RXEDK 2H voltage check
relay (4) are activated, and the contact (b) is open. If an earth- fault
occurs close to the generator neutral, contact (b) of the third harmonic
voltage relay will close and alarm or tripping is obtained.
The voltage check relay is included to prevent faulty operation of the
100% relay at generator standstill or during the machine running-up or
running-down period.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
5.3 Stator earth-fault relay
for generators
connected directly to
distribution buses
For generators connected directly to distribution buses a selective stator
earth-fault protection can not be obtained by using a neutral point voltage
relay, as this operates for earth-faults in the entire system which is galvan-
ically connected to the generator.
U >
(+)
C
l
Cg
Cg
Cg
Generator U
3
Unit transformer
U >
>
(+) Trip
3
2
1
U >
>
Signal
4
or Trip
I
3l
I
3g
I
3
U
3
-------
110V
/
U
3
-------
110V
/
95% Unit
U
3
= Generator third
harmonic voltage
C
g
= Capacitance between
stator winding and
earth (stator iron)
Capacitance to earth on
generator line side
Third harmonic
circulating current
C
l
=
I
3
=
U
3
Grounding
resistor
I
3
b
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 11
1) Non-directional earth-fault current relay
A current selective earth-fault relay with primary operate current in most
cases as low as 1-2 A, can be obtained using a low-burden, overcurrent
relay type RXIG 28 and residually connected current transformers as
shown in Fig. 4.
In order to secure relay stability at external faults and phase short-circuits,
a neutral voltage check (3) and blocking from an instantaneous contact of
the generator overcurrent or impedance relay (2) are included. The time
delay is typically set to 0,3-0,5 s.
Fig. 4 Current earth-fault relay for generator connected directly to
the distribution bus
If an earthing resistor is placed in the neutral of the machine, a current
transformer (5) of the same type as the residually connected current trans-
formers and with the same current ratio must also be connected in the gen-
erator neutral as indicated in Fig. 4.
The minimum setting of the RXIG 28 relay is in some cases dictated by
the line-to-earth leakage capacitance of the generator and its associated
outgoing cables, surge capacitors, etc. In case of an external earth-fault,
this leakage capacitance gives rise to a small zero sequence current which
will actuate the RXIG 28 if its setting is too low.
~
G
I >
>
Trip
U >
(+)
3
1 CTs
5
Rg
Alternative 2
Rg
Alternative 1
Zo
2
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 12
One common earthing resistor connected to the bus (Alternative 1 in Fig.
4) is recommended if more than one machine is connected to the bus.
For further details on the RXIG 28 relay and protection assemblies, type
RAIG, see Buyers Guide.
2) Directional earth-fault curent relay
A directional current relay residually connected to current transformers
and polarised with neutral point voltage as shown in Fig. 4b will provide a
selective earth-fault protection for the generator. The relay is set to oper-
ate on the active ( resistive ) or the capacitive component of the earth-fault
current flowing from the bus into the generator in case of an earth-fault in
the machine.
Resistive earth-fault current to operate the relay must be obtained from
other objects connected to the bus, e.g. other generators with neutral
earthing resistor, a resistor connected to an earthing transformer (Alter-
native 1 in Fig. 4) or a resistor connected between the neutral point and
earth of a Dy-connected power transformer.
In case of an external earth-fault, the relay will not be activated by the the
capacitive current due to line-to-earth leakage capacitances on the genera-
tor side of the residual connected CTs, nor the the resistive current flow-
ing in a neutral point resistor ( Rg ) of the protected machine, if included.
Fig. 5 Directional earth-fault relay for generator directly connected
to distribution bus
~
G
I >
CTs
Trip
<
+
Rg
Zo
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 13
5.4 Directional earth-fault
current relay RAPDK
The microprocessor based voltage polarised earth-fault relay RXPDK22H
for isolated or high impedance earthed systems is available in two variants
with setting ranges 3,7 to 163 mA and 14,8 to 652 mA, with settable defi-
nite time delay 60 ms to 10 s. The relay can be set for measuring the resis-
tive or capacitive component of the earth-fault current and it has a settable
enable value, 5 - 30 V neutral point voltage. The relay has built-in neutral
point voltage protection for back-up.
Single-phase relay assemblies, type RAPDK,are made up based upon the
RXPDK 22 H units. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 14
6 Rotor earth-fault protection
The rotor circuit can be exposed to abnormal mechanical or thermal
stresses due to e.g. vibrations, excessive currents or choked cooling
medium flow. This may result in a breakdown of the insulation between
the field winding and the rotor iron at one point where the stress has been
too high. The field circuit is normally kept insulated from earth. A single
earth-fault in the field winding or its associated circuits, therefore, gives
rise to a negligible fault current and does not represent any immediate
danger. If, however, a second earth-fault should occur, heavy fault current
and severe mechanical unbalance may quickly arise and lead to serious
damage It is essential, therefore, that any occurrence of insulation failure
is discovered and that the machine is taken out of service as soon as poss-
ible. Normally, the machine is tripped after a short time delay.
6.1 Rotor earth-fault relay
with dc injection
The rotor earth-fault relay type RXNB 4 injects a dc voltage of 48 V to the
rotor field winding and measures the current through the insulation resis-
tance see Fig. 6. When a fault occurs, a certain contribution to the injec-
tion voltage is obtained depending on the field voltage and where in the
rotor winding the fault occurs.
The sensitivity of the relay, as a function of the voltage U
x
, is shown in
Fig. 7. A time delay of 11 s is included to prevent unwanted operation of
the relay, eg. due to capacitive earth currents at the voltage increase which
can arise on rapid regulation of the field voltage. A filter effectively
blocks ac currents from flowing in the measuring circuit. Hence, the relay
is not affected by harmonics in the field voltage.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Fig. 6 Rotor earth-fault relay RXNB 4
~
G
R
x
U
x
+
+
RXNB 4
Tripping relay
Alarm
+

Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 15
Fig. 7 Operate values for RXNB 4. Curve A is valid for the relay ver-
sion 300 V and curve B is valid for relay version up to 600 V
excitation voltage
6.2 Rotor earth-fault relay
with ac injection
For small generators with rotating dc exciters, a suitable rotor earth-fault
protection can be arranged with ac injection and a time-overcurrent relay
as shown in Fig. 8. With current setting 15 mA , the protection operates
for earth- faults with fault resistance up to about 3 k, independent of
fault location.
The capacitance between the field circuit and earth should not exceed
0,5F. The 4F coupling capacitor should have test voltage 5 kV dc
between terminals and between terminals and earth.
Fig. 8 Rotor earth-fault relay with ac injection
6.3 Time-overcurrent
relay RAIDG
The micro-processor based time-overcurrent relay RXIDG 2H has current
scale range 15 mA to 2,6 A and a logarithmic inverse time delay. At max-
imum earth-fault resistance, for which the relay operates, the time delay is
5,8 s. The minimum operate time can be set in the range 1 to 2 s.
Single-phase relay assemblies,type RAIDG, are made up based upon the
RXIDG 2H unit. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300V
2
Contribution U
x
from the excitation voltage
Reset
value
Operate
value
Operate
range
U
x
Curve A
Insulation resistance
k
300
250
200
150
100
50
5
0 200 400 600V
7
Contribution U
x
from the excitation voltage
Reset
value
Operate
value
Operate
range
Curve B
Insulation resistance
k
100 300 500
I >
Trip or
<
~
alarm
400
55V
110 or
220V~
4F
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Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
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7 Phase short-circuit protection
In case of short-circuits between phases in the stator winding or between
the generator terminals, the machine must quickly be disconnected from
the network and brought to a complete shutdown in order to limit the
damage. Phase short-circuits on the generator bus, in the unit transfommer
or in the high voltage winding of the unit transformer, must also be
quickly disconnected from the network. The generator must be brought to
a complete shutdown in case of a transformer fault if there is no cir-
cuit-breaker between the machine and the transformer.
Although statistics show that phase short-circuits is one of the rare types
of fault in generators and generator-transformer units, it is considered
necessary to have fast-acting phase short-circuit protection for all units
with rating higher than 5-10 MVA. With known technique, this can only
be obtained by means of differential relays. Back-up protection, in the
form of an impedance relay or an undervoltage relay with overcurrent
start, should be provided. For the smallest units no differential relay is
provided, and the impedance or voltage/current relay becomes the main
protection. Overcurrent relays can be used if the sustained fault current is
sufficiently high to secure operation.
7.1 Generator differential
relays
For modern generators, the time constant of the dc component in the
short-circuit current is large, typically more than 200 ms. The risk of satu-
ration of the current transformers in case of external short-circuits is obvi-
ous. It is, therefore, important that the generator differential relay remains
stable even when the current transformers are heavily saturated.
For small and moderate size generators, ABB uses the high impedance
stabilized type of differential relay. For machines with rating above 250 -
300 MVA, the percentage stabilized, moderate impedance type is used.
Both types are fast-operating, highly sensitive relays which, in case of
external short-circuits, are completely stable even in case of fully satu-
rated current transformers.
The principle of the RADHA high-impedance differential relay is shown
in Fig. 9. The current transformers on the generator neutral and the line
side shall have identical turns ratio and similar magnetizing charac-
teristics. Hence, under normal service conditions and external faults with
unsaturated current transformers, the voltage U
re
across the relay measur-
ing circuit is negligible.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 17
Fig. 9 The high impedance measuring principle
In case of an external short-circuit, one of the current transformers may
saturate more than the other. The worst case will be if one is completely
saturated and the other is completely unsaturated. The maximum voltage
across the relay will be:
U
max
= I
s
" ( R
CT
+ R
L
) where
I
s
" = secondary subtransient short-circuit current, symmetrical (ac) com-
ponent
R
L
= resistance of pilot wire between current transformer (CT ) and relay
R
CT
= resistance of the secondary winding of the saturated current trans-
former
The relay operate voltage is set higher than U
max
The minimum operate current depends mainly on the voltage setting of
the relay, the magnetizing characteristics and the current ratio of the CTs.
For internal faults, with fault current equal to or above the minimum oper-
ate value of the relay, the voltage across the relay goes up to the full satra-
tion voltage of the CTs and the relay operates in 10 -15 ms.
A voltage dependent resistor across the differential relay limits the voltage
to a safe level.
The primary operate current is normally between 1-5 % of rated generator
current. The relay requires dedicated CT cores.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
G
e
1
e
2
e
1
e
2
Normal
conditions
G
R
CT
R
CT
R
L
R
L
I
S
I
S
L
1
L
2
I
1
I
2
External
fault
U
max
Normal service and external fault
without CT saturation
A. External fault with line side
CT fully saturated
B.
U
re
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Page 18
The principle diagram of the measuring circuits of RADSG percentage
differential relay is shown in Fig. 10. Relays d
R
and S
R
operate in less
than 1 ms in case of severe internal faults. The impulse storing circuit
across the coil of the 4 ms output relay (1) secures operation if the d
R
and
S
R
relay contacts are closed for more than 0,3 ms, and the output relay
becomes selfholding when it operates. The function of the RADSG relay
is, therefore, not affected by current transformer saturation in case of
internal faults.
Fig. 10 The RADSG generator differential relay. Principle diagram
The minimum operate current can be set as low as 3 % of rated generator
current.
If the current transformer saturates during an external fault, a certain cur-
rent I
d
will flow in the differential circuit. The d
R
relay remains stable as
long as the ratio I
d
/l
T3
is below the set stability limit (normally 20 %). The
ratio I
d
/l
T3
is determined by the ratio of the resistance in the differential
circuit to the resistance in the circuit with the saturated current trans-
former. Hence, the conditions for complete stability in case of external
faults are easily determined
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
The RADSC relay is used when the low impedance, percentage restrained
type is requested as generator differential relay. The lowest setting of
RADSC is 15 % of rated current and the operate time is approx. 20 ms at
R
d3
R
S
Tripping
1) 1)
I
T3
I
d
T
Md
S
r
d
R
1
(+) ()
(+)
R
S
T
1) To measuring circuits for phase S and T
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 19
2 times set restraint operate value. An unrestrained function, settable 5, 10
or 15 times rated current gives fast tripping for severe generator faults
with large fault currents.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
7.2 Generator and unit
transformer
differential relay
The transformer differential relay RADSB is used for generator-trans-
former units. It is a static relay with threefold restraint:
1. Through-fault restraint for external faults
2. Magnetizing inrush restraint
3. Over-excitation restraint to counteract operation at abnormal magnetiz-
ing currents caused by high voltage
The magnetizing inrush restraint is required to keep the relay stable when
a nearby fault on an adjacent feeder is cleared.
During the time of the fault, the terminal voltage of the main transformer
is practically zero and at the instant of fault clearance, i.e. when the cir-
cuit-breaker of the faulty feeder opens, the transformer terminal voltage
quickly rises. This may cause severe magnetizing inrush currents.
For generator-transformer units with separate generator breaker, the
inrush restraint is also required when the unit transformer is energized
from the H.V. bus.
The over-excitation restraint is important for generator-transformer differ-
ential relays. Without this restraint, there is an obvious risk that the differ-
ential relay may trip the generator due to overvoltage if a substantial part
of the load is disconnected when clearing a fault. The voltage then rises
immediately and remains high until the automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) of the machine has brought it back to the normal value.
For normally designed transformers with grain-oriented core, the RADSB
relay remains stable up to about 140% of rated voltage.
In addition to the restrained function, the relay has also a high set, unre-
strained differential current measuring circuitry. The unrestrained opera-
tion must be set higher than the maximum inrush current of the trans-
former. It gives fast tripping (10 - 20 ms) for severe faults with large fault
current.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 20
7.3 Phase short-circuit
back-up relays
As a back-up short-circuit protection, a three-phase overcurrent relay with
definite or inverse time-delay can be used if the generator short-circuit
current without any doubt gives operation of the relay. This is normally
the case for generators with excitation system not supplied from the gen-
erator bus and with the AVR in service.
In the case of a static excitation system, which receives its power from the
generator terminals, the magnitude of a sustained phase short-circuit cur-
rent depends on the generator terminal voltage. In case of a nearby inter-
phase fault, the generator terminal voltage drops and the fault current may
fall below the setting of the overcurrent relay within a few seconds as
shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11 Exemple on dependence of short-circuit current for generator
with excitation system fed from generator bus in case of short-
circuit close to the generator terminals
The short-circuit current may drop below rated current after 0.5 - 1 s also
for generators with excitation system not fed from the generator terminals
if the fault occurs when the automatic voltage regulator is out of service.
For this reason, an impedance measuring relay is generally recommended
for back-up short-circuit protection.
The impedance relay is normally connected to current transtormers on the
generator neutral side to provide back-up also when the generator is dis-
connected from the system. At reduced voltages, the current required for
operation will be reduced. At zero voltage, operation is obtained with a
current of less than 20 % of rated relay current.
10
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
1 2 3
I
SC
/lm
2
3
time (s)
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 21
7.4 Impedance relay RAZK The micro-processor based impedance relay RXZK 22H has two imped-
ance measuring stages and definite time delay. The impedance measuring
characteristic is polygonal with independent setting of the reach in the X
and R directions, see Fig. 12.
Impedance stage Z1 is set to reach only into the unit transformer and will
provide a fast back-up protection for phase short-circuits on the generator
terminals, the generator bus and the low voltage winding of the unit trans-
former. It should be observed that with this low setting, the relay protects
only the part of the stator winding which is close to the terminals. The
relay should measures phase currents and voltage between phases to
measure correctly the short-circuit impedance in case of two-phase faults.
Impedance stage Z2 is normally set to operate at 70 % of rated generator
load impedance, corresponding to an operate current of 1/0.7=1.4 times
rated current at rated voltage. The selectivity against other relays in the
network has to be secured by a proper time delay setting.
Three-phase relay assemblies RAZK are made up based upon the
RXZK22H units. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
a) Connection of relay b) Operate characteristic, = 90
Fig. 12 Impedance relay
G
Z<
X
R
= 90
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
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8 Phase interturn short-circuit protection
Modern medium size and large size turbo-generators have the stator wind-
ing designed with only one turn per phase per slot. For these machines,
interturn faults can only occur in case of double earth-faults or as a result
of severe mechanical damage on the stator end winding. The latter is con-
sidered rather unlikely to occur.
Even hydro-generators above a certain size normally have their stator
winding designed with one turn per phase per slot.
In ABB generators, multiturn windings are used in some cases for
machines up to about 50 MVA.
It is generally considered difficult to obtain a reliable protection against
short-circuiting of one turn if the stator winding has a large number of
turns per phase.
For generators with split neutrals, the conventional inter-turn fault protec-
tive scheme comprises a time delayed low-set overcurrent relay which
senses the current flowing in the connection between the neutrals of the
stator winding, see Fig. 13. The fault current can be extensively large in
case of interturn faults, hence, the time delay must be short, 0,2 to 0,4 s,
and the overcurrent relay must be set higher than the maximum unbal-
anced current flowing between the neutrals in case of an external short-
circuit. The maximum unbalanced current in case of external faults and
the minimum unbalanced current for single-turn short-circuits have to be
obtained from the manufacturer of the machine.
Fig. 13 Connection of interturn short-circuit protection
Due to the difficulties in obtaining a reliable and secure interturn protec-
tion, it is in most cases omitted. It is assumed that the interturn fault, first
of all, will lead to a single phase earth-fault at the faulty spot, and the
machine will then be tripped by the earth-fault relay within 0,3 - 0,4 s.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 23
8.1 Interturn short-circuit
current relay RAIDK
The micro-processor based time-overcurrent relay RXIDK 2H is used for
the interturn protection acc. to Fig. 13. For this application, the relay is
provided with an optional filter which gives a damping factor of more
than 40 for third harmonic currents. Current stage 1 of the relay is pro-
grammable for five different inverse time characteristics and definite time
delay. Normally, a definite time delay of 0,3-0,5 s is used.
Relay assemblies, type RAIDK, are made up based upon the RXIDK 2H
units. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 24
9 Thermal overload protection
Overloads up to 1.4 times the rated current are not normally detected by
the impedance or overcurrent protection. Sustained overloads within this
range are usually supervised by temperature monitors (resistance ele-
ments) embedded at various points in the stator slots. The temperature
monitoring system enables measurements measuring points.
As an additional check of the stator winding temperature, an accurate
thermal overload reay may be used. With modern relays, it is possible to
obtain relay time-constants down to some few minutes, which is required
for adequate thermal protection of directly cooled machines.
The temperature rise of the stator winding is, in addition to the magnitude
of the current, also influenced by the coolant flow, the coolant tempera-
ture, etc. The current overload relay can, therefore, not be expected to
give an exact measurement of the winding temperature under all condi-
tions.
9.1 Thermal overload relay
RAVK
The micro-processor based thermal overload relay RXVK 2H has a ther-
mal time constant ( settable in the range 2-62 minutes in steps of 2 min-
utes and a current stage with dependent time delay, settable 0,03 - 5 s. The
relay has output contact for alarm when the measured thermal content is
95 % of operate value.
Single and multiphase protection assemblies, type RAVK, are built up
based upon the RXVK 2H units. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 25
10 Negative phase-sequence current protection
When the generator is connected to a balanced load, the phase currents are
equal in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120. The ampere-turns
wave produced by the stator currents rotate synchronously with the rotor
and no eddy currents are induced in the rotor parts.
Unbalanced loading gives rise to a negative sequence component in the
stator current. The negative-sequence current produces an additional
ampere-turn wave which rotates backwards, hence it moves relatively to
the rotor at twice the synchronous speed. The double frequency eddy cur-
rents induced in the rotor may cause excessive heating, primarily in the
surface of cylindrical rotors and in the damper winding of rotors with sali-
ent poles.
The approximate heating effect on the rotor of a synchronous machine for
various unbalanced fault or severe load unbalance conditions is deter-
mined by the product I
2
2
t = K, where I
2
is the negative sequence current
expressed in per unit (p.u.) stator current, t the duration in seconds and K a
constant depending on the heating characteristic of the machine, i.e., the
type of machine and the method of cooling adopted.
The capability of the machine to withstand continously unbalanced cur-
rents is expressed as negative sequence current in percent of rated stator
current.
Typical values for generators are given in Table 1 .
') The lower values are typical for large machines (P >800 MVA)
Single-phase and, especially, two-phase short circuits give rise to large
negative sequence currents. The faults are, however, cleared by other
relays in a time much shorter than the operate time of the negative
sequence relay. E.g. a two-phase shortcircuit with fault current equal to
3.46 times rated generator current implies a negative sequence current
component equal to twice the rated current (2 p.u). Hence, a nega-
tive-sequence relay with the setting I
2
2
t = 10 s would trip with a time
delay of 10 / 2
2
= 2,5 s.
Table 1:
Type of generator Max.
permitted
K = I
2
2
t
(seconds)
Max.
permitted
continuous I

2
(percent)
Cylindrical rotor:
indirectly cooled 30 10
directly cooled 5-10
1)
8
1)
Salient pole:
with damper winding 40 10
without damper winding 40 5
ABB Network Partner AB
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Examples on load dissymmetries which give rise to negative-sequence
currents in the generator are:
Unbalanced single-phase loads, such as railroads and induction fur-
naces
Transmission line dissymmetries due to non-transposed phase wires
or open conductor (circuit-breaker pole failure)
An open conductor may give rise to a considerable negative-sequence
current, as a maximum of more than 50 % of rated machine current. The
combination of two or more of the above mentioned dissymmetries can
give rise to harmful negative phase sequence currents, even if each of
them gives rise to a relatively small unbalance. It is, therefore, considered
as good engineering practice to provide negative-sequence current protec-
tion for all, but the small size generators.
10.1Negative-sequence
current relay RARIB
with thermal memory
The diagram in Fig. 14 indicates the measuring functions in RARIB and
the setting ranges.
The power consumption in the current sequence filter (2) is only 0.1 VA/
phase. The input current to the relay measuring circuit is adapted to the
rated generator secondary current by the aid of the potentiometer (3).
The measuring unit for I
2
t has the setting range 1-63 s in steps of 1 s. The
unit is provided with a thermal memory and the cooling down time of the
relay is settable in 7 steps in the range (2,65 - 170) x k. The blocking relay
resets when the heat content in the memory is 50 % of the tripping level.
The memory function secures adequate protection, even in case of
repeated periods of unbalanced loading which eventually results in exces-
sive heating of the machine, if it is not tripped.
For further details, see Buyers Guide
.
Fig. 14 Negative phase-sequence relay RARIB
<
0.1s alt.
6s
6
8
9
10
11
t
I
0-50%
Instrument
Alarm
Start
Blocking
Tripping
1
2 3
4
5
I
R
I
S
I
T
RXTBIC 4
RXTUG 2H
RXKEB2H
RXIEK 2H
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 27
11Loss-of-excitation protection
A complete loss-of-excitation may occur as a result of:
unintentional opening of the field breaker
an open circuit or a short circuit of the main field
a fault in the automatic voltage regulator (AVR), with the result that
the field current is reduced to zero
When a generator with sufficient active load looses the field current, it
goes out of synchronism and starts to run asynchronously at a speed
higher than the system, absorbing reactive power (var) for its excitation
from the system.
The maximum active power that can be generated without loss of syn-
chronism when the generator looses its excitation depends on the differ-
ence between the direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances.
For generators with salient poles, the difference is normally sufficiently
large to keep the machine running synchronously, even with an active
load of 15-25 % of rated load.
For turbo-generators with cylindrical rotor, the direct and quadrature axis
reactances are practically equal, and the machine falls out of synchronism
even with a very small active load. The slip speed increases with the
active load.
The stator end regions and parts of the rotor will be overheated, if the
machine is permitted to run for a long time at high slip speeds. The maxi-
mum permitted hot spot temperature is, for most turbo qenerators,
obtained by running the machine continously unexcited with an active
load of 20 - 35 %.
The generator terminal voltage varies periodically due to the large varia-
tion in the reactive current taken from the network. The low voltage inter-
vals could make the generator auxiliary induction motors stall, which
would lead to a complete shutdown of a thermal power station.
Reduced excitation, causing excessive heating at the end region of the sta-
tor core, may be obtained during normal system condition, when there is a
continous tendency towards an increasing system voltage (dropping of
reactive loads). In that case, the normal automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) action will reduce the field excitation.
The normal working characteristic of a typical turbogenerator is shown in
Fig 15. The curve A-B-C-D represents the capability limit, beyond which
the machine is not normally allowed to work. The apparent power vector
S represents rated power at rated power factor (PF = 0,8).
If the system voltage should start to increase steadily, the field excitation
would be reduced correspondingly by the normal operation of the AVR.
The point of vector S then moves along the vertical line BH. Continous
operation below the line DC causes severe local heating of the stator end
structure owing to an end leakage flux, which enters and leaves the stator
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 28
core perpendicular to the lamnations. In exceptional cases, this may cause
blue-ing of iron parts of the end structure, or charring of the armature
winding insulation.
Fig. 15 Typical capability curves for round rotor turbo-generator
The minimum excitation required to ensure synchronism is termed theo-
retcal stability limit. A safety margin is normally added to get a practical
stability limit.
When an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) with fast response and no
dead band is in service, the safe limit may approach the theoretical value.
For medium size and large size generators the automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) normally has a control function, which prevents it from lowering
the excitation current beyond the safe limit (negative var limiter).
11.1Loss-of-excitation
relay RAGPK
The function of the RAGPK loss-of-excitation relay is explained with ref-
erence to Fig. 16.
The relay RXPDK comprises a directional current stage (I), with charac-
teristic angle settable -120 to +120 and a nondirectional current stage
(I>).
0.8
0.6
-0.3
-0.5
0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 1
37
o
R
a
t
e
d

M
V
A

p
.
f
.

0
.
8

l
a
g
18
o
E
D
p.u.
-MVAr
H
C
F
p.u. MW
B
A
p.u.
+MVAr
F
X
e
=0
X
e
=0.2
R
a
te
d
M
V
A
p
.f
. 0
.9
5
le
a
d
AB: Field current limit
BC: Stator current limit
CD: End region heating limit of stator,
due to leakage flux
EF: Steady-state limit without AVR
Xe: External impedance to infinite system
S
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 29
The dircetional current operate characteristic of RXPDK is normally set
to coincide as close as possible with the thermal capability curve for the
underexcited generator. For generators with negative var limiter, RXPDK
is set to give back-up for the limiter. The current operate characteristic
can, alternatively, be set to coincide as close as possible to the stability
limiting curve for the generator, when run with constant field current (the
AVR out of service).
The dircetional current stage is programmable for five inverse time char-
acteristics or definite time. A typical setting is 2 s definite time.
A potential-free contact on RXPDK is used to provide a signal when the
generator is run outside its thermal capability (or stability) range.
The RAGPK loss-of-excitation relay also comprises an undervoltage relay
RXEDK 2H. Tripping is obtained when the directional current stage oper-
ates simultaneously with the undervoltage or the overcurrent function (or
both). The undervoltage relay is normally set to 90 % of rated generator
terminal voltage and the overcurrent stage I> is normally set to 110-115 %
of rated generator load current.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Fig. 16 The RAGPK relay
0.8
0.6
-0.2
-0.4
0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 1
D H
C
p.u. MW
B
A
p.u.
+MVAr
1.4 1.2
-0.6
-0.8
-0.4
-0.2
0
Operating area for RXPDK
P
Q
U<
I>
Tripping
Loss-of-
exitation
Alarm
Under-
exitation
RXPDK relay setting for
a typical turbo-generator
Basic tripping circuit of RAGPK
I
I

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11.2Comparison between
RXPDK and the
offset-mho relay
An alternative method for detection of loss of excitation is the use of an
impedance relay with offset mho characteristic. The relay characteristic is
centered on the negative reactance axis, and is usually offset by 50 % of
the transient reactance X. The diameter of the circle is normally set equal
to or slightly greater than the generator svnchronous reactance X
d
.
A large number of calculations with the MOSTA computer program for
simulation of power system transients has shown that the RXPDK relay,
in case of loss-of-field, operates before the generator terminal voltage
drops below 80 % of rated value. In Fig. 17, the operate characteristic of a
RXPDK relay with setting I = 43 % of rated current, at voltages 100 %
and 80 % of rated generator terminal voltage, is shown in the impedance
plane together with the operate characteristic of an offset mho relay.
Fig. 17 Operate characteristics of loss-of-excitation relays
The generator transient reactance X = 33%, the synchronous reactance
X
d
= 130% and the offset mho relay is set in accordance with the rules
stated above.
The figure shows that the RXPDK relay operates with a larger dependa-
bility than the offset-mho relay in case of loss of-excitation.
2
1
Xd
Xd/2
X
R (p.u)
Offset-mho
relay
RXPDK
U = 80%
U = 100%
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 31
12 Over-excitation protection
The excitation flux in the core of the generator and connected power
transformers is directly proportional to the ratio of voltage to frequency
( V/Hz ) on the terminals of the equipment. The losses due to eddy cur-
rents and hysteresis and hence, the temperature rise, increase in propor-
tion to the level of excitation.
The core laminations can withstand relativey high overfluxing without
becoming excessively heated, but unlaminated metallic parts can experi-
ence severe heating in a short time.
An example on the V/Hz capability curve for a generator and the unit
transformer is shown in Fig. 18. The combination of a definite time-delay
stage and a suitable inverse time will match the combined characteristic
quite well.
Most international standards for power transformers specify a limit of
maximum 5 % continous overexcitation (overfluxing) at rated load cur-
rent and maximum 10 % overfluxing at no load.
As long as the generator-transformer unit is connected to the network, the
risk of over-excitation is relatively small. However, when the generator-
transformer unit is disconnected from the network, there is an obvious risk
for over-excitation, mainly during generator start up and shut down. From
cases reported in existing literature it can be concluced that overfluxing
occurs relatively often compared to the number of other electrical inci-
dents.
The risk of overexcitation is, obviously, largest during periods when the
frequency is below rated value. Hence, overvoltage relays cannot be used
to protect the generator-transformer unit against overfluxing. The proper
way of doing this is to use a relay which measures the ratio between volt-
age and current (V/Hz relay).
ABB Network Partner AB
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Fig. 18 V/Hz characteristics for generator-transformer unit
12.1Over-excitation relay
RALK
The micro-processor based over-excitation relay RXLK 2H has two V/Hz
measuring stages with time delay and wide setting range: 0,2-9,6 V/Hz.
Stage 1 is programmable for five different inverse time characteristics and
definite time delay, settable 1-200 min. Stage 2 is definite time delayed.
The relay provides a precise measurement of the relationship between
voltage and frequency within the frequency range 5 -100 Hz.
Relay assemblies,type RALK, are made up based upon the RXLK 2H
unit. For further details, see Buyers Guide
90
0.01
100
110
120
130
V
/
H
z
(
%
)
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time (Minutes)
Generator V/Hz Capability
Transformer V/Hz Capability
Relay Characteristic
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 33
13 Over-voltage protection
During the starting up of a generator, prior to synchronisation, the correct
terminal voltage is obtained by the proper operation of the automatic volt-
age regulator (AVR). After synchronisation, the terminal voltage of the
machine will be dictated by its own AVR and also by the voltage level of
the system and the AVRs of nearby machines.
Generally, the rating of one machine is small in comparison with an inter-
connected system. It is, therefore, not possible for one machine to cause
any appreciable rise in the terminal voltage as long as it is connected to
the system. Increasing the field excitation, for example owing to a fault in
the AVR, merely increases the reactive Mvar output, which may, ulti-
mately, lead to tripping of the machine by the impedance relay or the
V/Hz relay. In some cases, e.g. with peak-load generators and synchro-
nous condensers, which are often called upon to work at their maximum
capability, a maximum excitation limiter is often installed. This prevents
the rotor field current and the reactive output power from exceeding the
design limits.
If the generator circuit-breaker is tripped while the machine is running at
full load and rated power factor, the subsequent increase in terminal volt-
age will normally be limited by a quick acting AVR. However, if the AVR
is faulty, or, at this particular time, switched for manual control of a volt-
age level, severe overvoltages will occur. This voltage rise will be further
increased if simultaneous overspeeding should occur, owing to a slow act-
ing turbine governor. In case of a hydro electric generator, a voltage rise
of 50 - 100 % is possible during the most unfavourable conditions.
Modern unit transformers with high magnetic qualities have a relatively
sharp and well defined saturation level, with a knee-point voltage between
1.2 and 1.25 times the rated voltage U
n
. A suitable setting of the overvolt-
age relay is, therefore, between 1.15 and 1,2 times U
n
and with a definite
delay of 1-3 s.
An instantaneous high set voltage relay can be included to trip the genera-
tor quickly in case of excessive over-voltages following a sudden loss of
load and generator over-speeding.
For high impedance earthed generators, the over-voltage relay is con-
nected to the voltage between phases to prevent faulty operation in case of
earth-faults in the stator circuits .
13.1Over-voltage relay
RAEDK
The micro-processor based time over/undervoltage relay RXEDK 2H has
two voltage stages with definite time delay.
Single-phase and three-phase protection assemblies type RAEDK are
built up based upon the RXEDK 2H unit. For further details, see Byuers
Guide.
ABB Network Partner AB
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14Shaft current protection
An induced emf is developed in the shaft of the generators due to the mag-
netic dissimilarities in the armature field. The emf normally contains a
large amount of harmonics. Both the wave shape and the magnitude
depend on the type and size of the machine and thev also vary with the
loading.
Normally, the induced emf is within the range 0.5 - 1 V for turbo-genera-
tors and 10 - 30 V for hydrogenerators.
If the bearing pedestals at each side of the generator are earthed the
induced emf will be impressed across the thin oil-films of the bearings. A
breakdown of the oil-film insulation in the two bearings can give rise to
heavy bearing currents due to the very small resistance of the shaft and the
external circuit.
Consequently, the bearing pedestal furthest from the prime mover is usu-
ally insulated from earth and the insulation supervised by a suitable relay.
To prevent the rotor and the shaft from being electrostatically charged, the
shaft of turbo-generators are usually grounded via a slip-ring on the prime
mover side.
For hydro-generators, the water in the turbine provides the necessary con-
nection to earth.
Severe damage on the bearings is not expected to occur if the shaft current
is less than 1 A.
14.1Shaft-current relay
RARIC
The principle diagram of the shaft current relay RARIC is shown in Fig
19. The special shaft-current transformer, type ILDD, encompasses the
shaft, which constitutes the primary winding. The secondary winding is
connected to a current relay RXIK 1 with extremely low power consump-
tion and the scale range of 0.5 - 2 mA. The timer RXKE 1 has tre scale
range from 20 ms to 99 s. The minimum primary operate current increases
with the diameter of the shaft, from 0.25 A for a diameter of 0.2 meters to
0.75 A for a diameter of 2.8 meters. An extra secondary winding is pro-
vided for convenient testing.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 35
Fig. 19 Shaft-current relay RARIC
107:31
107:41
RARIC
17A
16A
113:25
107:16
101
7429 010-AD
2
A
3
1
9
:
2
6
1
A
1
8
A
1
0
1
+ + +
Tripping etc.
Alarm etc.
+
4A
3A
3B
101
4B A
B
S1
S2
I >
1
2
A
1
1
A
1
0
A
9
A
1
0
1
Testing
0
V
1
0
0
V
1
1
0
V
2
2
0
V
ABB Network Partner AB
Generator Protection 1MRK 502 003-AEN
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15Under-frequency protection
The under-frequency relay is basically a protection for various appara-
tuses in a network which, in case of a disturbance, may be separated from
the rest of the system and supplied from one generator.
Operation at low frequency must be limited, also, in order to avoid dam-
age on generators and turbines. An example on turbine frequency limits is
shown in Fig 20.
Fig. 20 Example on off-frequency limits for a steam turbine (f = 60 Hz)
In practice, prolonged generator operation at low frequency can only
occur when a machine with its local load is separated from the rest of the
network.
The necessity of under-frequency protection has to be evaluated from
knowledge of the network and the characteristics of the turbine requlator.
15.1Over-frequency
protection
Steam turbines are also sensitive to overspeed. For large steam turbine
generators, over-frequency protection with one or two frequency stages
should be included. The protection will provide a back-up function for the
speed monitoring device.
15.2Time over/under
frequency relay RAFK
The micro-processor based over/underfrequency relay RXFK 2H has two
frequency measuring stages with wide frequency setting range and defi-
nite time delay settable up to 20 s. The two measuring stages are switcha-
ble for over- or underfrequency independently of each other. For one
version of RXFK 2H one of the stages also comprises measurement of
rate-of-change of frequency ( df/dt ).
Protection assemblies, type RAFK, with one or several RXFK 2H units to
get the required number of frequency stages, are available.
For further details, see Buyers Guide
56
58
60
62
64
1s 6s 60s 10min 100min Time
Continous
operation
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
Page 37
16Reverse power protection
The purpose of the reverse power relay is basically to prevent damage on
the prime mover (turbine or motor).
If the driving torque becomes less than the total losses in the generator
and the prime mover, the generator starts to work as a synchronous com-
pen- sator, taking the necessary active power from the network. In case of
steam turbines, a reduction of the steam flow reduces the cooling effect on
the turbine blades and overheating may occur. Hydro turbines of the Kap-
lan and bulb type may also be damaged due to the fact that the turbine
blades "surf" on the water and set up an axial pressure on the bearing. Die-
sel engines may be damaged due to insufficient lubrication.
The total losses, as a percentage of rated power of a prime mover/genera-
tor unit running at rated speed, are approximately:
Steam turbine 1 - 3 %
Diesel engine 25 %
Hydraulic turbine 3 %
Gas turbine 5 %
These values apply to the case when the power input to the prime mover is
completely cut off. Thus, in the case when the total losses of a unit are
covered partly by the prime mover and partly by electrical power from the
system, the actual power drawn by a generator, during certain motoring
conditions, may be much less than the above percentage values.
The generator currents remain balanced when the machine is working as a
motor, hence, a single pole relay is fully sufficient if the sensitivity is
high. For large turbo units, an additional relay may be connected to a dif-
ferent phase in order to obtain redundancy.
When the generator is working as a motor the small active current to the
machine may be combined with a substantial reactive current delivered by
the machine. Hence, the angular error of voltage and current transformers
feeding low set reverse power relays should be small.
For the largest turbo-generators, where the reverse power may be substan-
tially less than 1 %, reverse power protection is obtained by a minimum
power relay, which normally is set to trip the machine when the active
power output is less than 1 % of rated value.
16.1Reverse power relay
RXPE 40
The reverse power relay shown in Fig. 21 contains one static directional
current unit RXPE 40 and one static timer RXKT 2 with scale range from
6 to 60 s. The directional unit measures the product I x cos , where is
the angle between the polarizing voltage and the current to the relay. The
lowest scale range used is 5 - 20 mA for generators with rated secondary
current 1 A and 30 - 120 mA for generators with rated secondary current 5
A.
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The power consumption of the current measuring circuit is 0.08 mVA at
lowest setting, corresponding to 3.2 VA at rated current for the 1 A relay
and 2.2 VA at rated current for the 5 A relay. Due to the small angular
error in the measuring circuits, max +0.4 at lowest setting and rated volt-
age, and the low power consumption in the current measuring circuit, the
relay can be set to operate down to 0.5 % of rated generator power.
The RXPE 40 unit is normally connected to phase current and phase volt-
age. For generators with V-connected voltage transformers, the current
and voltage circuits are connected in accordance with Fig. 22.
When connected to phase current and phase voltage, the relay cannot
operate when there is a direct earth-fault on the generator bus in the phase
selected for measurement. To secure operation in this case, either two sets
of relays connected to different phases, or polarising voltage connected
according to Fig. 22 can be used.
The reverse power relay is also available with a separate timer to get a
short operate time when the auxiliary contact indicates that the prime
mover inlet valve is closed. For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Fig. 21 Reverse power relay with one time step
G
(R)
(S)
(T)
L1
L2
L3
3A
4A
3B
4B
9B
10B
13B
14B
13A
14A
9A
10A
101
I
I
U
U
131
141
111
221
>
I >
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
8
B

1
B

+
16A
17A 116 117
118
226 227
228
117 118
116
121 211
Tripping
relay 16B
17B
101
119
228 227
1
8
A
1
A
2
B
2
A
1
0
1
+ +
UL
107
Generator Protection
ABB Network Partner AB 1MRK 502 003-AEN
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Fig. 22 Reverse power relay for generator with V-connected VTs
17Protection against inadvertent energization (dead machine protection)
Despite the existence of interlockng schemes, a number of generators
have been inadvertently energized while at standstill or on turning gear. In
some cases, severe damage has been caused to the machine and even dam-
age beyond repair has been reported.
Three-phase energization of a generator which is at standstill or on turning
gear causes it to behave and accelerate similarly to an induction motor.
The machine, at this point, essentially represents the subtransient reac-
tance to the system and it can be expected to draw from one to four per
unit current, depending on the equivalent system impedance. Machine ter-
minal voltage can range from 20 % to 70 % of rated voltage, again,
depending on the system equivalent impedance. Higher quantities of
machine current and voltage (3 to 4 per unit current and 50 % to 70 %
rated voltage) can be expected if the generator is connected to a strong
system. Lower current and voltage values (1 to 2 per unit current and 20
% to 40 % rated voltage) are representative of weaker svstems.
Since a generator behaves similarly to an induction motor, high currents
will develop in the rotor during the period it is accelerating. Although the
rotor may be thermally damaged from excessive high currents, the time to
damage will be on the order of a few seconds. Of more critical concern,
however, is the bearing, which can be damaged in a fraction of a second
due to low oil pressure. Therefore, it is essential that high speed clearing
be provided.
The conventional generator protective relays do not secure fast tripping in
case of inadvertent energization. For the offset mho type of loss-of-excita-
tion relay, operation is marginal when setting and relay tolerances are con-
sidered, and the operate time would, in any case, be in the order of
hundreds of milliseconds. The back-up impedance relay and the reverse
power relay would operate with a typical time delay of 1-2 or 10-20 s
respectively.
G
(R)
(S)
(T)
L1
L2
L3
3A
4A
3B
4B
9B
10B
9A
10A
101
U
I
I
U
U
U
R
,I
R
U
T
U
S
U
1
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For big and important machines, fast protection against inadvertent ener-
gization should, therefore, be included in the protective scheme.
17.1Dead machine
protective relay
RAGUA
The three-phase, static, high speed relay type RAGUA is shown in Fig.
23. The three overcurrent units RXIB 2 with operate time about 4 ms initi-
ate instantaneous tripping, if the generator terminal voltage is below set
operate value of the two undervoltage units RXEG 2. The timer, pos 143,
prevents blocking of the instantaneous function by the transient voltage
pulse, which will appear on the machine terminals when the breaker is
inadvertently closed. The timer, pos. 343, is activated when the generator
is in service and the set time delay prevents faulty operation of the relay
on nearby faults. The RXSF 1 relay, pos. 331, operates if the voltage to
one of the undervoltage units, RXEG 2, is lost.
For further details, see Buyers Guide.
Fig. 23 Dead machine protective relay RAGUA. Simplified diagram
G
+
EL
U
>
<
U
>
<
I >
I >
I >
+

R R
I
R
I
S
I
T
Trip
Fuse fail
331
143
343
Generator Protection
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18Special relays for pumped-storage generator/motors
For the high power reversible generator-motors, the so-called synchro-
nous starting method is normally used when starting up the machine for
pumping service. The machine is started up with the aid of a generator or
a static convertor. In both cases, a reduced voltage is applied to the
machine at low frequency and it typically takes 1-2 minutes to bring the
machine up to rated speed. The saturation voltage of current transformers
and, hence, the overcurrent figure (ALF), decreases with the frequency.
Static relay with input transformers have a limited low frequency
response. It is ABBs practice to include special stator ground-fault and
short-circuit protective relays to cover electrical faults during the start-
ing-up period.
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18.1Sensitive generator
differential relay
The operate characteristic of the three-phase sensitive generator differen-
tial relay is shown in Fig. 24. The relay is connected in parallel with the
RADHA or RADSG differential relay. With the extremely low setting, the
relay is not stable in case of external faults and saturated current trans-
formers and it is, therefore, blocked, when the machine comes up to 80 -
90 % of rated speed ( and frequency ). At this frequency, the RADHA and
the RADSG generator differential relays are fully operative.
The voltage measuring elements comprise current relays type RXIK 1
with a special RC-filter on the input terminals.
Fig. 24 Operate characteristic of the sensitive differential relay
18.2Low-frequency
overcurrent relay
The operate characteristic of a three-phase overcurrent relay with current
elements type RXIK 1 is shown in Fig. 25. Different frequency/current
characteristics are available.
Fig. 25 Operate characteristic of low-frequency current relay
30
20
10
U
(V)
10 20 30 40 50 60 f(Hz)
Highest setting
Lowest setting
3
2
1
I
(A)
10 20 30 40 50 60 f(Hz)
Highest setting
Lowest setting
4
Generator Protection
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18.3Sensitive stator
earth-fault relay
A single-phase, overvoltage relay with operate characteristic acc. to Fig.
24 is used to provide stator earth-fault protection during start-up. The
built-in timer type RXKL 1 has setting range from 20 ms to 99 h.
The relay is connected in parallel with the 95 % stator earth-fault relay.
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19Protective schemes for generators
The number and types of relays to be included in a generator protective
scheme depends on the size and the importance of the machine and also
the system layout. Hence, tables 1 and 2 below should only be regarded as
general recommendations.
1 only necessary for steam and diesel drives
2 only necessary for thyristor excitation from generator terminals
3 only necessary for pump operation
4 only necessary when several bars of the same phase in the same slot
5 not necessary with Pelton turbines
6 overcurrent should not be used with self supported static excitation
system
7 when unbalanced load is expected
8 common for hydro generators
Table 2: Proposed protection equipment for different types of generators with different rating
Generator size
Protection
I
0-4 MVA
II
4-15 MVA
III
15-50 MVA
IV
50-200 MVA
V
Large turbo-
alternators
Rotor overload X
Rotor earth fault X X X X X
Interturn fault X
4
X
4
X
4
Differential generator X X X X
Differential block (transformer) X X X X
Underfrequency X
3
X
3
X
3
Overvoltage X X X X X
Stator earth fault X X X X X
Loss of excitation X X X X
Pole-slip (out of step) X X
Reverse power X
1
X
5
X
5
X
5
X
Under impedance X
2
X X X
Unbalance (I
2
current) X
7
X
7
X X
Overcurrent (definite time) X
6
X
6
Stator overload X
Overcurrent / Undervoltage X
6
X
6
Dead machine X X X
Shaft current X
8
X
Generator Protection
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Table 3: Example on relay functions divided into two function groups
Auxiliary transformer(s)
The auxiliary transformer is usually included in the overall block-differ-
ential protective zone. In addition it is provided with a three-phase two-
step time-overcurrent relay e.g. type RAIDK, which serves as back-up
short-circuit protection.
The transformer for exitation power supply is also provided with a three-
phase two-step time-overcurrent relay e.g. type RAIDK for short circuit
protection.
Type of fault ANSI Protection function System
Generator stator A B
Short circuit 87G Generator differential X
21 Minimum impedance or alternatively X
51/27 Overcurrent/undervoltage for thyristor
magnetisation
X
51 Overcurrent X
Dissymmetry 46 Negative sequence overcurrent X
Stator overload 49 Thermal overload X
Stator earth fault 59 95% stator earth fault X X
Loss of excitation 40 Reactive current and phase angle X
Motoring 32 Reverse power
Redundant protection used for large
generators
X
X
X
Overspeed 81 Max. frequency X
Turbine blade fatique 81 Min. frequency X
Interturn fault 59 or 51N X (X)
Overvoltage 59 Overvoltage X
Over magnetization 24 V/Hz X
Low voltage 27 Undervoltage X
Inadvertent breaker closing
(Dead-machine protection)
50/27 Overcurrent with low voltage X
Shaft current - Overcurrent, fixed time X
Generator rotor
Rotor overload 49 Thermal overload X
Rotor earth fault 64R Injected AC
Injected DC
X
X
Step-up (Block) transformer
Short circuit/earth fault 87T Differential protection X
Overcurrent 50/51 Time overcurrent with instantaneous
function
X
Breaker failure protection 50BFR X
Earth fault differential prot. 87D X
Over magnetization prot. 24 V/Hz X