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3 2 Lesson

The document discusses key concepts about polynomial functions including: - Polynomial functions have graphs that are smooth and continuous without sharp corners or breaks. - The end behavior of a polynomial function can be determined using the leading coefficient test. - Zeros of a polynomial function are the values where the function is equal to 0 and appear as x-intercepts. - A zero can have a multiplicity which determines if the graph crosses or touches the x-axis at that point. - Other concepts discussed include finding zeros, the intermediate value theorem, turning points, and strategies for graphing polynomial functions.

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862 views

3 2 Lesson

The document discusses key concepts about polynomial functions including: - Polynomial functions have graphs that are smooth and continuous without sharp corners or breaks. - The end behavior of a polynomial function can be determined using the leading coefficient test. - Zeros of a polynomial function are the values where the function is equal to 0 and appear as x-intercepts. - A zero can have a multiplicity which determines if the graph crosses or touches the x-axis at that point. - Other concepts discussed include finding zeros, the intermediate value theorem, turning points, and strategies for graphing polynomial functions.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 3.

2
Polynomial Functions and
Their Graphs

Smooth, Continuous Graphs

Polynomial functions of degree 2 or higher have graphs that


are smooth and continuous. By smooth, we mean that the
graphs contain only rounded curves with no sharp corners.
By continuous, we mean that the graphs have no breaks
and can be drawn without lifting your pencil from the
rectangular coordinate system.

Notice the breaks and lack of smooth curves.

End Behavior of Polynomial


Functions

Example
Use the Leading Coefficient Test to
determine the end behavior of the graph of
f(x)= - 3x3- 4x + 7

Example
Use the Leading Coefficient Test to determine the end
behavior of the graph of f(x)= - .08x4- 9x3+7x2+4x + 7
This is the graph that you get with the standard viewing
window. How do you know that you need to change the
window to see the end behavior of the function? What
viewing window will allow you to see the end behavior?

Zeros of Polynomial Functions

If f is a polynomial function, then the values of x for


which f(x) is equal to 0 are called the zeros of f. These
values of x are the roots, or solutions, of the
polynomial equation f(x)=0. Each real root of the
polynomial equation appears as an x-intercept of the
graph of the polynomial function.

Find all zeros of f(x)= x3+4x2- 3x - 12

By definition, the zeros are the values of x


for which f(x) is equal to 0. Thus we set
f(x) equal to 0 and solve for x as follows:
(x 3 4 x 2 ) (3 x 12) 0
x 2 (x 4) 3(x 4) 0

x+4 x 2 - 3 0
x+4=0
x=-4

x 2 - 3=0
x2 3
x = 3

Example
Find all zeros of x3+2x2- 4x-8=0

Multiplicity of x-Intercepts

For f(x)=-x 2 ( x 2) 2 , notice that each


factor occurs twice. In factoring this equation
for the polynomial function f, if the same
factor x-r occurs k times, but not k +1 times,
we call r a zero with multiplicity k . For the
polynomial above both 0 and 2 are zeros with
multiplicity 2.

Find the zeros of x3 2 x 2 4 x 8 0

2 x 2 4 x 8 0

x 2 x 2 4( x 2) 0

x 2 x2 4 0
x 2 x 2 x 2 0

2 has a multiplicity of 2, and 2 has a multiplicity of 1.


Notice how the graph touches at -2 (even multiplicity),
but crosses at 2 (odd multiplicity).

Graphing Calculator- Finding the Zeros


x3+2x2- 4x-8=0
One zero
of the
function

One of the
zeros

Other
zero

The other
zero

The x-intercepts are the zeros of the function. To


find the zeros, press 2nd Trace then #2. The zero -2
has multiplicity of 2.

Example
Find the zeros of f(x)=(x- 3)2(x-1)3 and give the
multiplicity of each zero. State whether the
graph crosses the x-axis or touches the x-axis
and turns around at each zero.

Continued on the next slide.

Example
Now graph this function on your calculator.
f(x)=(x- 3)2(x-1)3
y

The Intermediate Value


Theorem

Show that the function y=x3- x+5 has a zero


between - 2 and -1.

f(-2)=(-2)3 (2) 5 1
f(-1)=(-1)3 (1) 5 5
Since the signs of f(-1) and f(-2) are opposites then
by the Intermediate Value Theorem there is at least one
zero between f(-2) and f(-1). You can also see these values
on the table below. Press 2nd Graph to get the table below.

Example
Show that the polynomial function f(x)=x3- 2x+9
has a real zero between - 3 and - 2.

Turning Points of Polynomial


functions

The graph of f(x)=x5- 6x3+8x+1 is shown below.


The graph has four smooth turning points.
The polynomial is of degree 5. Notice that the
graph has four turning points. In general, if
the function is a polynomial function of degree
n, then the graph has at most n-1 turning
points.

A Strategy for Graphing


Polynomial Functions

Example
Graph f(x)=x4- 4x2 using what you have
learned in this section.
y

Example
Graph f(x)=x3- 9x2 using what you have
learned in this section.
y

Use the Leading Coefficient Test to


determine the end behavior of the graph of
the polynomial function f(x)=x3- 9x2 +27
(a)

falls left, rises right

(b)

rises left, falls right

(c)

rises left, rises right

(d)

falls left, falls right

State whether the graph crosses the x-axis,


or touches the x-axis and turns around at the
zeros of 1, and - 3.

f(x)=(x-1)2(x+3)3
(a) -3 touches, 1 touches
(b) -3 crosses, 1 crosses
(c) -3 touches, 1 crosses
(d) -3 crosses, 1 touches

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