Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
2K views

Initial and Final Value Theorems

The initial and final value theorems describe how to find the initial and final values of a signal from its Laplace transform. The initial value theorem states that the initial value is equal to the Laplace transform evaluated at s=0. The final value theorem states that if the signal's Laplace transform has poles only at the origin, the final value is equal to the coefficient of the term with s=0 in the partial fraction expansion of the transform. However, a signal may not have a defined final value if its transform has poles in other locations, such as on the right side of the s-plane where terms would grow exponentially without bound. The final value theorem can also be used to find the steady-state DC gain of a system

Uploaded by

Soumya Bhattacharya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views

Initial and Final Value Theorems

The initial and final value theorems describe how to find the initial and final values of a signal from its Laplace transform. The initial value theorem states that the initial value is equal to the Laplace transform evaluated at s=0. The final value theorem states that if the signal's Laplace transform has poles only at the origin, the final value is equal to the coefficient of the term with s=0 in the partial fraction expansion of the transform. However, a signal may not have a defined final value if its transform has poles in other locations, such as on the right side of the s-plane where terms would grow exponentially without bound. The final value theorem can also be used to find the steady-state DC gain of a system

Uploaded by

Soumya Bhattacharya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Initial and Final Value Theorems

A right sided signal's initial value


value
transform

and final

(if finite) can be found from its Laplace


by the following theorems:

Initial value theorem:

Final value theorem:

Proof: As

When

for

, we have

, the above equation becomes

i.e.,

When

, we have

i.e.,

However, whether a given function


locations of the poles of its transform

has a final value or not depends on the


. Consider the following cases:

If there are poles on the right side of the S-plane,

will contain

exponentially growing terms and therefore is not bounded,


exist.

does not

If there are pairs of complex conjugate poles on the imaginary axis,


will contain sinusoidal components and

is not defined.

If there are poles on the left side of the S-plane,


will contain
exponentially decaying terms without contribution to the final value.

Only when there are poles at the origin of the S-plane,


will contain
constant (DC) component which is the final value, the steady state of the
signal.
Based on the above observation, the final value theorem can also be obtained by
taking the partial fraction expansion of the given transform

where
are the poles, and
time domain:

by assumption. The corresponding signal in

All terms except the first one represent exponentially decaying/growing or


sinusoidal components of the signal. Multiplying both sides of the equation
for

by

and letting

, we get:

We see that all terms become zero, except the first term

. If all

poles
are on the left side of the S-plane, their corresponding
signal components in time domain will decay to zero, leaving only the first
term

, the final value

Example 1:

First find

When

, we get

. Next we apply the final value theorem:

Example 2:

According to the final value theorem, we have

However, as the inverse Laplace transform

is unbounded (the first term grows exponentially), final value does not exist.
The final value theorem can also be used to find the DC gain of the system, the
ratio between the output and input in steady state when all transient components
have decayed. We assume the input is a unit step function
, and find
the final value, the steady state of the output, as the DC gain of the system:

Example 3:

The DC gain at the steady state when

can be found as

You might also like