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    Gymwjg Weávbx 'I Avwe Vi Ò Zrmcî Ges Avmevecîó: 3 - KV Cu©

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    Mustafa Hasan
    The document discusses the origins and early developments of several important scientific and technological concepts and inventions from ancient times including coffee, chocolate, alcohol, universities, clocks, lenses, soap, and others. It provides brief historical context and descriptions for each topic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Gymwjg Weávbx 'I Avwe Vi Ò Zrmcî Ges Avmevecîó: 3 - KV Cu©

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Hasan
    144 views6 pages
    The document discusses the origins and early developments of several important scientific and technological concepts and inventions from ancient times including coffee, chocolate, alcohol, universities, clocks, lenses, soap, and others. It provides brief historical context and descriptions for each topic.

    Original Description:

    Islamic Golden Age

    Original Title

    Invention

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses the origins and early developments of several important scientific and technological concepts and inventions from ancient times including coffee, chocolate, alcohol, universities, clocks, lenses, soap, and others. It provides brief historical context and descriptions for each topic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    144 views6 pages

    Gymwjg Weávbx 'I Avwe Vi Ò Zrmcî Ges Avmevecîó: 3 - KV Cu©

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Hasan
    The document discusses the origins and early developments of several important scientific and technological concepts and inventions from ancient times including coffee, chocolate, alcohol, universities, clocks, lenses, soap, and others. It provides brief historical context and descriptions for each topic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    gymwjg wevbx`i Avwevi ZRmc

    Ges Avmevec
    1| Uz_c : cvim mxZ I dvkb wWRvBbvi wmwiqve 9g kZvxZ
    GKRvZxq Uz_c Dveb Kib hv wZwb mgM BmjvwgK b G
    Rbwcq Ki Zvjb| GB Uz_c Gi cKZ DcKiY ARvbv| wK RbkwZ
    AvQ h GB Uz_c-Gi KvhKvixZv fvj wQj Ges ^v`I gbvig wQj| Ze
    GUv Rvbv bB h GB cv_wgK Uz_cjv eenvi Gi mgq Lvwj cB
    eeZ nZ bvwK Kvco viv `uvZi Dci gvRv nZv bvwK cvPxb Uz_evk
    mnhvM eenvi nZv- hgb bxgi Wvj Ges gmIqvK BZvw`| mvaviY
    fve Uz_c ev Uz_ cvDWvi Gi eenvi mvavib Avm Dbwesk kZvxZ|

    2| Kwd : RbkwZ AvQ h Lvwj` bvgi GKRb Avie Bw_Iwcqvi Kvddv


    bvgK vb Zuvi QvMj PivwQjb| wZwb j Kijb, Zuvi QvMjjv GKwU
    wekl aiYi Rvg ev mxg (beans) RvZxq dj Lq AwaK cvYe I mZR nq
    DVQ| wZwb H mxgjv wm KiB cZ Kijb cw_exi c_g Kwd| GB
    Kwd cvbi BwZnvmwU c_g GmQ Bqgb _K| mLvb gymjgvbMY
    ivw RM Bev`Z Kivi Dk Bw_Iwcq Kwdi cvbxq cvb KiZb| ewbK I
    KvhKi KZK-Gi Kwd Bqgb _K gv I Zzi hvi c`k kZvxi klfvM|
    AZ:ci Bsjv cek Ki 1650 wLv| Aviex k Avj-KvnIqv ZzKxZ
    fvlvi Kvi Ges cieZxZ BUvjxiZ Kvd Ges klZg BsiRxZ
    KwdZ ic bq|

    3| KvcU : hw`I Bmjvgi AbK AvMB KvcU-Gi AvMgb Z_vwc


    Avie, cviwmK I AvbvZvjxq e`yCb DcRvZxq`i eybbKZ Avw`
    KvcUKB gymjgvbMY DbZ eybb I ib Kkj Ges bKkv I KviKvhi
    DrKlZv viv wek Rbwcq Ki Zvjb| gymjgvbMYi Kiv KviKvh
    gwZ KvcUjv cieZxZ BDivc Pvjvb nq v`k kZvxZ|

    4| czjvg: czjvg AvweZ nqwQjv Beb BDbym KZK whwb


    wgkii dvwZwg ev`kvn Avwhh wejvn I nvwKg web Avgwijvn Dbv`i
    kvmbvaxb wQjb| czjvg-Gi AvweviB mgq cwigvc Gi w`K GwMq
    wbq hvq Gi `vjb cwigvc-Gi gvag| Zvi wmRyj AvKei Avj- nvwKgx
    bvgK weqKi iPbvwU hv Zvi mvwbZ ccvlK nvwKg we Avgwijvn-Gi
    Gi bvgvbymvi `qv, G welq wbq GKwU gvvicxm hv Ujgxi KvRK
    cwZvcb Ki| Igi Lqvg KZK GwU cvim fvlvq Abyw`Z nq 1079 mvj|

    5| Kvm t bvweK`i Kvm Avwevi wevbi RMZ gymjgvb`i


    GKwU AeavwiZ Ae`vb| GB Kvm-Gi Avwevi mgy`wfwK evwbR I
    RvnvR hvvq GKwU wece eq wbq Avm Ges bZzb fwgi I cY`ei
    AwaK evRvi mvbi Rb Sb&Sv wez mgy` PQ eovbvi KvR mnR Ki
    `q| Pz^K kjvKvi ag wfwK vb AvMB wQj wK ZvK KvhKi AvK
    wZZ, bvweK`i Kvmi Pnvivq wbq AvmvUv wQj gymwjg evwbK`i

    GKwU hyMvKvix Ae`vb| Kvm Avwevi Gi cQbi g~j m~wU nqZv


    ev bvgvhi wKejv wbaviYi RbB nqwQjv|

    6| Uwjvc t Uwjvc AvweviK wnmve Avey nvmvb wekl


    fve iYxq nq AvQb| hv wZwb eYbv KiQb Gfve GKwU wUDe (bj)
    hvi kl cv Wvqvc&Uvm mshy iqQ|

    7| kvy t Ihy-Mvmj I avqv-gvQv gymjgvb`i Rb AbZg agxq


    cqvRbxqZvi hvi KviYB meZ: Zuviv mvevb DcKiY ZwiZ `Zv
    ARb KiwQjb| h mvevb Avgiv AvRv eenvi Kwi| gymwjgMYB c_g
    mvevb Zwi Kib fwRUej Iqj I jebRvZxq c`v_ AvjKvjxK GK
    wm Ki ci k Ki wbq 1759 wLv, kL `xb gyn` bvgxq GKRb
    fviZxq gymwjg fviZi Pvx bvgK wPwKrmvK Bsjv Rbwcq Ki
    Zvjb| mB myev` wZwb ivRvi kvywqs mvRb c` wbqvMcv
    nb| wKwZ wZj Gi Zj wbb| ZvZ cUvk GvjKjx I mvgvb jeyi im gkvb|
    Rvj w`b| Gi ci QuvP dj wbiU mvevb wbb|

    8| cv_i _K KuvP cwZt cv_i _K KuvP cwZi Rb Beb


    wdibvm weLvZ nqQb| wZwb AbKUv cvbUvwiqvg Gi gZ Ki Zvi
    evmvbwU wbgvY KiwQjb hvi fZi _K AvKvki Zviv I gN GgbwK
    we`yr PgKI `Lv hZ| BwZnvmwe` wdwjc wnw-Gi gZ, Avie BwZnvm
    Beb wdibvmB wQjb c_g ew whwb AvKvk Dqb evcvi evwbK
    cPv PvwjqwQjb| Zuvi Dqb hcvwZi ga wQj cvjKi Zwi
    WvbvIqvjv GKwU hwekl hv ZvK nvIqvi ga AbK `~i ch enb Ki
    wbq wMqwQj| Dovj w`q wZwb AvnZ nqwQjb Kbbv Zvi cvkvK
    Kvb jR wQj bv|

    9| e`yK I evi`t e`yK I evi` AvweviK wnmve gxi dZn Djvn


    Lvb-Gi bvg BwZnvm cwiwPZ| Pxbviv c_g evi` Avwevi KiwQjv ej
    h aviYvwU cPwjZ Zv HwZnvwmK Melbvq UuK bv| Avie mfZv
    (arab civilization) bvgK M -Gi cbZv ejb, evi` wQj Avie`i GKwU
    wekl Avwevi Kbbv Zviv AvM _KB e`yK eenvi KiwQjv| AvieMY
    1350 wLvB e`yK eenvi Ki Avj-evnmyi Gi cwZivq hv wKbv
    dvbR&Wj KZK Aei nqwQjv| AvieMY KZK evi` Avwevi Gi
    welq Wijxeb Gi eewU W. U KZK Zvi cwiwPZ M wnx Ae `v
    gywik Gvqvi &Bb b G AwaKZi mg_b jvf Ki|

    10| Nwo t KyZzex mec_g Nwo Zwi Kib, whwb wQjb Zvi mgqi
    weLvZ Nwo cZKviK| Avevmxq kvmbvgj Nwoi eenvi Rmwcq nq
    DV Ges GKevi Lwjdv nvib-Ai-iwk` Zuvi mgmvgwqK divmx mvU
    PvwjgvBbK Dcnvi wnmve GKwU Nwo ciY Kib| m mgq BDivc
    NwoK GKwU AwfRvZ mvgMx wnmve weePbv Kiv nZv Ges weqKi
    GKwU Dcv`vb wnmve mgxn Kiv nZv| evM`v` Gi mycwiwPZ
    gymZvbmvixqv wekwe`vjq GKwU Ac~e Nwo msiwZ wQj hvi AvKvki
    gZ bxj GKwU Wvqvj wQj, Ges GKwU m~h vwcZ wQj hv Gi Dci w`K

    gvMZ mgq wb`kbv Ki vbvwiZ nZv| weLvZ D`y mvwnwZK


    gvIjvbv wkejx `vg bMixi GKwU Nwoi eYbv w`qQb G fve- NwowU
    ivLv wQj `qvji GKwU `iRvq| Gi ga wQj wcZji cvZ Ges eviwU `iRv|
    c_g Ges kl cvZ GKwU Ki CMj (ev`yo) emv wQj| GKK NUv kl nj GB
    `ywU CMj Zvgvi cvZ q coZ Avi ZvZ GKwU abxi mw nZv- hv viv
    mgq eySv hZ| eviUv evRj mejv `iRvB e nq hZ| evieviB GB cwZ
    wUi cybivew NUwQj| cvwb Nwoi eenviI BmjvwgK ivjvZ
    mvaviYfve cPwjZ wQj| GKRb BDivcxq jLK ge KiQb, AvieMY
    AUvgUv (^qswq) cwZ Gi mvnvh KcwmWv ev cvwb Nwo
    cZ KiY ` wQj|

    11| mvevb Ges KvMR t mvevb Ges KvMR c_g AvweZ nq


    BDmyd web Dgi-Gi nvZ| mvevb Avwevii KwZZwU Avie
    imvqbwe`MYiB cvc hv Dbviv cw_exK Dcnvi w`qwQjb| BDmyd web
    Dgi KZK gymwjg wek mec_g KvMR cZ Kiv nq evM`v` 794
    wLv| Avie wek Drcvw`Z KvMRi YMZ gvb BDivc cZ KvMR-Gi
    PvBZ DbZZi wQj| gymjgvbMY e Drcv`b Ac~e `Zv I iwPi cwiPq
    w`qQb| wekl Ki b Zv`i eybb Kiv emvi ejZ wMj mgM
    weki eo evRvijv `Lj Ki bq hv AwZ m~ Ges wUKmB wnmve MY
    wQj|

    12| SYv Kjg t wgkixq myjZvb Avj-gyqxvb Gi wb`k 953


    wLv SYv Kjg Gi De NU| wZwb PqwQjb Ggb GKwU Kjg hvi
    Rb Avjv`v Kvwji `vqvZ Gi cqvRb ne bv Ges hv nvZ I Kvco `vM
    dje bv| Kvwj mie ZLbB hLb wjLvi cqvRb ne| GB Kjgi Kvwj GKwU
    Avavi msiwZ _vKZv hv gvavKlY I Kvwcjvix cwZi mswgkb wbe
    Kvwj mieivn KiZv| Avw` SYv KjgB AvRKi mg Kjgi g~j wfw|gnvb
    Avjvn cvK wZwb PvBj GUv me ne|

    13| Jla t gymwjg wevbxMY KZK wPwKrmv wevbi Melbvi


    BwZnvm beg kZvxiI cyibv hLb gymwjg wevbxMY c_g nvmcvZvj I
    QvU QvU Jla weqK` vcb Kib| ZuvivB c_g AvfixY mjvB Kkj
    Dveb Kib| kj wPwKrmvi Rb Ac~e me hcvwZi bKkv Kib| flR
    we`v I wPwKrmv we`vi DbwZ mvab Kib hvi ga nvo mg^q I
    KUv AcvikbI Afz|

    14| PK t Aviex mv Gi AvaywbK ic nQ PK (cheque) hv


    `emvgMx mieivni wfwZ A_ cwikva-Gi GKwU wjwLZ `jxj| KuvPv
    UvKv enbi SzwK I Svgjv Govbvi RbB mv-Gi cPjb i nq| DbZ
    gvbi evswKs cwZi Aaxb beg kZvxZ GKRb gymjgvb eemvqx
    evM`v` Zuvi wbR evsK RgvKZ A_ Pxb em mv-Gi mvnvh
    fvvZ cviZb| wej Ae GP, mv ev PK Gi eenvi Gi viv
    gymwjgMY eemvq cyuwR wbqvM I Av:gnv`kxq evwYRK me Ki
    Zvjb|

    15| cvZb cwZ t h cwZZ wewfb Zij c`v_K zUbvsKi


    mvnvh c_K Kiv me nq ZvK cvZb cwZ ejv nq, hv 800 wLvi
    w`K Bmjvgi kxl wevbx hvexi Beb nvBqvb KZK AvweZ nq|
    wZwbB Avj KgxK imvqb icvwiZ Kib Ges AbKjv gwjK cwZ I
    hi Avwevi Kib hv AvRv eeZ nQ| ZijxKiY, Kjvmb, cvZb,
    cwikvab, Rvib, evxKiY I QvKbxKiY| mvjwdDwiK GwmW I bvBwUK
    GwmWi Avwei Gi cvkvcvwk wZwb AvjgweK bvgK cvZbi cvi D
    veb Kib, hv cvZb ev cwikvab BZvw` Kvh eeZ nq| hvi viv wZwb
    cw_exK Dcnvi w`jb Mvo Mvjvc cvwb I Abvb myMx `emg~n Avi
    GjKvnj cvbxq (hw`I Zv cvb Kiv Bmjvg nvivg, m~Y wbla)| Beb
    nvBqvb cwZMZ cixv bxwivi Dci Rvi `b Ges wZwb AvaywbK imvqb
    Gi DveK|

    16| vkvd&U I AvBwm Bwb t Bwbi ga vsKkvd&U


    nQ GKwU hvsk hv N~Yvqgvb MwZK myL avegvb MwZZ
    icvwiZ Ki| GwU ay AvfixY Kg&evm&kb Bwbi RbB bq, eis cw_exi
    Zver hi K`we`yZB GB c_v we`gvb| GwU gvbe BwZnvm
    h Kkji GKwU AbZg iZc~Y Avwevi hv KiwQjb Avj Rvevix
    bvgK GKRb gymjgvb cKkjx| mPKvh cqvRbxq cvwbK Dvjb
    Gi Rb wZwb GwU Kib| Zuvi 1206 mvji bjR Ae BbRwbqvm
    gKvwbKvj wWfvBRm M _K Aviv Rvbvq hvq h, wZwb fvje I
    wcb Avwevi Kib| A_ev msvi mvab Kib Ges cvwb I IRb PvwjZ
    cw_exi c_g w`Ki hvwK Nwo Dveb Kib| wZwb ivevwUKm GiI
    cYZv| Zuvi Abvb 50wU Avwevi Gi ga GKwU njv Kw^bkb Zvjv|

    17| evMvb t gahyMxq BDivc ibkvjv I flRei evMvb we`gvb


    wQjv wK AvieivB evMvbK bmwMK m`h I avbi vb DbxZ
    Kib| GKv`k kZvxZ BDivc c_g ivRKxq cgv` evMvb DbvwZ nq
    gymwjg b| gymjgvb`i evMvb _K hme dzji mw, Kvibkb Ges
    wUDwjc Zv`i AbZg|

    18| DBwgj t GKRb cvim Ljxdvi eenvi Gi Rb c_g DBwgji Gi D


    veb nq 634 Lv hv km gvovB I mPi cvwb Dvjbi KvR eeZ
    nZv| Avie Gi wekvj gif~wgZ hLb gmygx bni jv hLb wKq hZv
    ZLb kwi GKgv c_ Drm wQjv eMevb nvIqv hv GKB wbkvbvq gvmi ci
    gvm ai cevwnZ nZv| H wgjjvZ 6wU ev eviwU Ki cvLv _vKZv
    hjv evw` A_ev Zvj cvZv w`q gvovbv _vKZv| GB wgj jv BDivc
    `Lv c_g wgjjvi 500 eQiiI AvMi|

    19| KvMRi KviLvbv t 18 kZKi kli w`K Avj gvbmyi Gi `wn


    Lwjdv nvii Avi iwk` evM`v` c_g KvMRi KviLvbv vcb Kib| hv wQj
    Dbvi ivRZ wZxq| Revi Gi gZ c_g KviLvbvwU vwcZ nqwQj
    mgiL` Pxbv Bwwbqvi`i viv hv`iK ga Gwkqvq Wvjvm-Gi hy
    ew` Kiv nqwQj cvq 750 Cmvqx-Gi w`K| evM`v`i KvMR KviLvbv
    Dvab nevi ciciB ejZ Mj mgM cavb cavb gymwjg knijvZ

    KvMRi KviLvbvq MwRq DV| v`k kZvxi kl bvMv` givi ivRavbx GK


    dR kniB cvq 400wU KvMR Zwii KviLvbv Mo DVwQj| KvMR Zwii
    cvPxb Ges Kmva cwZK mnR mva Ki Zvjv I AwaK nvi Gi
    Drcv`bi Rb cqvRbxq DbZ hcvZxi Dveb gymjgvb`i vivB
    msMwVZ nqwQj| axi axi KvMR cvPgU I cvwcivm Gi vb `Lj
    Ki bq hvZ cvzwjwc cKvk AbK mvkqx nq Avm| GZ Ki wkwZ
    RbZvi GKwU evcK Aski c bZzb avibv I Z_i KvQvKvwQ Avmv mnRZi
    nq DV| KeyZi viv enbhvM wPwVc Gi Rb cvjK m`k nvjKv wK
    gReyZ KvMRI GB mgqB Dveb Kiv nq| KvMR wjwLZ cwe KziAvb kixdGi cvPxbZg Kwc iKW Kiv nq wgki cvq `kg kZK Ges mLvb KvMR
    cek Ki Di AvwdKv I givq| evM`v`i mB KvMR KviLvbvi
    AvZcKvkB kl ch KvMR cwZK wbQK Kjv _K enr wk ic`vb
    Ki|

    20| ^Mi cvi I iZi Lwb t Avey Avj nvmvb Avjx Beb
    Avj mvBb Beb Avj gvmD`| Rb 896 Cmvqx, evM`v`| weQvj m^i
    956 Cmvqx| Kvqiv, wgki| wZwb wQjb GKRb Avie BwZnvmI fMvjwe`,
    huvK Avie-Gi wnivWUvm wnmve AwfwnZ Kiv nZv| wZwbB c_g
    BwZnvmI evbxK fMvji mg^q gyiR Av`-vnve Iqv Avw`b AvjcIni
    hvi evsjv Kij `uvovq ^Mi cvi I iZi Lwb (the medows of gold and
    mines of gems) bvgK wek BwZnvm Gi GK wekvj iPbv mb Kib|
    N~bvqgvb mgy` m^^ Zuvi gZvgZ e KiZ wMq wZwb ejQb,
    AbK wjLK-Gi gZ, N~Yvqgvb gnv mgy`B nQ g~j mvMi hvi _K
    Ab mg mvMi Gi Drcw cvP Pxb mvMii mv_ hy| Avie mvMi
    m^ Avj gvmD`xi weePbv nQ GwU cw_exi eng mvMi| Avj
    gvmD`xi mePvBZ DjLhvM Ae`vb nQ cvKwZK fMvj-Gi |
    wRIgidvjRxi AvaywbK iPbvwU nQ fwg-MVbGi Zzjbvg~jK Aaqb I
    fwgMVb cwZi weklYg~jK w`K GB Dfqi mswgkb| fwgMVb Gi cwZ
    GKwUi ci GKwU Dbqb Pi gvS w`q GwMq hvq- hgb cviwK i
    _K cwiYZ i Ges mekl cexb i hvK ejv nq cwbcvbkb i|
    21| AvjvKwe`v-(optics)t nvmvbx ejQb, AvjvKwe`vi wKQz AZv
    iZc~Y Aavq GmQ gymwjg wek _K cvq 1000 Cmvqx mvji
    w`K| wevbx Beb Avj nvBkvg BDwKW I Ujgxi PvLi fZi _KB
    Avjv weQzwiZ nq GB avibvK evwZj Ki w`q cgvY Kib h, gvbyl
    Kvb eK `LZ cvq H e _K Avjv cwZdwjZ nq gvbePzZ cek
    Kivi dj| GB gnvb c`v_wevbx Kvgiv cwZeKZv welqwUI
    Avwevi Kib hvZ evLv Kiv nqQ- wKfve gw I `w vqy
    (optic nerve) Gi ga mK _vKvi KviY gvbyl Kvb eK mvRv `LZ
    cvq|
    22| w_ Kvm wgjm (three course meals)t beg kZvxZ Bivb _K
    KWvfvq AvMgb Kib Avjx Beb bvdx bvg GK evw hvK whwiqve
    (KvjvcvwL) WvK bvg Pbv hZ| wZwb Zvi m wbq Avmb wZb c`xq
    fvRi (three course meals) avibvwU, hvi A_ njv- fvRi c_g myc
    cwiekb, Gici cavb c` wnmve gvQ ev MvkZ Gi DcKiY Ges kl ne dj I

    ev`vg mnKvi| wZwb wUK Gi Zwi Mvm Gi eenviI cPjb Kib| hv


    wKbv Ave&m Beb wdibvm KZK cv_yi wUKi mvnvh cixv
    wbixvi gvag AvweZ nqwQj|
    23| wUKv`vb (vaccination)t ivM cwZivai Rb wUKv`vbi Kkj Rbvi
    I cvmwUIi KZK AvweZ nqwb eis Zv gymwjg wekB ic jvf Ki|
    Bvgeyj wbqvwRZ BsiR iv`~Zi x KZK GwU BIivc
    vbvwiZ nq 1724 mvj| BIivci Awevii AZ 50 eQi AvM _KB
    Zzii wk`iK fqven wU emi Avgb _K ivi Rb Mv-em (cow
    pox) Gi wUKv c`vb Kiv nZv|

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