English Grammar

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EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Easy Way To Learn English Tenses
Tenses >> Present simple

Structure of present simple
I work in a
bank.
I don't (do
not) work in
a bank.
He doesn't
He works in a (does not)
bank.
work in a
bank.
Do you work
in a bank?
Does he
work in a
bank?
Present simple - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
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Correct
version
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Why?
I working in
London.
He work in
London.
He work in
London?
Work he in
London?
He not work
in London.
I work in
London.
The gerund
ing form is
not used in
the present
simple.
He works in
London.
The third
person he,
she, it adds
the letter s.
Does he work Questions in London? third person:

does +
subject +
infinitive.
All other
Does he work
persons:
in London?
do + subject
+ infinitive.
He doesn't
work in
London.
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Negatives third person:

subject +
doesn't +
infinitive.
All other
persons:
subject +
don't +
infinitive.
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Tenses >> Past simple

Structure of past simple
I saw him
yesterday.
I didn't (did
Did you see
not) see him
him?
yesterday.
Past simple - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
I was work in
London.
I worked in
London.
In positive
sentences, a
helping verb
such as 'was'
or 'did' is not
used.
He worked in
London?
Did he work
in London?
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The helping
verb 'did' is
used in past
simple
questions.
The helping
verb 'did' is
used in past
simple
questions.
Worked he in
London?
Did he work
in London?
Did he wrote
a letter?
The main
verb is used
in the
Did he write
infinitive form
a letter?
in questions
and
negatives.
He didn't
wrote a
letter.
The main
verb is used
in the
He didn't
infinitive form
write a letter.
in questions
and
negatives.
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Tenses >> Present perfect tense

Structure of present perfect
I've (I have)
seen him.
I haven't
(have not)
seen him.
He hasn't
He's (he has)
(has not)
gone.
gone.
Have you
seen him?
Has he gone?
Present perfect simple - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
Steven has
Steven has
The past
wrote a new written a new participle of
book.
book.
the verb
must be used
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- wrote is
past simple,
written is the
past
participle.
Did you have

seen him
before?
Have you
seen him
before?
I didn't have
seen him
before.
I haven't
seen him
before.
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The helping
verb 'have' is
used in the
present
perfect- it is
inverted with
the person
(you have
becomes
have you).
The helping
verb 'have' is
used in the
present
perfect- to
make it
negative we
simply add
not (n't).
I am here
since last
week.
I have been
here since
last week.
I've been
knowing him
for 5 years.
I've known
him for 5
years.
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The present
perfect is
used to show
an action
which
continues to
the present
(an
unfinished
action).
Verbs such as
know, want,
like, etc.
(stative
verbs)
suggest
permanent
states, not
actions, so
are used in
the simple
form, NOT
the -ing form.
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Tenses >> Past perfect tense

Structure of past perfect
I'd (I had)
seen him.
You hadn't
(had not)
seen him.
Had you seen

him?
Past perfect - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
The helping
verb had /
I didn't been I hadn't been
hadn't is used
to London.
to London.
in the past
perfect.
When I saw
him, I
noticed that
When I saw
him I noticed
that he had
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The action
(haircut)
which
he had a
haircut.
had a
haircut.
He told me
has been to
London.
He told me
he had been
to London.
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happened
before
another past
action must
be put into
the past
perfect to
make the
time order
clear to the
listener.
His original
words were:
''I have been
to London.''
However, in
reported
speech we
move the
tense back present
perfect (have
been)
becomes past
perfect (had
been).
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Tenses >> Future simple tense

Structure of future simple
I won't (will
I'll (I will) be
Will you be
not) be there
there
there
tomorrow.
tomorrow.
tomorrow?
Future simple - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
- The phone's
ringing.
- OK, I'm
going to
answer it.
Correct
version
Why?
Ok -I'll
answer it.
If the action
is decided at
the moment
of speaking,
we use will /
will not
(won't).
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When we say
I'm sure he is
what we think
I'm sure he
going to help
or expect, we
will help you.
you.
use will
(won't).
I promise I'm
After promise
I promise I'll
going to
we usually
help.
help.
use will.
I'll call you

when I'll
come to my
office.
If you will
give me your
address, I'll
When we
refer to the
future in
adverbial
I'll call you
clauses, we
when I come normally use
to my office.
present
simple (after
when, as
soon as,
until).
If you give
me your
address, I'll
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When we
refer to the
future in
send you a
postcard.
I can't see
you next
week. I will
return to
Paris.
send you a
postcard.
conditional
clauses, we
normally use
the present
simple.
To show that
I can't see
the decision
you next
was made in
week. I am the past, we
returning/am
use the
going to
present
return to
continuous or
Paris.
the 'going to'
future.
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Tenses >> 'Going to' future tense

Structure of 'going to' future
I'm (I am)
I'm (I am)
not going to
going to take
take a
my holidays
holiday this
in August.
year.
He's (he is)
going to
watch TV this
evening.
Are you going

to take a
holiday?
He isn't (is
Is he going to
not) going to
watch TV this
watch TV this
evening?
evening.
'going to' for future- common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
You know
that I'll buy a
You know
that I am
We use going
to for a
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new car,
don't you?
future action
that has been
going to buy
decided
a new car,
before the
don't you?
time of
speaking.
We use going
to if we see
Look! You will Look! You are
(and are
drop your going to drop
sure) that the
books.
your books.
action will
happen.
Tenses >> Future perfect simple
tense
Structure of future perfect simple
The film will
The film will
not (won't)
have started
have started
by the time
by the time
we get there.
we get there.
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Will the film

have started
by the time
we get there?
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Tenses >> Present continuous

Structure of present continuous
I'm (I am)
reading a
book.
I'm (I am)
not
reading.
He's (he is)

reading a
book.
He is not (he's
Is he
not/he isn't)
reading a
reading a
book?
book.
Are you
reading?
Present continuous - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
They still
waiting for
They are still

waiting for
to form a
continuous
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you.
you.
They are still Are they still

waiting for
waiting for
you?
you?
Do they still
waiting for
you?
Are they still

waiting for
you?
Where they
are waiting
for you?
Where are
they waiting
for you?
tense we use
be + -ing.
In questions
the subject
(they) and
the auxiliary
verb (be)
change
places.
To form the
negative we
put not after
She doesn't
She isn't
the verb be
watching TV. watching TV. (am not, is
not = isn't,
are not =
aren't).
I'm believing I believe you. Some verbs
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are not used

in continuous
tenses these are
called stative
verbs (e.g.
believe,
come from,
cost, depend,
exist, feel,
hate, like).
you.
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Tenses >> Past continuous

Structure of past continuous
I was
I wasn't (was not)
reading a
reading.
book.
Was I
reading?
Were
You were
You weren't (were not) you
reading a
reading a book.
reading
book.
a book?
Past continuous - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
I waiting for I was waiting

him almost
for him
two hours.
almost two
hours.
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Why?
To form the
past
continuous
we use
What did he What was he

was/were +
doing when
doing when
ing.
you saw him? you saw him?
We were
playing
tennis every
morning.
We use the
We played
past simple
tennis every for repeated
morning.
actions in the
past.
We use the
past
continuous
when we
want to say
They watched They were
what was
TV when I
watching TV
happening
came.
when I came.
(what was in
progress) at
a particular
time in the
past.
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Tenses >> Present perfect continuous

tense (present perfect
progressive)
Structure of present perfect
continuous
They've
(They have)
been living in
this flat for
more than
five years.
Have they
been living
here for a
long time?
They haven't
(have not)
been living in
this flat for
very long.
Present perfect continuous - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
It has been
rain heavily
It has been
raining
The structure
of present
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all day.
I have sat
here for two
hours.
heavily all
day.
Verbs such as
sit, wait,
speak, etc.
(non-stative
I have been
verbs)
sitting here
suggest
for two
continuity
hours.
and so are
mostly used
in the
continuous (ing) form.
Which?
I have worked here for five
years.
I have been working here
for 5 years.
perfect
continuous is
have/has
been -ing.
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When BOTH
the simple
and
continuous
form are
possible,
native
speakers
prefer to use
the
continuous.
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Tenses >> Past perfect continuous

tense
Structure of past perfect continuous
I'd (I had)
I hadn't (had Had you been
been working not) been
working
hard.
working hard. hard?
Past perfect continuous - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
I had working I had been

hard, so I felt working hard,
very tired.
so I felt very
tired.
I had been
worked hard,
so I felt very
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Why?
The form of
the past
perfect
continuous is
had + been
+ verb-ing.
tired.
I had been
hearing the
song many
times before.
I had heard
the song
many times
before.
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Some verbs
are not
normally
used in the
continuous
form, e.g.
stative verbs
such as
know, like,
understand,
believe, hear,
etc.
Tenses >> Future simple continuous

(progressive) tense
Structure of future simple continuous
I won't (will
I'll (I will) be
not) be
waiting there
waiting there
at five
at five
o'clock.
o'clock.
Will you be
waiting there
at five
o'clock?
Tenses >> Present tenses used for

the future
Present tenses used for the future
We use the present
simple when we
talk about timetables
and programmes.
The train leaves at

12.00.
What time does the
film begin?
We use the present I'm going to the
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continuous when
cinema this evening.
we talk about things
I'm not working
we have already
tomorrow.
arranged to do.
Tenses >> Future perfect continuous
(progressive) tense
Structure of future perfect continuous
Next year I'll
(I will) have
been working
in the
company for
10 years
Next year I
won't (will
not) have
been working
in the
company for
10 years
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Will you have

been working
in the
company for
10 years next
year?
Conditionals >> Zero conditional

sentences
Structure of zero conditional
If/when you
If/when you
don't heat
heat water to
water to 100
100 degrees,
degrees, it
it boils.
doesn't boil.
What
happens
if/when you
heat water to
100 degrees?
Zero conditional - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If/when you
eat too
much, you
will get fat.
Water boils
when it will
If/when you
eat too
much, you
get fat.
Water boils
when it
We use the
present
simple in
both clauses
and it means
that the
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reach 100C.
reaches
100C.
32 of 129
condition can
be true at
any time
(it is a fact).
If means the
same as
when in a
zero
conditional
sentence.
Conditionals >> First conditional

Structure of first conditional
If I see him, If you don't
What will you
I'll (I will) tell hurry, you'll do if there is
him.
miss the bus. a problem?
First conditional - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
If you will go
If you go to
We use
to England,
England, you
present
you will
will improve simple in the
improve your
your English.
if-clause.
English.
If I find his
If I find his
address, I
address, I
send him the will send him
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The main
clause has
will, which
letter.
the letter.
expresses
certainty in
the future.
We use
I'll tell him as I'll tell him as
present
soon as I will soon as I see
simple in the
see him.
him.
if-clause.
34 of 129
Conditionals >> Second conditional

Structure of second conditional
I wouldn't
If I had more
(would not)
time, I'd (I
refuse if you
would) travel
offered me
more.
$10,000.
What would
you say if you
met Queen
Elizabeth?
Second conditional - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
If I would
have enough
money, I
would buy a
new
computer.
Correct
version
Why?
If I had
We use the
enough
past simple
money, I
(I had) in the
would buy a
if-clause
new
when we are
computer.
talking about
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something
which is
unlikely to
happen or an
imaginary
situation.
If you didn't
hurry so
much, you
will feel more
relaxed.
If you didn't
hurry so
much, you
would feel
more
relaxed.
36 of 129
The main
clause has
would +
infinitive.
Conditionals >> Third conditional

Structure of third conditional
If I'd (I had)
known you
were coming,
I would've
(would have)
waited for
you.
If she hadn't
been ill, she
would have
gone to the
cinema.
Would you
have done it
if you'd (you
had) known
earlier?
Third conditional - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
If I would
have asked
him, he
would have
helped me.
Correct
version
Why?
If I had
In the ifasked him, clause we use
he would
the past
have helped perfect (had
me.
+ past
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participle).
If you had
If you had
The main
spoken to my spoken to my
clause has
mother, she mother, she
would +
would tell
would have
have + past
you where I
told you
participle.
was.
where I was.
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Verb structures >> Verb + bare

infinitive
Verb + bare infinitive

The bare infinitive
(infinitive without
'to') is used after
certain verbs which
are followed by an
object: let, make,
see, hear, feel.
My parents didn't let

me watch TV at
night.
Did you see anyone
enter the building.
He made me laugh.
The bare infinitive

is used after modal He can't sing.
verbs can, should,
It might be a good
could, might, may,
idea.
etc.
Verb structures >> Verb + -ing
(gerund)
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Verb + -ing
The gerund form (ing) is used after
certain verbs: avoid,
admit, can't stand,
deny, dislike, enjoy,
hate, like, love,
mind, practise.
The gerund form (ing) is used after
verb +
preposition: insist
on, look forward to,
etc.
I enjoy going to the

cinema.
I don't like living in
a city.
I'm looking forward

to seeing you.
He insisted on
seeing the shop
manager.
Verb structures >> Verb + to +

infinitive
Verb + to infinitive
'To' infinitive is
used after such
I have decided to
lend him the car.
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verbs as: agree,

arrange, decide,
offer, seem, plan,
want, need,
promise, hope,
refuse, start, stop
He offered to help
me.
He promised not
say anything.
'To' infinitive is
used after certain
verbs which are
followed by an
object: ask, tell,
want, need
He asked me to go
there with him.
She told me to
help her.
Verb structures >> Verb + object +

to-infinitive structure
Verb + object + to-infinitive structure
After some verbs we
need to include an
object before toinfinitive.
They considered
him to be the best
person for the
position.
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Some of these verbs

are: advise, ask,
allow, expect,
encourage, force,
help, invite, order,
persuade, teach,
tell.
She asked me to
give her some
advice.
I told my assistant
to send the letter.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs >> Modal verbs and their
negatives
Modal verbs and their negatives
positive
negative
must (used for a

personal opinion)
He must be crazy.
can't
He can't be crazy.
must / have to /
has to (used for
obligation)
You must arrive by
don't have to /
needn't =
something is not
necessary
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8 o'clock.
You have to arrive
by 8 o'clock.
You don't have to

arrive by 8 o'clock.
You needn't arrive
by 8 o'clock.
can (used for

ability)
I can play the
guitar.
can't / cannot
I can't play the
guitar.
can (used for

possibility)
You can smoke
here.
can't / cannot /
mustn't
You can't smoke
here.
You mustn't smoke
here.
43 of 129
Modal verbs >> Modal verbs in the

past
Modal verbs in the past
present
past
should be
should have been
could be
could have been
will be
would be
may be
may have been
might be
might have been
would be
would have been
Modal verbs >> Should (to express

obligation)
Should - to express obligation
44 of 129
Structure: should +
infinitive
We use should for
the present and the
future.
You should tell

them the truth.
We use should to
You shouldn't
give advice to
smoke, it's bad for
someone and to say you.
that something is a I don't think you
good idea.
should do it.
Should is weaker
than have to or
must.
45 of 129
Modal verbs >> Should have (to

express past obligation)
Should have - to express unfulfilled
past obligation
Structure: should +
have + past
participle
We use should
have for the past.
We use should
have to say that
someone didn't do
something, but it
would have been
better to do it.
You should have

told them the truth.
You shouldn't have
gone there - it was
a mistake.
I don't think you
should have done
it.
Modal verbs >> Must / have to

Must / have to
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present
past
I must go. / I have

to go.
(when we want to
express obligation)
I had to go.
He must be here.
It must be great.
(when we want to
express a personal
opinion)
He must have been

here.
It must have been
great.
47 of 129
Modal verbs >> Present probability must / can't / may / might /

could
Must / can't - to express probability
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
must be, must have, can't go, etc.
They are really
We use must to
good, they must
express that we feel win.
sure that something They must be very
is true.
rich. Look at the
house.
She can't be ill. I've
We use can't to say just seen her in the
we are sure that
shop and she looked
something is
fine.
impossible.
It can't be true. I
don't believe it.
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May / might / could - to express

probability
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
may be, might do, could go, etc.
They may be
We use may or
arriving tomorrow.
could or might to
He might be away
say that it is possible on holiday.
that something will He could be away
happen or is
on holiday.
happening.
He might be offered
the job.
The negative of may
He might not be
is may not.
offered the job.
The negative of
I may not pass the
might is might not.
exam.
I might not go to
They both mean that
the match
it is possible that
tomorrow.
something will not
happen or is not
happening.
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We DO NOT use
could not to
express probability.
50 of 129
Modal verbs >> Past probability must have / can't have / might
have / may have
Must / can't / couldn't have - to
express probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
must have been, can't have gone, etc.
We use must have
to express that we
feel sure that
something was true.
They must have

left early.
He must have
already gone.
He can't have
escaped through
We use can't have /
this window. It is too
couldn't have to
small.
say that we believe
She can't have
something was
said that.
impossible.
She couldn't have
said that.
51 of 129
May / might / could have - to express

probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
may have been, could have gone, might
have lost, etc.
We use may /
could / might
have to say that it
was possible that
something happened
in the past (but we
are not 100% sure).
He may have
missed the bus.
The road might
have been blocked.
The negatives are

may not have and
might not have.
He may not have

left yet.
The assistant might
not have received
his message
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Prepositions
Prepositions >> Prepositions of place
Prepositions of place
IN
ON
inside an
in contact
area or space
with a
surface
in the city, in
on the wall,
the sky, in
on the table
bed
on a line
on the river,
on the
equator
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AT
close to
at the table,
at the bus
stop
before nouns
referring to a
place or
position
at the top, at
the front, at
the end
but in the
middle
arrive in a
city
arrive in
London, in
Amsterdam
arrive at a
small place
arrive at the
station, at
the meeting
when
expressing
'towards'
point at
something,
smile at
someone
54 of 129
Prepositions >> Prepositions of time

Prepositions of time
IN
ON
AT
years (in
1998)
days of the
week (on
Thursday)
hours of the
clock (at
7.30)
months (in
January)
dates (on 5
August)
religious
festivals (at
Easter)
seasons (in
summer)
on Monday
morning
points in time
(at the end
of the week)
parts of the
day (in the
afternoon, in
the morning
BUT at night)
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Prepositions of time (during, for,

over, or, by, until)
We use during to
talk about something
that happens within
a particular period of
time, to say when
something takes
place.
During my time in
London I visited a
lot of interesting
places.
We use during to
He came to work
talk about something during the morning
that happens within meeting.
the same time as
another event.
We use over or in to
talk about something
that has been
happening
continuously up until
We've had a lot of

problems over / in
the last few months.
We expect a rise in
sales over / in the
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the present, or will

next few months.
happen continuously
I can only come for
We use for to say
a few minutes.
how long something
I was waiting for
continues.
him for two hours.
We use by to say
that something will
happen or be
achieved before a
particular time.
It has to be finished
by two o'clock.
He should return by
the end of March.
We use until to say

that something will
continue up to a
particular time.
We have to stay
here until he
comes.
The concert went on
until eleven o'clock.
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Prepositions >> Examples of some

prepositional verbs
Prepositional verbs
to agree to
something
to accept
I don't think he will
ever agree to such a
plan.
to apologise for
something
to say you are sorry

for something
I apologize for not
replying to your
letter sooner.
to apply for
something
to formally ask
someone for
something such as a
job or permission to
do something
Why didn't you
apply for a bank
loan?
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to say you are

annoyed about
something
to complain to
If the service is not
somebody about
satisfactory, you
something/somebody
should complain to
the customer
service about it.
to conform to
something
to be in accordance
with something
This signal system
doesn't conform to
the official safety
standards.
to consist of
something
to mention all of the

things that
something contains
The delegation
consists of over 200
people, including
interpreters and
journalists.
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to hear from
somebody
when someone,
especially someone
you know well,
writes to you or
telephones you
When was the last
time you heard from
him?
to insist on
something
to say that
something must
happen or
somebody must do
something
I insist on speaking
to the head of the
office.
to refer to something to talk about

somebody or
something in a
conversation,
speech or a piece of
writing
Everyone knows
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who she was

referring to in her
speech
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Prepositions >> Prepositions after

adjectives (1)
Prepositions after adjectives
afraid of something
afraid of doing
something
She is afraid of
driving on
motorways.
Are you afraid of the
dark?
angry about
something
angry with
somebody
I am really angry
about what she did.
Why did she do it? I
am really angry with
her.
concerned about
something
I'm concerned about

his exam results.
pleased with
someone /
something
I was very pleased

with his
performance.
sorry about
Was she sorry about
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something
sorry for doing
something
the mistake?
I'm sorry for being
late.
good at something
He is good at
languages.
Prepositions >> Prepositions after

adjectives (2)
Prepositions after adjectives
(un)aware of
something
Is he aware of the
problem?
dependent on
something
She is still
dependent on her
parents.
famous for
something
He is famous for his

sporting
achievements.
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impressed by/with
something
I was very
impressed by his
performance.
His interests are

similar to something similar to those of
his brother.
upset about
something
I was really upset

about it
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Adjectives / adverbs
Adjectives / adverbs >> Use of
adjectives
Adjectives
We use an adjective
to describe the
qualities of people,
things, places, etc.
Can you see the

young woman at
the end of the
street?
We use an adjective
(not an adverb) after
It looks interesting.
'linking' verbs such
His ideas are
as be, become, feel,
interesting.
seem, smell, sound,
look, etc.
We use an adjective
His answer made his
to describe the
boss angry.
object.
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Adjectives - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
She was too

frighten to
say a word.
She was too

Many
frightened to adjectives are
say a word.
participle
forms of
verbs.
I am very
I am very
interesting in interested in The -ed form
describes
this problem. this problem.
how someone
feels (bored).
The -ing
form
describes the
It was a
It was a
person or
bored film.
boring film.
thing that
causes the
feeling
(boring).
The camera
works
The camera
works
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We use
adverbs to
perfect.
perfectly.
She married She married

a German, a tall, young,
young, tall
German
lawyer.
lawyer.
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say how we
do
something.
Adjectives
normally go
in the
following
sequence:
size-ageshapecolouroriginmaterialpurpose.
Adjectives / adverbs >> Use of

adverbs
Adverbs
He speaks English
We use an adverb to
fluently.
say how an action is
She answered
performed.
correctly.
We use an adverb to
add information
How long have you
about the
lived here?
time/place/manner.
We can use an
adverb to add
information to an
adjective.
She was extremely

happy to see him
again.
I really hate
travelling by train.
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Forms of adverbs
The majority of
adverbs are formed
by adding ly to an
adjective.
There are some
exceptions irregular adverbs.
nicely, quickly,
beautifully, happily,
economically
basic - basically,
If the adjective ends
dramatic in ic we add ally.
dramatically
Some adverbs have
the same form as
adjectives.
fast, daily, late,

early, hard
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Adverbs - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
The camera
works
perfect.
Correct
version
We use an
adverb
(perfect adjective,
The camera
perfectly works
adverb) when
perfectly.
we want to
say how we
do
something.
Did you work Did you work

hardly today? hard today?
She behaved
rather silly.
Why?
Her
behaviour
was silly.
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See the list of

irregular
adverbs.
Some words
ending in -ly
are adjectives
(friendly,
likely, lonely,
She behaved
ugly) and
rather
cannot be
stupidly.
used as
adverbs.
His answer
sounded
correctly.
He looks
happily,
His answer
sounded
correct.
He looks
happy.
After 'linking'
verbs we use
adjectives not
adverbs.
Adjectives / adverbs >> Adverbs of

frequency
Word order - adverbs of frequency
He always goes to
An adverb of
work by bus.
frequency can go:
They never go on
before the main verb
holiday in winter.
after the verb be
John is often absent

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from lessons.
They were usually
on time.
after modal verbs,

should, can, could,
etc.
You should always

turn the electricity
off.
My boss can never
remember my
name.
Sometimes and
occasionally can go
in the front, middle
or end position in
the sentence.
Sometimes she is
late.
She is sometimes
late.
She is late
sometimes
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Adjectives / adverbs >>

Comparatives and superlatives of
adjectives
Comparative and superlative of adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Onesyllable
old
adjectives long
older
longer
the oldest
the longest
Adjectives
ending in
big
one vowel
hot
and one
consonant
bigger
hotter
the biggest
the hottest
Adjectives
ugly
ending in
noisy
-y
uglier
noisier
the ugliest
the noisiest
Adjectives expensive more

with two beautiful expensive
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the most
expensive
or more
syllables
more
beautiful
the most
beautiful
Exceptions
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
far
farther/further
the
farthest/furthest
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Adjectives / adverbs >> Irregular

adverbs
Irregular adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to
an adjective (e.g. slow - slowly). However,
there are some irregular adverbs.
adjective
adverb
good
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
late
late
early
early
daily
daily
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Reported speech
Reported speech >> Structure of
reported speech
Structures of reported speech
direct speech
reported speech
She said, "It is

better to wait."
She said (that) it
was better to wait.
direct speech
reported speech
He said, "I have

never been to
Spain."
He said (that) he
had never been to
Spain.
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Reported speech >> Structure of

reported questions
Structures of reported questions
direct speech
reported question
She asked, "Is it

better to wait?"
She asked if it was
better to wait.
direct speech
reported question
He asked, "Have
you been to
Spain?"
He asked if I had
been to Spain.
Reported questions - common

mistakes
Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
She asked
She asked
The word
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me why I
worked so
much.
order in
reported
questions is:
SUBJECT +
VERB.
She asked
me it was
raining.
She asked
me if it was
raining.
Yes/no
questions
(closed
questions)
begin with if
when they
become
reported
questions.
She asked
me if I have
been to
Bristol?
She asked
me if I had
been to
Bristol.
She asked
me what I do
for a living.
She asked
me what I
did for a
living.
me why did I
work so
much.
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If the
reporting
verb (in this
case ask) is
in the past
tense, the
tenses used
in the original
sentence
have to be
changed:
I am
becomes I
was
I can
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Questions
Questions >> Forming questions
Structures of questions
If there is an
auxiliary (helping)
verb (be, have, can,
will, etc.) we put it
before the subject
(he, she, I, etc.)
Is anybody in the
office?
Have you ever
visited London?
What time Will they
be here?
If there is no
auxiliary (helping)
verb, we put do,
does or did before
the subject.
Do you know my
older brother?
Did he come in
time?
We put wh- words

(when, where, why,
who, how, etc.) at
the beginning of the
question.
How long have you

been waiting for me?
Where is their
office?
Which colour do you
like best?
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We don't use do,

does or did when we
use what, which,
who or whose as the
subject.
What happened to
you?
Who told you about
it?
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Questions - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
What meant What did you If there is no

you by saying
mean by
auxiliary
that?
saying that?
(helping)
verb, we put
do, does or
You like this
Do you like
did before
film?
this film?
the subject.
Where you
are going this
afternoon?
Where are
you going
this
afternoon?
You did read

the letter?
Did you read

the letter?
Who did give

you the
Who gave
you the
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We put an
auxiliary verb
before the
subject.
We don't use
do, does or
did when we
use what,
which, who
or whose as
the subject.
information?
information?
Does he
knows your
sister?
Does he
know your
sister?
Where will
she studies?
Where will
she study?
Can you tell

me where
can I buy a
good
camera?
Word order in
indirect
Can you tell
question is
me where I
the same as
can buy a
in a normal
good
sentence:
camera?
SUBJECT +
VERB +...
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When there is
an auxiliary
verb, the
main verb is
in the
infinitive
form.
Questions >> Forming indirect

questions
Structures of indirect questions
Word order in indirect question is the same
as in a normal sentence:
SUBJECT + VERB + ...
Direct question
Indirect question
Where can I buy

ink for the printer?
Can you tell me

where I can buy ink
for the printer?
Why do you want

to work for our
company?
He asked me why I
wanted to work for
their company.
What is the
number of the last
invoice?
I am calling to ask
you what the
number of the last
invoice is.
How much did it
Do you know how
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cost?
much it cost?
How did it happen?
Did she tell you how

it happened?
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Various grammar rules >> All, the

whole
All
All (of) we use to
express total
number or amount
of something
all (of) my friends,

all (of) the time
All (of) my friends
visited me in the
hospital.
All (of) we usually

use with
uncountable nouns
all (of) the money,

all (of) the oil
She has spent all
(of) the money on
cosmetics.
All of we usually use

all of them, all of it
with personal
Have you invited all
pronouns it, them,
of them?
etc.
All is usually placed
after the personal
pronoun we, they,
we all, they all

We all enjoyed the
concert.
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them, us
The whole
We usually use The
whole (of) with
singular countable
nouns.
The can be replaced
by a possessive
pronoun our, my,
etc.
the whole meeting,

my whole life
She lived in the
same house her
whole life.
All or the whole

All or the whole
can be used with
time expressions
all day / the whole

day
all morning / the
whole morning
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Various grammar rules >> Already,

yet
Already, yet
We use already to
say that something
happened sooner
than expected.
I am sorry, she has

already gone home.
The film has
already started.
Already usually
She's only four years
comes before the
old and she is
main verb or
between an auxiliary already reading.
or modal verb and
the main verb.
We use yet in
questions or
negative statements
to talk about things
that we expected to
happen before now.
Have you finished

the work yet?
I haven't seen the
film yet.
A: Have you met
him? B: Not yet.
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Yet usually comes at

the end of the
sentence.
We usually use the present perfect with
already and yet.
Various grammar rules >> Be used to,
get used to, used to
Be used to
Be used to + noun
phrase or verb-ing
(in this pattern used I am used to
is an adjective and
getting up early in
to is a preposition). the morning. I don't
mind it.
If you are used to He didn't complain
something, you have about the noise
nextdoor - he was
often done or
used to it.
experienced it, so
it's not strange, new
or difficult for you.
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The opposite of be
used to is be not
used to.
I am not used to
the new system yet.
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Get used to
Get used to +
noun phrase or
verb-ing (in this
pattern used is an
I got used to
adjective and to is a getting up early in
preposition).
the morning.
If you get used to
something, you
become accustomed
to it.
It is the process of
becoming used to
something.
After a while he
didn't mind the
noise in the office he got used to it.
Used to
Used to + verb refers
to a state or habit in
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We used to live
there when I was
the past.
It is used only in the
past simple.
If you used to do
something, you did it
for a period of time in
the past, but you don't
do it any more.
The form of the
question is did(n't)
+subject+use to be.
The form of the
negative is
didn't use to be.
a child.
I used to walk
to work everyday
when I was
younger.
Did(n't) he use
to work in your
office?
We didn't use to
be vegetarians.
Various grammar rules >> Although,

even though
Conjunctions - although, even though
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We use although to
make the main
statement surprising
or unlikely.
Although he is
much older than the
others, he won the
race.
I enjoyed the race,

Even though is the
even though my
same as despite
results weren't very
the fact that.
good.
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Various grammar rules >> Ever,

never
Ever, never
Ever = 'at any
time'; it is the
opposite of never.
We generally use
ever in questions.
It was the best wine

I have ever tested.
Have you ever been
to Paris?
Ever goes
immediately before
the main verb.
Never = 'at no time'
Never goes
immediately before
the main verb.
He has never visited

me.
I'll never forget how
kind he has been.
We usually use the present perfect with

ever and never
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Various grammar rules >> Just
Just
Just means a short
time ago.
I have just seen

him in the corridor.
I had just finished it
when he came.
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Various grammar rules >> Structure

of phrasal verbs
Structure of phrasal verbs
A phrasal
verb can be
made up of:
a verb +
adverb
throw away
a verb +
preposition
look into
a verb +
adverb +
preposition
put up with
Various grammar rules >> Relative

clauses
Relative clauses
Defining relative
I have a friend who
clauses are used to speaks five
specify which person languages.
96 of 129
or thing we mean.
We don't put
commas between
the noun and a
defining relative
clause.
Who or that are
used for people.
Which or that are
used for things.
I have a friend that

speaks five
languages.
Non-defining
relative clauses
(extra information
clauses) are used to
add extra
information which is
not necessary. We
put commas
between the noun
and a non-defining
relative clause.
Who is used for
people.
Which is used for
Mr Fry, who speaks

five languages,
works as a translator
for the EU.
She showed me the

coat which she had
bought.
She showed me the
coat that she had
bought.
The area, which has

very high
unemployment, is in
the north of the
country.
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things.
Relative clauses - common mistakes

Common
mistakes
Correct
version
Why?
The man who The man who

After a
was sitting
was sitting
relative
next to me
next to me clause we do
he had a
had a brown
not repeat
brown jacket.
jacket.
the subject.
The book
The book that Only that or
what I
I bought was which are
bought was
by Edward
possible, not
by Edward
Lear.
what.
Lear.
He lent me
He lent me
the book,
the book,
which I found which I found
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A relative
clause can
have only
it very useful. very useful.
one direct
object.
That cannot
be used in a
non-defining
(extra
information)
clause.
The winner,
that was 25,
will receive
$12,000.
The winner,
who was 25,
will receive
$12,000.
Our office is
about two
kilometres
from the
centre, which
I share with
my two
colleagues.
Our office,
which I share
A relative
with my two
clause follows
collegues, is
the noun to
about two
which it
kilometres
refers.
from the city
centre.
Various grammar rules >> Some, any

Some
Some:
a pen, some pens

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is used with the

plural form of
nouns, and with
uncountable nouns
some water
(uncountable)
is used in positive
sentences
There is some milk

in the fridge.
I did some
exercises.
is used in offers
Would you like

some tea?
is used in requests
Could you give me

some tea, please?
Any
Any:
is used with the
plural form of
nouns, and with
uncountable nouns
a pen, any pens

any water
(uncountable)
100 of 129
is used in questions
Is there any milk in

the fridge?
is used in negative
sentences
There isn't any milk

in the fridge.
Various grammar rules >> Question

tags / tag questions
Tag questions
A tag question is a question which we add
to the end of a statement because we
would like to get an answer to our
statement.
The tag contains a subject pronoun (it,
he, she, etc.) which matches the subject
of the statement, and a verb which
matches the verb in the statement.
If the statement is positive the tag is
negative.
If the statement is negative the tag is
positive.
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It's very nice

It isn't a very nice
weather today, isn't weather today, is
it?
it?
She can speak
She can't speak
English, can't she? English, can she?
You have finished
the work, haven't
you?
You haven't finished

the work, have
you?
He will arrive on
time, won't he?
He won't arrive on
time, will he?
You know him,

don't you?
You don't know him,

do you?
He earned a lot of
money, didn't he?
He didn't earned
much money, did
he?
There is enough
time, isn't there?
There isn't enough

time, is there?
Less usual tag questions

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Be careful, won't
you?
Imperative
Don't be late, will
you?
Let's go to the
cinema, shall we?
After let's
Various grammar rules >> Within
Within
Within means:
'inside of the limit'.
Within 24 hours
means 'in 24 hours
or maybe sooner'.
Within a week
everything should be
done.
I'll be back within a
hour.
Various grammar rules >>

Always, still
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Always, still
I always go
We use always to
swimming on
say that something Monday evenings.
happens all the time She has always
(or very often).
wanted to visit
Finland.
We use always to
say that something
happens all the time
(in an annoying
way).
He is always
forgetting things.
He's always
complaining.
We use always to
say that something
exists for ever.
I'll always
remember the first
time I met her.
Always is usually
before the main
verb;
after an auxiliary or
modal verb;
I always have...
I can always...
He is always...
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after the verb 'to

be'.
Still means
'continuing later
than expected.'
It expresses that
someting started in
the past and is the
same now.
Still usually comes
before the main
verb.
Still usually comes
after the main verb
if the main verb is
'be'.
She is still living

with her parents.
Why are you still
talking about it?
They still haven't
mended my car
(They haven't
mended my car yet).
I still like her.
Does he still live in
Cambridge?
He is still here.
I can still run 100
metres in less than
12 seconds
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Various grammar rules >> As long as

As long as
We use as long as
to say that
something will
happen only on
condition that
something else
happens.
I'll lend you the

book, as long as
you promise to give
it back to me in a
week.
Various grammar rules >> Despite, in

spite of
Prepositions - despite, in spite of

We use
despite in
one half of a
sentence to
make the
despite
something
despite +
-ing
despite the
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Despite the
heavy traffic,
we got there
on time.
Despite
rest of the
sentence
surprising.
fact that
being much
older than
the others,
he won the
race.
In spite of
the heavy
traffic, we
in spite of
got there on
In spite of
something
time.
has the same in spite of + In spite of
meaning as
-ing
the fact that
despite.
in spite of the he is much
fact that
older than
the others,
he won the
race
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Various grammar rules >> Each,

every
Each, every
Each is used if we
mean an individual
member of a group.
Every can also be
used.
We have send the

invitation to each /
every business
partner.
Each of is used if
we mean every
member of a group
and we include a
possessive pronoun
our, their, etc.
Every cannot be
used in this case.
We have sent the

invitation to each of
our business
partners.
Every is used with a

plural noun when it
is followed by
number.
Each cannot be used
I visit my mother
every two
months / every
other day /every
second week
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in this case.
Various grammar rules >> In case, in
case of
In case
We use in case to
express that we are
doing something in
preparation for
something which
might happen.
Take an umbrella in
case it rains!
I'll buy two bottles
of wine in case one
is not enough.
In case of
We use in case of
to say what we
should do if or when
something happens.
In case of burglary,
don't touch anything
and call the police
immediately.
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Various grammar rules >> Little, a

little, few, a few
Little / a little
A little is more than little.
little + uncountable
noun
little time, little
little = nearly none, food, little money
nearly nothing
a little +
unountable noun
a little = some but
not much
Little is a negative
idea.
We can also use
very little.
a little time, a little

food, a little money
I can't help you. I
speak little English.
I can't help you. I
speak very little
English.
(My English is bad I would like to know
110 of 129
English better.)
Little has irregular
comparative and
superlative forms.
little - less - the

least
a little - more - the
most
I can help you: I

A little is a positive
speak a little
idea.
English.
Few / a few
A few is more than few.
few + plural
countable noun
few = nearly none
few people, few

books, few letters
A few is a positive
idea.
Fortunately, our
finances are ok. We
still have a few
good customers.
111 of 129
Few is a negative
idea.
We can also use
very few.
Few has irregular

comparative and
superlative forms.
I'm very sad. I have

few good friends.
I'm very sad. I have
very few good
friends.
(I don't have many
good friends - I
would like to have
more.)
few - fewer - the
fewest
a few - more - the
most
112 of 129
Various grammar rules >> Relative

pronouns
Relative pronouns
We use who when
we talk about
people.
I don't know who

told you that.
We use which or
that when we talk
about things.
Which is more
formal than that.
Which and that can
be left out of a
defining relative
clause.
It's the watch which

my husband bought
me for my birthday.
It's the watch that
my husband bought
me for my birthday.
It's the watch my
husband bought me
for my birthday.
We use whose to
show possession.
John, whose
brother was also a
musician, plays over
100 concerts every
year.
113 of 129
My wife and I went

We use where /
to the bar where we
when when we talk first met.
about place or time. It was when I was
living in London.
114 of 129
Various grammar rules >> Say, tell

Say / tell
We use: tell + somebody.
I told David
about it.
Did you tell
him?
He told me
that he was
ill.
We use:say + something.
He said hello.
He said he
was ill.
We use: say + something + I said hello

to somebody.
to him
We use tell when we are
giving facts or information:
tell somebody (that)...
tell somebody something
tell somebody about
115 of 129
She told me
(that) she
was ill.
She told me
the news.
Tell me
about your
new job.
He told me
where it was.
something
tell somebody
who/when/where.
116 of 129
Various grammar rules >> Speak, talk

Speak / talk
Speak and talk
have similar
meanings. They
suggest that
someone is using his
voice, or that two or
more people are
having a discussion.
We can say:
speak to
somebody
talk to somebody
speak to
somebody about
something
talk to somebody
about something
How old were you

when you learned to
speak?
What are you
talking about?
Who were you
speaking to on the
phone?
Who were you
talking to on the
phone?
I was speaking to
Mark about cricket.
117 of 129
But we say:
speak a language
NOT talk a language He speaks four
talk nonsense NOT languages.
speak nonsense.
Stop talking
nonsense!
Speak to and talk I was talking to
to are used more
Tom yesterday.
often than speak
with and talk with.
Various grammar rules >> Unless

Unless
We use unless to
say that something
will happen if
something else
doesn't stop it
happening.
You won't get the

job unless you
prepare for the
interview.
= You will only get
the job if you
prepare well for the
interview.
118 of 129
Don't do it unles he
tells you to.
= Only do it if he
tells you to do it.
119 of 129
Writing business letters - Useful phrases:

Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?
You already know how important it is to
speak good English in an international
working environment. If you work for a
company which does business abroad, you
probably read and write a lot of English,
too. Writing, just like speaking, is
communication. In our letters and emails
we need to express many things:
authority, gratitude, dissatisfaction, etc.
Expressing ourselves well and with the
correct level of formality is an important
skill.
Do you have that skill? Ask yourself these
questions:
Do you present yourself in a
professional manner when you write?
What image do you give to the people
who read your letters and emails?
In short, you want to give a professional
image when you write to your customers
120 of 129
and business partners. To get you started,

we've prepared some lists of standard
phrases. Take a look at:
Opening
Lines
Closing
Lines
Dear Sir and

Yours
Faithfully
Opening lines
Why do we need an opening line in a
business letter or formal email?
- to make reference to previous
correspondence
- to say how you found the recipient's
name/address
- to say why you are writing to the
recipient.
10 Good Opening Lines:
With reference to your letter of 8 June,
I ...
I am writing to enquire about ...
121 of 129
After having seen your advertisement

in ... , I would like ...
After having received your address
from ... , I ...
I received your address from ... and would
like ...
We/I recently wrote to you about ...
Thank you for your letter of 8 May.
Thank you for your letter regarding ...
Thank you for your letter/e-mail about ...
In reply to your letter of 8 May, ...
Closing lines
Why do we need a closing line in a
business letter or email?
- to make a reference to a future
event
- to repeat an apology
- to offer help
10 Good Closing Lines:
122 of 129
If you require any further information, feel

free to contact me.
I look forward to your reply.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I look forward to seeing you.
Please advise as necessary.
We look forward to a successful working
relationship in the future.
Should you need any further information,
please do not hesitate to contact me.
Once again, I apologise for any
inconvenience.
We hope that we may continue to rely on
your valued custom.
I would appreciate your immediate
attention to this matter.
123 of 129
When 'Yours faithfully' and when 'Yours

sincerely' in a business letter?
When the recipient's name is
unknown to you:
Dear Sir ... Yours faithfully
Dear Madam ... Yours faithfully
Dear Sir or Madam ... Yours faithfully
When you know the recipient's name:

Dear Mr Hanson ... Yours sincerely
Dear Mrs Hanson ... Yours sincerely
Dear Miss Hanson ... Yours sincerely
Dear Ms Hanson ... Yours sincerely
When addressing a good friend or

colleague:
124 of 129
Dear Jack ... Best wishes/Best regards
Addressing whole departments:

Dear Sirs ... Yours faithfully
125 of 129
Telephone language and phrases in English

How to answer and speak on the phone
Answering the phone
Good
morning/afternoon/evening
, York Enterprises,
Elizabeth Jones speaking.
Who's calling, please?
Problems
Introducing yourself
This is Paul Smith

speaking.
Hello, this is Paul Smith
from Speakspeak
International.
Asking for someone
Could I speak to John

Martin, please?
I'd like to speak to John
Martin, please.
Could you put me
126 of 129
I'm
sorry, I
don't
understand
. Could you
repeat
that,
please?
I'm
sorry, I
can't hear
you very
well. Could
you speak
up a little,
please?
I'm
afraid
you've got
the wrong
number.
through to John Martin,

please?
Could I speak to
someone who
Explaining
I've tried
to get
through
several
times but
it's always
engaged.
Could
you spell
that,
please?
I'm afraid Mr Martin isn't

in at the moment.
I'm sorry, he's in a

meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid he's on

another line at the
Putting
moment.
someone
through
Putting someone on hold
One
moment,
Just a moment, please.

please. I'll
Could you hold the line,

see if Mr
please?
Jones is
Hold the line, please.

available.
I'll put
you
through.
127 of 129
I'll
connect
you.
I'm
connecting
you now.
Taking a
message
128 of 129
Can I
take a
message?
Would
you like to
leave a
message?
Can I
give
him/her a
message?
I'll tell
Mr Jones
that you
called
129 of 129
I'll ask
him/her to
call you as
soon as
possible.

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EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Tenses >> Present simple

Present simple - common mistakes

Does he work Questions in London? third person:

Negatives third person:

Tenses >> Past simple

Past simple - common mistakes

Tenses >> Present perfect tense

Present perfect simple - common

Did you have

the -ing form.

Tenses >> Past perfect tense

Had you seen

Past perfect - common mistakes

Tenses >> Future simple tense

Future simple - common mistakes

I'll call you

Tenses >> 'Going to' future tense

Are you going

'going to' for future- common

Will the film

Tenses >> Present continuous

He's (he is)

Present continuous - common

They are still

They are still Are they still

Are they still

are not used

Tenses >> Past continuous

Past continuous - common mistakes

I waiting for I was waiting

What did he What was he

Tenses >> Present perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous - common

Tenses >> Past perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous - common

I had working I had been

Tenses >> Future simple continuous

Tenses >> Present tenses used for

The train leaves at

We use the present I'm going to the

Will you have

Conditionals >> Zero conditional

Zero conditional - common mistakes

Conditionals >> First conditional

First conditional - common mistakes

Conditionals >> Second conditional

Second conditional - common

Conditionals >> Third conditional

Third conditional - common mistakes

Verb structures >> Verb + bare

Verb + bare infinitive

My parents didn't let

The bare infinitive

I enjoy going to the

I'm looking forward

Verb structures >> Verb + to +

verbs as: agree,