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Database Basic

The document provides definitions of key database terms like data, database, record, and file. It discusses the disadvantages of file processing systems like data redundancy and lack of data sharing. The solution is to use a database management system (DBMS) which provides a centralized repository of shared data. A DBMS allows data to be stored non-redundantly and accessed in a standardized way, providing advantages like improved data integrity, accessibility, and reduced maintenance costs over file processing systems.

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Razye
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
53 views

Database Basic

The document provides definitions of key database terms like data, database, record, and file. It discusses the disadvantages of file processing systems like data redundancy and lack of data sharing. The solution is to use a database management system (DBMS) which provides a centralized repository of shared data. A DBMS allows data to be stored non-redundantly and accessed in a standardized way, providing advantages like improved data integrity, accessibility, and reduced maintenance costs over file processing systems.

Uploaded by

Razye
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1

Instructor: Saleem Raza


Introduction
Definitions
• Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound,
video segments
• Database: An organized collection of logically related
data
• Information: Data processed to be useful in decision
making
• Field (data item): collection of related characters
(numeric or alphabetic) that define a characteristic of an
entity (person, place or thing)
• Record: collection of related (logically connected) fields
• File: collection of similar types of records
Definitions (cont.)
• Database Management System (DBMS): a
system software that facilitates the management
of a database and controls the access to the
data stored in the database
• Database system: system consisting of a
database, a DBMS, hardware and people
• Database design: The design of the database
structure that will be used to store and manage
data (not the design of the DBMS)
• Data dictionary (DD) or metadata: describes the
characteristics of data stored in a database and
the inter-relationships among data
Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
• Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
– 80% of of information systems budget
Three file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company

Duplicate
Data
Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain
their own data
 Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats
Problems with Data
Redundancy

• Waste of space to have duplicate data


• Causes more maintenance headaches
• The biggest Problem:
– When data changes in one file, could
cause inconsistencies
– Compromises data integrity
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
• Central repository of shared data
• Data is managed by a controlling
agent
• Stored in a standardized, convenient
form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Management System

• A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval


system which permits data to be stored
non-redundantly while making it appear
to the user as if the data is well-
integrated.
Database Management System

Application
#1

Application

DBMS
#2
Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3 DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources
Advantages of Database Approach

• Program-Data Independence
– Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t need to
worry about data formats
– Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs
don’t need to process data access routines
– Results in: increased application development and
maintenance productivity
• Minimal Data Redundancy
– Leads to increased data integrity/consistency
Advantages of Database Approach

• Improved Data Sharing


– Different users get different views of the data
• Enforcement of Standards
– All data access is done in the same way
• Improved Data Quality
– Constraints, data validation rules
• Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
– Use of standard data query language (SQL)
• Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
– Disaster recovery is easier
Database vs. File Systems
Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

• Up-front costs:
– Installation Management Cost and Complexity
– Conversion Costs
• Ongoing Costs
– Requires New, Specialized Personnel
– Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
• Organizational Conflict
– Old habits die hard
Use a DBMS when Do not use a DBMS
this is important when
• persistent storage of data • the initial investment in
• centralized control of data hardware, software, and
• control of redundancy training is too high
• control of consistency and
• the generality a DBMS
integrity provides is not needed
• multiple user support
• the overhead for security,
concurrency control, and
• sharing of data recovery is too high
• data documentation • data and applications are
• data independence simple and stable
• control of access and • real-time requirements
security cannot be met by it
• backup and recovery • multiple user access is not
needed

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