SIIT :: School of Information and Instrumentation Technology Trivandrum INTRODUCTION : Itis the branch of engineering which deals with the mesurement, monitoring, display ete of the various of energy exchanges which take place during process operations. “In short Intrumentation is the study of Instrument INSTRUMENT Instrument is a devies which is used to measure, moniter, display ete of a process variable. 1. What are the process Variable ? The process Variable are : 1) Flow 2) Pressure 3) Temperature 4) Level 5) Quality i, ¢. % D2, CO2, PH at. 2. Define all the process Variable and state their unit of measurement. 1) FLOW: Kg/hr, Litter/ min, Gallon / min. M3 / NMB3/ HR. (GASES ) 2) PRESSURE : Force acting per unit Area. P = F/A Units : Bar / Pascals / Kg / CM /, Pounds 3) LEVEL : Different between two heights, Units : Meters, MM, C M, %. 4) TEMPERATURE = It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Units : Degree Centigrade, Degree Farenheit, Degree Kelvin, Degree Rankin, 5) QUALITY : It deals with analysis PH, % CO2, % 02, Conductivity, Viscosity 3. What are the primary elements used for flow measurement. ? The primary elements used for flow measurement are : 1) Orifice Plate. 2) Venturi tube. 3) Pitot tube. 4) Annubars. 5) Flow Novzle. 6) Weir & Flumes. 4. What are the differnt types of orifice plates and state their uses ? ‘The different types of orifice plates are : 1) Concentric, 2) Segmental, 3) Eccentric, CONCENTRIC : The concentric orifice plate is used for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam service This orifice as a hole in concentric and hence known as concentric orifice. Eccentric & Segmental : The accentric orifice plate has a hole eccentric. The use this is made in viscous and sherry flow measurement The segmental orifice place has the hole in the form segment of a circle. This is used for colloidal and sherry flow measureme! 1. How do you identify an orifice in the pipe line. ? An orifice tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends our of the line giving an indication of the orifice plate 2 Why is the orifice tab provided. ? The orifice tab is provided due to the following reasons, 1) Indication of an orifice plate in a line, 2) The orifice diameter is marked on it, 3) The material ofthe orifice plate, 4) The tag no. of the orifice plate, 5) The mark the inlet of an orifice. 3. What is Bernoulli's theoram and where itis applicable. ? Bernoulli's theoram states the “total energy of a liquid flowing from one point to another remains constant.” It is applicable for non compressible liquids, 4 How do you identify the H. P, side or inlet of an orifice plate in line. ? The marking is always done H. P. side of the orifice tab which gives an indication of the H. P. side, How do you calibrate a D. P. transmitter. ? The following steps are to be taken which claribrating : 1) Adjust zero of the Xmirs. 2) Static preasure {est : Give equal pressure on both sides of the transmitter, Zero should not shift. IF it is shifting carry out static aligntment. 3) Vaccum test : Apply equal vaccum to both the sides. The zero should not shif. 4) Calibration Procedure : a) Give 20 psi air supply to the transmitter. b) Vent the L.P. side to atmosphere. ©) Connect output of the Instrument to a standard test gauge. Adjust zero. d) Apply required pressure to high pressure side of the transmitter and adjust the span, c) Adjust zero again if necessary 6 What is the seal liquid used for filing impulse lines on crude and viscous liquid ? Glycol 7% — How do you carry out piping for a Different pressure flow transmitter on liquids, Gas and steam services ? Why ?10. ul. 2. BB. 6 SIIT :: School of Information and Instrumentation Technology Trivandrum {quid lines : On liquid lines the transmitter is mounted below the orifice plate. Since liquids have a property of self draining, Gas Service : On gas service the transmitter is mounted above the orifice plate because Gases have a property of self venting and secondly condensate formation. ‘Steam Service : On steam service the transmitter is mounted below the orifice plate with condenlate pots. The pots should be at the same level An operator tells you that flow indication is more ? How would you start checking ? 1) First flushing the transmitter. Flush both the impulse lines. Adjust the zero by equalizing if necessary. If still the indication is more then. 2) Check L.P. side for choke. If that is clean then. 3) Check the leaks on L.P. side, Ifnot. 4) Calibrate the transmitter. How do you do a zero check on a D.P. transmitter ? Close one of the valve either H.P. or L,P, open the equalizing valve, The O/P should read zero, How would you do Glycol filling or fll seal liquids in seal pots 7 Draw and explain. The procedure for glycol filling is : 1) Close the primary isolation valves. 2) Open the vent on the seal pots. 3) Drain the use glycol if present. 4) Connect a hand pump on L.P. side while filling the H.P. side with glycol. 5) Keep the equalizer valve open. 6) Keep the L.P. side valve closed. 7) Start pumping and fill glycol, 8) Same reeat for L.P. side by connecting pump to H.P. side, keeping equalizer open and HP. side isolation valve closed, 9) Close the seal pot vent valves, 10) Close equalizer valve, 11) Open both the primary isolation valves. How do you calculate new factor from new range using old factor and old range. ? New Factor=_/New Range Old Factor = /Old Range Flow K_/Range Q = Factor X Unit Flow New Factor = Old Factor / _/Old Range X _/New Range. How will you vent air in the D.P. cell ? What if seal pots are used ? 1) Air is vented by opening the vent plugs on a liquid service transmitter. 2) On services where seal pots, are used isolate the primary isolation valves and open the vent valves. Fill the line from the transmitter drain plage with a pump. Why is flow measured in square root ? Flow varies directly as the square root of different pressure F = K square root of AP. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure the pen docs not directly inlicate flow. The flow can be determinded by taking the square root of the pen.Say the pen reads 50% of chart DEFINATION ACCURACY : 4 number or quantity which defines the limit of error under reference conditions. ATTENUATION : A decrease in signal magnitude between two points, or between two frequencies. DEAD TIME : The interval of time between initiation of an impect change or stimulus and the start of the resulting response, DRIFT = As undesired change in output over a pakiod of time, which change is unrelated to input ‘operating conditions, or load. ERROR : The difference between the indication and the true value of the measured signal SPAN ERROR : Its the difference between the actual span and the specified span and is expressed as the precent of specified span ZERO ERROR : \tis the error of device operating under the specified conditions of use when the input is at the lower range value. STATIC GAIN : It is the ratio of the output change to an input been change after the steady sttate has been reached, HYSTERESIS : The maximum difference between the upscale and downscale indications of the ‘measured signal during a full range traverse for the same input,18 19 20 21 PRESSURE CONVERSIONS SIIT :: School of Information and Instrumentation Technology Trivandrum INTERFERENCE : Interference is any spurious voltage or current aristug from external sources and ppecaring in the circuits of a device. COMMON MODE INTERFERENCE : It is the form of interference which appears between the ‘measuring circuit terminals and ground, NORMAL MODE INTERFERENCE : 1 is the form of interference which appears between measuring cirouit terminals, LINEARITY : The closeness to which a curve approximate a straight line RANGE : The region between the limits within which a quantity is measured received or transmitted, expressed by stating the lower and upper range values. REPEATABILITY : The closeness of agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the output for the same Value of the measured signal under the same operating conditions. REPRODUCIBILITY : The closeness of agereement among repeated measurements of the output for the same value of the input made under the same operating conditions, RESPONSE : Its the general behaviour of the output of a device as a function of input both with respect to time. SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO ; Ratio of signal amplitude to noise TIME CONSTANT : The time required for the output to complete 63.2 % of the total rise or decay: SPAN : The algeabric difference between upper and lower range values, ZERO SHIFT : Any parallel shift of the input output curve, RESSURE Ipsi = 27.74" H20 1 Kg/om2 = 14.223 psi 1 Bar 14.504 psi 1 Kpa 0.145 psi I Kglem2 = 10.000mm of H20 1 Bar = 1.0197 Kgfem2, I Kglem2 = 0.98 Bar 1 Torr = 1mm of lig What is absolute pressure ? Absolute pressure is the total pressure present in the system Abs pressure = Gauge pressure + Atm, pressure, What is absolute zero pressure ? Absolute zero = 760 mm Hg Vaccum, What is the maximum Vaccum ? 760 mm He, The maximum Vaccum What is Vaccum ? Any pressure below atmospheric pressure is vaccum, Atm 760mm 0 Vaccum Zero Gauge Maxm. Vaccum 760 mm HG Zero Absolute What are the primary elements for measuring pressure ? The primary elements used for measuring pressure are 1. Bourdon tube 2. Diaphragm Capsule Bellows. Pessure Springs. The above are known as elastic defermation pressure elements. Type of Bourdon tubes, 3 4