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    History of Rfid: © Irunway 2011

    Uploaded by

    Taranjeet Singh

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    History of Rfid: © Irunway 2011

    Uploaded by

    Taranjeet Singh
    17 views15 pages

    Original Title

    Rfid

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views15 pages

    History of Rfid: © Irunway 2011

    Uploaded by

    Taranjeet Singh

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    History of RFID

     In 1935, Sir Robert Alexander developed an “Identify Friend or Foe (IFF)” system
    using radar. The IFF system was used in WorldWar II to detect and differentiate
    between friendly and enemy aircraft.
     In the 1960s, electronic article surveillance (EAS) systems were developed for
    merchandise anti-theft purposes . EAS tags are 1-bit tags that can be in either an
    “on” or “off” state. When attached to merchandise, they can indicate whether an
    item of merchandise has been legitimately sold.
     In the 1980s, full implementation of RFID systems for various applications took
    place. Due to the advancement of CMOS integrated circuit technology, smaller
    RFID tags with more functionalities were able to be produced.
     In 1999, Auto-ID Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established
    for utilizing RFID to track and identify every object in supply chains down to an item
    © iRunway 2011
    level.
    RFID System

    Ethernet
    RFID
    Reader

    RFID Tag RF Ante nna Network Works tation

    © iRunway 2011
    RFID Types and Frequencies
    LF HF UHF Microwave
    Freq. Range 125 - 134KHz 13.56 MHz 866 - 915MHz 2.45 - 5.8 GHz

    Read Range 10 cm 1M 2-7 M 1M

    Market 74% 17% 6% 3%


    share
    Coupling Magnetic Magnetic Electro magnetic Electro magnetic

    Existing 11784/85, 14223 18000-3.1, EPC C0, C1, 18000-4


    15693,14443 A, C1G2, 18000-6
    standards
    B, and C
    Application Smart Card, Small item Transportation Transportation
    Ticketing, animal management, vehicle ID, vehicle ID (road
    tagging, supply chain, Access/Security, toll),
    Access, Laundry Anti-theft, large item Access/Security,
    library, management, large item
    transportation supply chain management,
    supply chain

    © iRunway 2011
    A Passive Tag

    © iRunway 2011
    Type of RFID tags

     Active tags
    • contain an on-board power source.
    • can communicate with less powerful interrogators and can transmit information over much
    longer ranges.
    • Are larger, complex and expensive than active tags.

     Passive Tags
    • derive power to transmit data from the signal sent by the interrogator.
    • effective range of passive tags is much shorter than that of active tags.

    © iRunway 2011
    Advatages over Barcodes

     Barcode readers require a direct line of sight to the printed barcode; RFID readers
    do not require a direct line of sight to either active RFID tags or passive RFID tags.
     Greater Reading Range
     Read/write capability
     Completely Automated. No Labor required once system is up.

    © iRunway 2011
    Tag Block Diagram

    Antenna

    Power Supply
    Memory
    Control Logic Cells
    Tx Modulator (Finite State
    machine)
    Rx
    Demodulator

    Tag Integrated Circuit (IC)

    © iRunway 2011
    RFID Communication

     Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands


     Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
     Carrier signal generated by the reader
     Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
     Carrier signal hits tag(s)
     Tag receives and modifies carrier signal
     “sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter – also referred
    to as “field disturbance device”)
     Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the
    Reader
     Reader decodes the data
     Results returned to the host application

    © iRunway 2011
    Operating Principles

     In 1935, Sir Robert Alexander developed an “Identify Friend or Foe (IFF)” system
    using radar.

    © iRunway 2011
    Standard RFID Tag Limitations

     I

    © iRunway 2011
    Collision Issues in RFID

     I

    © iRunway 2011
    Existing Solutions not Applicable

     I

    © iRunway 2011
    PULSE Protocol

    © iRunway 2011
    Platform Independent Tag Antennas

     PEC- It induces a phase change of -180 on reflection. E.g copper


    ground plane etc. Used as a ground plane in Microstrip antennas and
    PIFA antennas.
     PMC- Do not cause any phase change when waves strikes it. Ideal
    surfaces for use as a ground plane. But,PMC,s do not exist in nature.
     Artificial Magnetic Condutors have to be used which are a class of
    Electromagnetic Band Gap(EBG) metamaterials which can be designed
    to act as AMC ground plane over a desired frequency range.
     The EBG structures consists of periodic metallic objects that have
    passbands and stopbands.

    © iRunway 2011
    AMC Shapes

    © iRunway 2011

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