MA2261 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES L T P C (Common to ECE & Bio Medical Engineering) 3 1 0 4 AIM This course aims

at providing the necessary basic concepts in random processes. Knowledge of fundamentals and applications of random phenomena will greatly help in the understanding of topics such as signals & systems, pattern recognition, voice and image processing and filtering theory. OBJECTIVES At the end of the course, the students would Have a fundamental knowledge of the basic probability concepts. Have a well-founded knowledge of standard distributions which can describe real life phenomena. Acquire skills in handling situations involving more than one random variable and functions of random variables. Understand and characterize phenomena which evolve with respect to time in probabilistic manner. Be able to analyze the response of random inputs to linear time invariant systems. UNIT I RANDOM VARIABLES 9 + 3 Discrete and continuous random variables Moments - Moment generating functions and their properties. Binomial, Poisson ,Geometric, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma and normal distributions Function of Random Variable. UNIT II TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIBLES 9 + 3 Joint distributions - Marginal and conditional distributions Covariance - Correlation and Regression - Transformation of random variables - Central limit theorem (for iid random variables) UNIT III CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES 9 + 3 Definition and examples - first order, second order, strictly stationary, wide-sense stationary and ergodic processes - Markov process - Binomial, Poisson and Normal processes - Sine wave process Random telegraph process. UNIT IV CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITIES 9 + 3 Auto correlation - Cross correlation - Properties Power spectral density Cross spectral density - Properties Wiener-Khintchine relation Relationship between cross power spectrum and cross correlation function UNIT V LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS 9 + 3 Linear time invariant system - System transfer function Linear systems with random inputs Auto correlation and cross correlation functions of input and output white noise. LECTURES: 45 TUTORIAL: 15 TOTAL: 60 TEXT BOOKS 1. Oliver C. Ibe, Fundamentals of Applied probability and Random processes, Elsevier, First Indian Reprint ( 2007) (For units 1 and 2) 2. Peebles Jr. P.Z., Probability Random Variables and Random Signal Principles, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishers, Fourth Edition, New Delhi, 2002. (For units 3,4 and 5) REFERENCES 1. Miller,S.L and Childers, S.L, Probability and Random Processes with applications to Signal Processing and Communications, Elsevier Inc., First Indian Reprint 2007. 2. H. Stark and J.W. Woods, Probability and Random Processes with Applications to Signal Processing, Pearson Education (Asia), 3rd Edition, 2002. 3. Hwei Hsu, Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of Probability, Random Variables and Random Processes, Tata McGraw-Hill edition, New Delhi, 2004. 4. Leon-Garcia,A, Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, Pearson Education Asia, Second Edition, 2007. 5. Yates and D.J. Goodman, Probability and Stochastic Processes, John Wiley and Sons, Second edition, 2005.

BM 2251 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

LTPC 3 0 0 3

UNIT I BIO POTENTIAL ELECTRODES 9 Origin of bio potential and its propagation. Electrode-electrolyte interface, electrodeskin interface, half cell potential, impedance, polarization effects of electrode nonpolarizable

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electrodes. Types of electrodes - surface, needle and micro electrodes and their equivalent circuits. Recording problems - measurement with two electrodes. UNIT II ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS 9 Biosignals characteristics frequency and amplitude ranges. ECG Einthovens triangle, standard 12 lead system. EEG 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar and average mode. EMG, ERG and EOG unipolar and bipolar mode. UNIT III BIO AMPLIFIER 8 Need for bio-amplifier - single ended bio-amplifier, differential bio-amplifier right leg driven ECG amplifier. Band pass filtering, isolation amplifiers transformer and optical isolation - isolated DC amplifier and AC carrier amplifier. Chopper amplifier. Power line interference. UNIT IV MEASUREMENT OF NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER 10 Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate measurements. Blood Pressure: indirect methods - auscultatory method, oscillometric method, direct methods: electronic manometer, Pressure amplifiers - systolic, diastolic, mean detector circuit. Blood flow and cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution, thermal dilution and dye dilution method, Electromagnetic and ultrasound blood flow measurement. UNIT V BIO-CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT 9 Biochemical sensors - pH, pO2 and pCo2, Ion selective Field effect Transistor (ISFET), Immunologically sensitive FET (IMFET), Blood glucose sensors - Blood gas analyzers, colorimeter, flame photometer, spectrophotometer, blood cell counter, auto analyzer (simplified schematic description).
TOT

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Joseph J. Carr and John M. Brown, Introduction to Biomedical Equipment

Technology, Pearson Education, 2004. 2. John G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, John Wiley and sons, New York, 2004 REFERENCE 1. Leslie Cromwell, Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi, 2007. 2. Khandpur R.S, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2003. 3. Standard Handbook of Biomedical Engineering & Design Myer Kutz, McGraw-Hill Publisher, 2003. BM2253 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING L T P C 3 0 0 3 AIM To make the students understand the basics of electricity generation and utilization.

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OBJECTIVES To study the magnetic circuits To study the principle and application of transformers To study the principle of operation of DC motors To study the principle and operation of AC machines To study the principle of fractional-kW motors and their applications. UNIT I MAGNETIC CIRCUIT 9 Magnetic effects of electric current, Magnetic circuits, Magnetic materials and B-H relationship, Electromagnetic induction and force, Hysteresis and eddy current losses. UNIT II DCMOTORS 9 Parts of DC motors, types of motors, principle of operation of DC motors, Back EMF, circuit model, power balance, calculation of torque and speed, armature and field control, DC motor starting, calculation of efficiency. UNIT III TRANSFORMERS 9 Methods of generation of AC voltages, role of transformers in the distribution of electricity, Construction and principle of operation of single phase transformers, Ideal transformer, voltage and current relationships, impedance transformation, definition of voltage regulation, Losses in the transformer, calculation of efficiency of transformer, construction and voltage ratio aspects of single phase autotransformer, construction and voltage ratio aspects three phase transformer. UNIT IV AC MACHINES 9 Synchronous machines, construction, principle of operation, phasor diagram , voltage equation, Open circuit and short circuit characteristics, voltage regulation, induction motor, construction, circuit model, torque slip characteristics, starting , speed control-slip control , frequency control

UNIT V FRACTIONAL -KW MOTORS 9 Single phase induction motor, principle of operation, torque-speed characteristics, twophase motors, split phase motor, universal motor, two value capacitance motor, stepper motors - variable reluctance stepper motor-single stack and multistack-permanent magnet stepper motor- drive concepts-unipolar drive circuit, bipolar drive circuit-calculation TOTAL : 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. D P Kothari and I J Nagrath, Basic Electrical Engineering, TMH, 2ed, 2007. 2. P. C Sen, Principles of Electric machines and power electronics, John-Wiley & Sons, 2ed, 2007. REFERENCE: 1. Muhammad Rashid, Power electronics circuit, devices and applications, PrenticeHall of India, 3rd ed, 2004.

BM2254 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ICs L T P C 3 1 0 4 AIM: To understand the functions of various analog and digital IC and their applications

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OBJECTIVES o To acquire the knowledge about the characteristics and operation of various analog ICs o To study the application of analog ICs in the designing circuit. o To study the applications of these Digital ICs. o To understand the basic of the Digital systems. o To study the design of the various functional circuits using these ICs. UNIT I OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9 The characteristics of Ideal Operation slew rate, offset voltage, bias current, CMRR, bandwidth - equivalent circuit of an op-Amp virtual ground concept Linear applications of op-amp inverting and noninverting amplifier, summing, subtracting, averaging amplifier - voltage to current converter current to voltage converter Differential amplifiers differentiator and integrator. Nonlinear applications comparator - Schmitt Triggers Precision Diode Half wave and full wave rectifiers Average detectors peak detector UNIT II ACTIVE FILTERS AND SIGNAL GENERATOR 9 Active filters (first and second order) Low pass, high pass, band pass filters, band reject filters (notch filters). Oscillators - RC Phase shift and Wein-bridge. Waveform generators Square, triangular and saw tooth. UNIT III TIMER, PLL, A/D AND D/A CONVERTERS 9 555 Timer (internal diagram) and its applications monostable multivibrator, astable multivibrator. Phase locked Loop (565 - block diagram approach) and its applications Frequency multiplication, Frequency translation, voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converters. DAC Binary weighted DAC and R-2R DAC. ADC single slope and dual slope ADCs, successive approximation ADC

UNIT IV NUMBER SYSTEMS AND LOGIC GATES 9 Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers.-Conversion between these number systems.- Complements rs and (r-1)s complements.- subtraction using complements Encoding numbers and characters using Binary digits. Binary coded Decimal Gray code - Binary to Gray code conversion ASCII Code. Logic gates Truth tables NOT, AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR - Boolean Laws and theorems Solving Boolean expressions, Truth Tables and Logic circuits The Karnaugh Map half adder, full adder, Multiplexers and Demultiplexers - Decoders and encoders. Coding of Combination Circuits in verilog. UNIT V REGISTERS AND COUNTERS 9 Flip Flops RS, D, T, JK Flip Flops Characteristic equations, exciting tables JK Master Slave flip-flop Universal shift register. Design of modulo-N counters counter design using state diagram. sequential circuit design with verilog. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad , Op-AMP and Linear Ics, Prince Hall, 1994 2. M. Morris Mano , Digital Logic and Computer design Prentice Hall 1994. REFERENCES: 1. Robert B.Northrop, Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, CRC Press, 2004.

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2. Sergio Franco, DESIGN with Operational Amplifiers and analog Integrated circuits, McGraw-Hills 3. Millman , J. Halkis.C.C Integrated Electronics.McGraw Hill , 1972. 4. John. F. Wakerly, Digital design principles and practices, Pearson Education,Fourth Edition, 2007 . 5. Charles H. Roth, Jr, Fundamentals of Logic Design, Fourth edition, Jaico Books, 2002 BM 2252 PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I: 9 Cell Degeneration, repair and neoplasia-Cell injury and Necrosis, Apoptosis, Intracellular accumulations, Pathological calcification, cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation, Inflammation and Repair including fracture healing, Neoplasia, Classification, Benign and Malignant tumours, carcinogenesis, spread of tumours. UNIT II: 9 Fluid and hemodynamic derangements, - edema, normal hypostasis, thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, embolism, infarction, shock. Hematological disorders-Bleeding disorders, Leukaemias, Lymphomas. UNIT III : 9 General Structural Organisation of bacterial and viral cell- growth and identification of bacteria, observation of culture. Microscopy: Light microscopy, dark field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence and electron microscopy. UNIT IV: 9 Genetic disorders, Infection and Immunity-Mutations, Autosomal and X linked

disorders, Mendelian disorders, types of immune response, hypersensitivity disorders, Immune deficiency syndrome, Viral disease, Chlamydial ,Bacterial, Mycoplasma, Rickettsial, Fungal, protozoal and helminthic disease. UNIT V: 9 Identification of disease producing organisms, simple stain, Gram stain, AFB stain, Fluorescent techniques, antigen-antibody techniques. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Ramzi S Cotran, Vinay Kumar & Stanley L Robbins: Pathologic Basis of diseases. WB Saunders Co. 7th edn-2005. 2. Harsh Mohan: Text book of Pathology. Jaypee publishers. 4th edn. 2000. REFERENCE: 1. Underwood JCE: General and Systematic Pathology Churchill Livingstone 3edn.2000. MICROBIOLOGY TEXT BOOK 1. Ananthanarayanan R& Panicker CKJ:Textbook of Microbiology. Orient Longmans.7th

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ed.2006. 2..Dubey RC and Maheswari DK.A textbook of Microbiology. S Chand,2007. REFERENCES: 1. Prescott,Harley,Klein.Microbiology.Mc Graw Hill 5th ed. 2002. 2. Manual of Microbiology tools and techniques. Kanika Sharma. Anes student edition.2007.

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BM 2255 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I ANALOG MODULATION 9 Amplitude Modulation AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB PSD, modulators and demodulators Angle modulation PM and FM PSD, modulators and demodulators Superheterodyne receivers UNIT II PULSE MODULATION 9 Low pass sampling theorem Quantisation - PAM Line coding - PCM, DPCM, DM, ADPCM and ADM, Channel Vocoder, Time Division Multiplexing, frequency Division Multiplexing UNIT III DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION 9 Phase shift keying BPSK, DPSK, QPSK - Principles of M-ary signaling M-ary PSK & QAM Comparison, ISI Pulse shaping Duo binary encoding - Cosine filters Eye pattern, equalizers UNIT IV INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING 9 Measure of information Entropy Source coding theorem - Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman Coding, LZ Coding Channel capacity Shannon-Hartley law Shannons limitError control Codes Cyclic codes, Syndrome calculation Convolutional Coding, Sequential and Viterbi decoding

UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS 9 PN sequences properties m-sequence DSSS Processing gain, Jamming FHSS Synchronisation and tracking - Multiple Access FDMA, TDMA, CDMA Tutorial = 15 TOTAL 45+15 = 60 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. H Taub, D L Schilling, G Saha, Principles of Communication Systems 3/e, TMH, 2007 2. S. Haykin Digital Communications John Wiley, 2005 REFERENCES: 1. B.P.Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3/e, Oxford University Press,2007 2. H P Hsu, Schaum Outline Series - Analog and Digital Communications TMH 2006 3. B.Sklar, Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications 2/e Pearson Education 2007 GE2021 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING L T P C (Common to Civil, CSE, IT & Biomedical Degree Programmes) 3 0 0 3 AIM The aim of this course is to create awareness in every engineering graduate about the importance of environment, the effect of technology on the environment and ecological balance and make them sensitive to the environment problems in every professional endeavour that they participates.

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OBJECTIVE At the end of this course the student is expected to understand what constitutes the environment, what are precious resources in the environment, how to conserve these resources, what is the role of a human being in maintaining a clean environment and useful environment for the future generations and how to maintain ecological balance and preserve bio-diversity. The role of government and non-government organization in environment managements. UNIT I ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY 14 Definition, scope and importance of environment need for public awareness - concept of an ecosystem structure and function of an ecosystem producers, consumers and decomposers energy flow in the ecosystem ecological succession food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity biogeographical classification of India value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values Biodiversity at global, national and local levels India as a mega-diversity nation hot-spots of biodiversity threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts endangered and endemic species of India conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity. Field study of common plants, insects, birds Field study of simple ecosystems pond, river, hill slopes, etc. UNIT II ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 8 Definition causes, effects and control measures of: (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution

(c) Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Thermal pollution (g) Nuclear hazards soil waste management: causes, effects and control measures of municipal solid wastes role of an individual in prevention of pollution pollution case studies disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides. Field study of local polluted site Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural. UNIT III NATURAL RESOURCES 10 Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. case studies Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification role of an individual in conservation of natural resources Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. Field study of local area to document environmental assets river / forest / grassland / hill / mountain.

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UNIT IV SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 7 From unsustainable to sustainable development urban problems related to energy water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies role of nongovernmental organization- environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies. wasteland reclamation consumerism and waste products environment production act Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) act Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) act Wildlife protection act Forest conservation act enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislation- central and state pollution control boardsPublic awareness. UNIT V HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6 Population growth, variation among nations population explosion family welfare programme environment and human health human rights value education HIV / AIDS women and child welfare role of information technology in environment and human health Case studies. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. Gilbert M.Masters, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2004. 2. Benny Joseph, Environmental Science and Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2006. REFERENCES: 1. R.K. Trivedi, Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and Standards, Vol. I and II, Enviro Media. 2. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico Publ., House, Mumbai, 2001. 3. Dharmendra S. Sengar, Environmental law, Prentice hall of India PVT LTD, New Delhi, 2007.

4. Rajagopalan, R, Environmental Studies-From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press (2005). BM2257 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB L T P C 0 0 3 2 1. Inverting, non-inverting amplifier and comparator 2. Integrator and Differentiator 3. Active filter first order LPF and HPF 4. Schmitt trigger using IC741 5. Instrumentation amplifier using IC741 6. Wein bridge oscillator 7. Multivibrator using IC555 Timer 8. Study of logic gates, Half adder and Full adder 9. Encoder and BCD to 7 segment decoder 10. Multiplexer and demultiplexer using digital ICs 11. Universal shift register using flipflops 12. Design of mod-N counter TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

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LIST OF EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS (3 per Batch) S.N

o Name of the equipments / Components Quantity Required Remarks 1 Dual ,(0-30V) variable Power Supply 10 2 CRO 9 30MHz 3 Digital Multimeter 10 Digital 4 Function Generator 8 1 MHz 5 IC Tester (Analog/Digital) 2 6 Bread board 10 Consumables (Minimum of 25 Nos. each) 1 IC 741 25 2 IC NE555 25 3 LED 25 4 Potentiometer 5 Seven Segment Display 25 6 Capacitor 7 Resistors 1/4 Watt Assorted 25 8 Single Strand Wire 25 9 Encoder and Decoder ICs (IC7445, IC 74147) 25 10 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer ICs. ( IC74150, IC74154) 25 11 Shift register ICs, Counter ICs 25 12 IC7400 25 13 IC7404 25 14 IC7402 15 IC7408 25 16 IC7411 25 17 IC7432 25

BM 2258 PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY LAB. L T P C 0 0 4 2 1. Urine physical and chemical examination (protein, reducing substances, ketones, bilirubin and blood) 2. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. 3. Study of parts of compound microscope 4. Histopathological slides of benign and malignant tumours. 5. Manual tissue processing and section cutting (demonstration) 6. Simple stain. 7. Gram stain. 8. AFB stain. 9. Slides of malyarial parasites, micro filaria and leishmania donovani. 10. Haematology slides of anemia and leukemia 11. Bleeding time and clotting time. 12. Study of bone marrow charts TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

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(Lab Requirement for a both of Semester) 1) Test tubes, Test tube racks, Bunsen burner(gas),(Benedicts solution, Acetic acid, Sulphosalicylic acid), centrifuge, microscope. 2) Slides, cover slips,H & E stains 3) Microscope 4) Beakers,graded alcohols, acetone,Lmoulds(or maling bodies), paradigm wax, water bath, microtone for section cutting,slides,cover slips,hotair oven,refrigerator to store chemical and ice. 5) whanman filter paper for bleeding time Test tubes. 6) Simple Stain test SIMPLE STAIN, Glass Slide Reagents Methylene blue, Crystal Violet, Cabal Iuschin 7)