Closed-Loop Bandwidth: R R i i i vω vω Aω vω

3/1/2011
Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc
1/9
Closed-Loop Bandwidth
Say we build in the lab (i.e., the op-amp is not ideal) this amplifier:
R1 i1 i- =0
vout ( ) = A ( ) vo vin ( )
vin ( )
R2 i2 v-
i+ =0
v+
Aop ( )
+
vout ( )
We know that the open-circuit voltage gain (i.e., the closed-loop gain) of this amplifier should be: vout ( ) R2 ( ) 1 = = + ??? A vo vin ( ) R1 This gain will certainly be accurate for input signals vin ( ) at low frequencies
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
2/9
As the signal frequency increases

But remember, the Op-amp (i.e., open-loop gain) gain Aop ( ) decreases with frequency. If the signal frequency becomes too large, the open-loop gain Aop ( ) will become less than the ideal closed-loop gain!
(dB)
A0 (dB)
2
Aop ( )
ideal A vo
R 1 + R
2 1
(dB)
0 dB
log
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
3/9
The amp gain cannot exceed the op-amp gain

Note as some sufficiently high frequency ( say), the open-loop (op-amp) gain will become equal to the ideal closed-loop (non-inverting amplifier) gain:
Aop ( = ) = 1 +
R2 R1
Moreover, if the input signal frequency is greater than frequency , the opamp (open-loop) gain will in fact be smaller that the ideal non-inverting (closedloop) amplifier gain:
Aop ( > )
<
1+
R2 R1
Q: If the signal frequency is greater than , will the non-inverting amplifier still exhibit an open-circuit voltage (closed-loop) gain of A ( ) = 1 + R2 R1 ? vo
A: Allow my response to be both direct and succinctNEVER!
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
4/9
Closed-loop gain < or = open-loop gain

the gain Aop ( ) of the op-amp itself. The gain A ( ) of any amplifier constructed with an op-amp can never exceed vo
In other words, the closed-loop gain of any amplifier can never exceed its openloop gain. * We find that if the input signal frequency exceeds , then the amplifier (closed-loop) gain A ( ) will equal the op-amp (open-loop) gain vo
Aop ( ) .
* Of course, if the signal frequency is less than , the closed-loop gain will be equal to its ideal value A ( ) = 1 + R2 R1 , since the op-amp (openvo loop) gain is much larger than this ideal value ( Aop ( < ) 1 + R2 R1 ).
* We now refer to the value 1 + R2 R1 as the mid-band gain of the amplifier.
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
5/9
1+R2/R1 is the midband gain

Therefore, we find for this non-inverting amplifier that:
R2 1 + R1 ( ) A vo Aop ( )
< >
(dB)
A0 (dB)
Aop ( )
2
2 ideal A vo
R2 1 + R 1
(dB)
A ( ) vo
0 dB
log
= 3dB
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
6/9
Can we determine this bandwidth?

Now for one very important fact: the transition frequency is the break frequency of the amplifier closed-loop gain A ( ) . vo Thus, we come to conclusion that is the 3dB bandwidth of this non-inverting amplifier (i.e., = 3dB )!
Q: Is there some way to numerically determine this value ? A: Of course!
Recall we defined frequency as the value where the open-loop (op-amp) gain and the ideal closed-loop (non-inverting amplifier) gains were equal:
Aop ( = ) = 1 +
R2 R1
Recall also that for > b , we can approximate the op-amp (open-loop) gain as:
Aop ( )
A0b
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
7/9
Divide the gain-bandwidth product by gain, and you have determined the bandwidth!
Combining these results, we find:
Aop ( = ) = 1 +
and thus:
R = 1 + 2 R1
1
R2 A0b R1
(A b )
0
But remember, we found that this frequency is equal to the breakpoint of the ( ) . non-inverting amplifier (closed-loop) gain A vo Therefore, the 3dB, closed-loop bandwidth of this amplifier is:
3dB
R 1 + 2 R1
(A b )
0
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
8/9
This is not rocket science

Recall also that A0 b = t , so that:
3dB
R 1 + 2 t R1
If we rewrite this equation, we find something interesting:
3dB 1+
R2 t R1
Look what this says: the PRODUCT of the amplifier (mid-band) GAIN and the amplifier BANDWIDTH is equal to the GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT.
This result should not be difficult to remember !
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/1/2011
9/9
The gain-bandwidth product is an op-amp parameter

The above approximation is valid for virtually all amplifiers built using operational amplifiers, i.e.:
(m ) 3dB = t A vo
where:
A (m ) mid-band gain vo
In other words, m is some frequency within the bandwidth of the amplifier (e.g., 0 < m < 3dB ). We of course can equivalently say:
(f ) f3dB = ft A vo m
The product of the amplifier gain and the amplifier bandwidth is equal to the op-amp gain-bandwidth product!
Jim Stiles
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS

Closed-Loop Bandwidth: R R i i i vω vω Aω vω

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3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

As the signal frequency increases

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

The amp gain cannot exceed the op-amp gain

A: Allow my response to be both direct and succinctNEVER!

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

Closed-loop gain < or = open-loop gain

* We now refer to the value 1 + R2 R1 as the mid-band gain of the amplifier.

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

1+R2/R1 is the midband gain

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

Can we determine this bandwidth?

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

This is not rocket science

If we rewrite this equation, we find something interesting:

This result should not be difficult to remember !

The Univ. of Kansas

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

The gain-bandwidth product is an op-amp parameter

The Univ. of Kansas

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