Composite Column
Composite Column
Composite Column
Compression, Bending, Combined compression and bending, Column buckling curve, Interaction curve between compression and bending
Composite columns
Composite columns often offer significant economic advantages over either structural steel or reinforced concrete alternatives. High load carrying capacities and high flexural rigidities with smaller sizes at reduced costs. Excellent inherent fire resistances. By varying different materials, composite columns with different axial load and moment resistances but with identical external dimensions are readily obtained. This allows the outer dimensions of a column to be held constant over a number of floors in a building, simplifying both constructional and architectural details.
x D
x D
Strength assessment
Rcp EIcp
=
Rc (EI)c
Rs (EI)s
Rr (EI)r
5
Deformation assessment
= + +
Scope
Design considerations of composite columns. Steel columns. Basic section capacities. Plastic stress block method. Worked example. Interaction between compression and bending in stocky and slender columns. Mechanics of column buckling , axial buckling resistances in slender columns, column buckling curves.
Composite columns. Compression and moment capacities. Interaction between compression and bending in stocky and slender columns. Non-linear and simplified interaction curves.
Rc
Rs
Rr
How to ensure concrete core, steel section and reinforcement, i.e. three materials of different sizes and strengths, work together as an integral member to resist compression and bending ? How to transfer loads among one another of the three materials ? How to ensure high local loads are effectively distributed away ?
Deformation assessment
EIcp
=
(EI)c
(EI)s
(EI)r
How to ensure three materials with different sizes and Youngs modulii to deform consistently with limited interfacial slippage under compression and bending ?
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
9
Basic capacities
Compression capacity
Pc = py As
Moment capacity
Mc = p y S
10
Axial force
d
dn
dn
11
Axial force
dn
dn
12
= 438.9 mm
13
Assume the applied load, P, is to be resisted by the shaded area, dn x t, i.e. P = py An where An = dn t
P = Pc dn t A
2 2 dn t = n2 A 2
Sx
n2 A 2 4t
D dn Assume the applied load, P, is to be resisted by the shaded area, A (D dn) x B, i.e. where An = dn t P = py An
Fc A (D dn )B = Pc A
After re-arranging, dn =
A (n 1) +D B
= =
B 2 A2 2 2 2AD (n 1) D 2 (n - 1) - D 4 B B A2 2BD 1 + n (1 - n) 4B A
2BD A2 (n 1)(n 1) + 4B A = K 3 (1 n) (K 4 + n) = K3 =
UB457 x 152 x 52
1.0 0.8
M r / Mc
0.6
Empirical formula
P M P + M c c
= 1
0.4 0.2
= 1
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
17
where Mr is the reduced plastic moment capacity in the presence of axial load according to plastic analysis method.
18
My Mx F + + Mcy A py Mcx
My + M ry
Z2
1 (Eq 2)
19
Stability is an additional requirement to equilibrium Axial buckling occurs in slender columns under high axial compressive forces.
P P
P Equilibrium
20
d2v As Mx = EI 2 dx 2
d v EI 2 + Pv = 0 dx
d2v P + v=0 or dx 2 EI
k=
P (v 0 after buckling)
Use k2 =
P or EI
P EI
d2v + k 2v = 0 2 dx
21
From mathematics, the general solution is v = C1sin kx + C2 cos kx Consider the boundary condition As v = 0 at x = 0 C2 = 0 v = C1sin kx As v = 0 kL = n
sin kL = 0 at x = L where n = 1, 2, 3
L
where C1 is undetermined.
k=
n or L
k=
x C1 sin L 1 4 2 4 3 shape
k=
P = L EI
2 PE = L2 EI
PE = E
constant
I L2
Section property
Member length
material property
The Euler buckling load is an elastic value for a perfectly straight column, and it is necessary to incorporate material yielding and initial imperfection in practical design. The structural mechanics is equally applicable to steel columns, reinforced concrete columns as well as composite columns.
23
For real columns, most modern steel codes adopt the formulation with member slenderness and buckling strength.
Euler buckling load E Iy - flexural rigidity about minor axis L - member length
PE =
PE = pE = A = Elastic buckling
strength
pE E 1 = py 2 py
Iy 2E 2 L Iy 1 2E A2 L2 ry 2E 2 L 1 2E 2
2
as
Iy A
2 = ry
or 2 E
(L/ry )2
L ry
- slenderness
ry - radius of gyration
where =
[normalization] where Y =
E material properties py
=
Dividing by yield strength
Y 2
24
Adopt the slenderness ratio, = , the elastic buckling strength Y ratio is given by: geometry
pE 1 = py 2 14 4 244 3
where =
L = E r critical
E Y = py
material
.. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
yielding
test data
..
elastic buckling
2.0
The curves relate material yielding and elastic buckling in real columns together with initial imperfection and residual stresses, etc.
25
26
( BS5950: Part 1 )
p y + (1 + )p E 2
+ pEpy
2
a( o ) 1000
but > 0
a is the Robertson constant = 2.0 curve a For different types of 3.5 b sections and axis of 5.5 c buckling after calibration 8.0 d against test data.
27
c
real column behaviour
elastic buckling
0.2
limiting
elastic buckling
2.0
28
Buckled shape
Design Theoretical
0.7 0.5
0.85 0.7
1.0 1.0
1.2 1.0
2.0 2.0
29
Sway mode
One end Other end Design Effectively held in position and restrained in direction Not held in position Effectively restrained in direction Partially restrained in direction Not restrained in direction 1.2 1.5 2.0 k Theoretical 1.0 2.0
30
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
M
Pc
c
P
Pc
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Pcp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
31
F As pc
Axial buckling as a column
where F Mx , My pc, py As mLT Mb Zy
(m LT ) y M y (m LT ) x M x + Mb py Zy
Lateral buckling as a beam
is the applied axial load in the column are the applied moments about the major and the minor axes respectively are the compression and the design yield strengths respectively is the cross-sectional area is the equivalent uniform moment factor is the buckling resistance moment capacity, and is the elastic section modulus about the minor axis.
32
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
M
Pc
c
P
Pc
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
Pcp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
33
Fully encased and partially encased H sections: Pcp = Ap y + 0.45A c fcu + A s fsd In-filled rectangular hollow sections:
Sp,Sps, Spc
dn
36
Point A
0.53 fcu
py
Point B
dn
0.53fcu +
py -
fsd Mcp
No axial force
37
Point C
dn dn
0.53fcu +
py + py +
fsd Mc = Mcp
Point D
dn
0.53fcu -
38
Point E
dn
0.53fcu
py
fsd -
dE dg +
ME PE
39
40
41
fsd -
Point B
0.45fcu -
py +
dn 2dn dn
fsd Mcp
No axial force
42
Mcp Ppm
Point D
0.45fcu
py
Mcp,max Ppm/2
43
Sp Sps
(A
i
n i
si
ei )
where ei are the distances of the reinforcements of area Asi to the relevant middle line, Spsn where Asni eni =
(A
sni
eni )
are the area of reinforcements within the region of 2 dn from the middle line, are the distances of the reinforcements from the middle line.
44
Spc Spcn
= =
Bc Dc 4
Sp Sps
Bc d n S pn S psn
dn Spn
= =
t dn2
45
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
M
Pc
c
P
Pc
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
cp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
46
(EI)cp = E I + K e E cm I c + E s I s
Elastic buckling load:
Pcp,cr =
Ke I, Ic and Is
47
Pcp,k Pcp,cr
is the characteristic value of the compression capacity
= Ap y + 0.68A c f cu + A s f y
for fully encased and partially encased H sections
= Ap y + 0.8A c f cu + A s f y
for in-filled rectangular hollow sections
48
Reduction factor,
= 1
2 + 2 0.5
2 = 0 .5 1 + 0 .2 +
is the imperfection parameter which allows for different levels of imperfections in the columns = 0.21, 0.34 and 0.49 for buckling curves a, b and c respectively
P Pcp
Pcp, k Pcp, cr
49
Resistance to compression, Resistance to moment, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
M
Pc
c
Pcp
Mcp & M
P
Pc
Axial buckling resistance, Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e. interaction between compression and bending,
cp
Pcp & M
Design of steel columns is presented as a reference for the more complicated design of composite columns
50
P Pcp
Axial buckling resistance
The interaction curve represents the maximum values of the pair of P and M. 2. An applied force P will always induce a moment M due to the presence of initial imperfection, hence, part of the reserve is used up. 3. If the applied force, P, is equal to the axial buckling resistance, there is no reserve to resist any moment at all. 4. ( d - k ) Mcp. If the applied force, P, is less than the axial buckling resistance, the moment reserve is at least equal to ( d - k ) Mcp.
Applied load
0
5.
d 1.0
Depending on the shape of the initial imperfection of the column, it is possible to reduce the induced moment.
M M cp
51
Single curvature
Double curvature
52
d n
Applied load
Mcp.
d 1.0
M M cp
53
n =
(1 r )
4
P Pcp
1.0 d n 0
d =
P P cp
k d 1.0
M M cp
54
b)
Cross-section interaction curve
P Pcp
1.0 d n 0
1.0 d pm n
k d 1.0
k d
M M cp
B 1.0
M M cp
For easy manual calculation, a simplified interaction curve may be adopted in design.
55
1.0 =
( d )(1 n ) (1 pm )( n )
d pm n 0
(1 )( d n ) = 1 (1 pm )( n )
where
k
Ppm P cp
B 1.0
pm
d
M M cp
M cp
where M Mcp
is the design bending moment, which may be factored to follow for second order effect, if necessary is the moment resistance ratio after allowing for axial buckling according to the interaction curve is the plastic moment resistance of the composite crosssection.
The factor 0.9 is used to allow for errors in adopting the bi-linear interaction curve when compared with the non-linear interaction curve.
57
= =
(1 r )
0
for for
< 1 .0
1 .0 < 2 .0
(1 r )
for
2 .0
when
< pm
58
Clause
59
Activities
Clause
Evaluate the plastic resistance of the composite 10.5.3.2 cross-section to compression, Pcp. Evaluate the effective elastic flexural stiffness of 10.5.3.3(5) the composite cross-section for short term loading, EI, EcIc , EsIs & (EI)e. Evaluate the non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column, Pcp,cr , Pcp , . Check for long term loading effect. Evaluate the resistance of the composite column under axial compression, P < Pcp. Check for second order effects as necessary.
10.5.3.3 10.5.3.3(5) 10.5.3.3(2) 10.5.3.3
60
Activities Evaluate the moment resistance of the composite section, Mcp. Construct the interaction curve between compression and moment. Evaluate various design parameters: pm , d , n , and . Check adequacy of the composite column under combined compression and bending: M 0.9 Mcp
Clause
10.5.3.4& 10.5.3.5
10.5.3.4& 10.5.3.5
61
EC4:1-1 vs BS5400:5
HKSC: 2005
Axial compression parameters of composite column Compression capacity Material factor of steel Material factor of concrete (infilled rectangular hollow sections) Material factor of reinforcement
Pcp = A py + 0.53 Ac fcu + As fy / m Nu = 0.91A py + 0.45 Ac fcu + 0.87 Ar fry
BS5400-5: 2005
62
EC4:1-1 vs BS5400:5
HKSC: 2005
Buckling parameters of composite column Slenderness - major axis Slenderness - minor axis Young's modulus of concrete Values for calculating slenderness Reduction factor for column buckling - major axis Reduction factor for column buckling - major axis Buckling capacities - major axis Bucking capacities -minor axis x= (Pcp,k / Pcp,cr )0.5 y= (Pcp,k / Pcp,cr Ec Pcp,k = Apy + 0.8 Ac fcu + As fy / m x y x Pcp y Pcp )0.5 x= Le / LE y = Le / LE Ec = 450 fcu LE = ((EcIy,c + EsIy+ ErIr) / Nu)0.5 K1x K1y Nax = K1x Nu Nay = K1y Nu
BS5400-5: 2005
63
HKSC vs BS5400:5
14000
BS5400-5: 1979 ,steel = 1.10
500 mm
20 mm
300 mm
1500
2000
2500
64
Conclusions (1)
Design of composite columns is rational and comprehensive for both concrete encased H sections and concrete in-filled hollow sections. Both the strength and the deformation assessments should be performed carefully. The flexural rigidities are essential in determining the column buckling behaviour of composite columns. The plastic stress block method is applicable to both steel and composite columns. With the same design principles, the calculation procedure for composite columns is much involved and complicated.
65
Conclusions (2)
The design methodology for both steel and composite columns are similar in the following:
Compression capacities Moment capacities Interaction between compression and bending in stocky columns Euler buckling formulation, column buckling curves, and normalized slenderness and reduction factors.
However, a more rational method in designing composite columns against combined compression and bending is adopted.
66