Ex No: 1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION SIEVE ANALYSIS METHOD

Date:
Aim:
To determine the distribution of coarse grain size larger than 75 microns of a soil and
to classify the given coarse grained soil.
Apparatu R!"uir!#:
Mechanical sieve shaker, Set of S Sieves, !alance accurate to ".#g, Sieve brusher,
and Soil sam$le.
$ormu%a:
%i& 'ercentage retained on any sieve
( %)eight of soil retained*Total soil +eight& , #""-
%ii& .umulative $ercentage retained on any sieve
( Sum of $ercentages retained on all coarser sieves
%iii& 'ercentage finer than any other sieve size
( %#"" / cumulative $ercentage retained on that sieve&
Data R!pr!!&tatio&:
The grain size distribution of a soil is $resented as a curve on a semi/logarithmic $lot, the
ordinate being the $ercentage finer than any other sieve size +hereas the $article size is
re$resented on a logarithmic scale in abscissa.
The general slo$e and sha$e of the distribution curve can be described by
means of coefficient of uniformity %.
u
& and the coefficient of curvature %.
c
& defined as
follo+s.
.
u
( D
0"
* D
#"
.
c
( D
1"
2
D
0" 3
D
#"

The $article size such that #"- of the $articles are smaller than that size is denoted by D
#"
Size D
#"
is defined as the 4effective size5. 6ther sizes such as D
1"
and D
0"
can be defined in a
similar +ay.
#
Ta'u%atio&:
)eight of soil sam$le taken for analysis (
IS Si!(!
#!i)&atio&
i& mm*
+!i),t o- oi%
r!tai&!#
i& .)/*
0!r1!&ta)!
r!tai&!# i&
2
3umu%ati(!
p!r1!&t
r!tai&!# i& 2
0!r1!&t -i&!r
i& 2*

2
0ro1!#ur!:
#& Take the 2""/1""g of oven dry soil as a re$resentative sam$le from a bag of material.
2& 'lace the S Sieve in order %i.e.& starting from 7.75mm to 75 microns at the bottom.
1& The +eighed oven dried sam$le is $laced on 7.75mm sieve. Then the sieving should
continue for at least #" minutes in a mechanical sieve shaker.
7& The sam$le retained in each sieve should be +eighed. The $ercentage retained on
each sieve is com$uted by dividing the +eight retained on each sieve by the original
sam$le +eight.
5& Then the $ercent finer is com$uted by starting +ith #"" $ercent and subtracting the
$ercent retained on each sieve as cumulative $rocedure.
0& The coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature is calculated using the
formula.
R!u%t:
8ffective size, D
#"
%mm& (
9niformity coefficient .u (
.urvature coefficient .c (
:ravel ( -
Sand ( -
.oarse sand ( -
Medium sand ( -
;ine sand ( -
Silt and clay ( -
1
7
Ex No: 4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION HYDROMETER
Dat!: ANALYSIS METHOD
Aim:
To determine the grain size distribution of the given soil sam$le +ith significant
fraction $assing through 75micron sieve and its classification.
Apparatu r!"uir!#:
#. <ydrometer
2. Thermo meter
1. :lass =ar
7. Dis$ersing agent solution
5. )eighing balance
0. Sto$ +atch.
$ormu%a U!#:
;rom Stokes >a+
D ( ? @1"A * BC" % :
s
/:
+
&D E ? %F
r
*t&
G ( @#"" :
s
* )
s
%:
s
/#&D E Hc
)here,
A ( Iiscosity of fluid in dyne/sec*cm
2

:
s
( S$ecific gravity of soil traction
:
+
( S$ecific gravity of +ater
F
r
( <eight of fall, in cm
t ( time of fall, in minutes
D ( diameter of $articles, in mm
)
d
()eight of dry soil sam$le taken in gms.
Hc (hydrometer reading corrected for meniscus, dis$ersing agent and tem$erature.
3orr!1tio& app%i!# to H5#rom!t!r t!t
#. Meniscus correction %.
m
& (
2. Dis$ersing agent correction %.
d
& (
1. Tem$erature .orrection %.t&
The hydrometer is usually calibrated to measure the s$ecific gravity of a fluid at a $articular
calibration tem$erature, normally 2"
J
c. ;or other tem$eratures, a correction is reKuired and
this may be com$uted from
.
t
( %% :
+c
/:
+t
&D E a
v
%T
c
&&#"
1
:
+c
( S$ecific gravity of +ater at calibration tem$erature
:
+t
( S$ecific gravity of tem$erature of test
F
r
( Iolume coefficient of e,$ansion of glass
5
Ta'u%atio&:
<ydrometer Go (
)eight of dry soil taken for analysis, )s (
S$ecific gravity of soil solids, :s (
Dis$ersing agent correction, .d (
Meniscus correction, .m (

E%ap!#
tim! i&
mi&
T!mp
i& 63
H5#rom!t!r
r!a#i&) R7
,
M!&i1u
1orr!1tio
& R
,
8R7
,
9 3
m
T!mp!ratur!
1orr!1tio&
3
t
3om'i&!#
1orr!1tio&
383
m
93
#
93
t
3orr!1t!#
,5#rom!t!r
R!a#i&)
R18 R7
,
93
Z
r
Diam!t!r
D
N2
L
#
2
7
C
#5
1"
0"
#2"
27"
7C"
#77"
0ro1!#ur!:
0
.alibration of hydrometer
Iolume of hydrometer
#& mmerse the hydrometer in $artially filled measuring cylinder and note do+n the
dis$lacement of +ater, +hich is eKual to the volume of the hydrometer in milliliters
%ml&.
2& Mrea of the cross section of the measurement cylinder measuring the distance in cm,
bet+een t+o graduation on the cylinder area of cross section then eKual to the volume
included bet+een t+o graduation divided by the distance bet+een them.
1& Nee$ the hydrometer on the +hite $a$er. Dra+ its boundaries and mark the ma=or
calibration and mark it on the $a$er.
7& Measure the height of the bulb from the neck to the bottom of the bulb.
5& Measure the height %<& bet+een the neck and each ma=or calibration mark %H
h
&.
0& Hecord the values of < Is H
h
table and calculate the effective de$th of the
corres$onding to each of the ma=or calibration mark H
h
.
<
c
( < O %>*2& , %h P %I
h
*2&&
7& Dra+ the calibration curve <
v
and H
h
.
S!#im!&tatio& T!t:
#& 're$are #"""ml of soil sus$ension as e,$lained earlier. Mi, the soil +ith +ater
com$letely by turning the =ar u$side do+n and $lace it on the table. Start the
sto$+atch.
2& Hemove the hydrometer from the =ar and rinse it +ith the +ater and then again float it
in com$ression =ar containing +ater +ith dis$ersing agent to some concentration as in
soil substance.
1& Mgain immerse the hydrometer in the soil sus$ension and the readings %H
h
& after ".5,#,
2,7,C,#5,1",0",#77" minutes are recorded from the beginning of sedimentation. Take
the hydrometer out after every reading.
R!u%t:
Thus the distribution of $article size finer than 75A sieve is found by sedimentation
analysis using hydrometer, and then the gra$h is $lotted bet+een the grain size and the -
finer.
- of silt (
- of clay (
7
C
Ex No: : S0E3I$I3 GRAVITY O$ A SOIL
Date:
Aim:
To determine the s$ecific gravity of a soil by using 'ycnometer.
Apparatu r!"uir!#:
#. 'ycnometer
2. Soil Sam$le
1. )eighing !alance
7. 6ven
5. 7.75mm S sieve
$ormu%a U!#:
The s$ecific gravity of the given soil can be calculated from the formula,
.+
4
+
1
/
G.at t
;
1/ 8
.+
<
=+
1
/ .+
:
+
4
/
)here,
: / S$ecific gravity of the soil
)
#
/ )eight of em$ty $ycnometer
)
2
/ )eight of $ycnometer O Soil
)
1
/ )eight of $ycnometer O Soil O )ater
)
7
/ )eight of $ycnometer O )ater.
3orr!1tio& To t!mp!ratur!:
The s$ecific gravity of given soil at standard tem$erature 27
Q
c is com$uted as R:s
=
B
+here R is the ratio of the unit +eight of +ater at the tem$erature t
Q
c of the test and at
27
Q
c
Ta'u%atio&:
T!t No* 1 4 :
Tem$erature Q .
)eight of
$ycnometer %kg&
)eight of
$ycnometer O Soil
%kg&
)eight of
$ycnometer O Soil O
)ater%kg&
)eight of
$ycnometer O
)ater%kg&
S$ecific gravity of
soil at t
"
.
S$ecific gravity of
soil at standard
tem$erature 27
"
.

#"
0ro1!#ur!:
#& To clean and dry the $ycnometer, +ash it thoroughly +ith distilled +ater and
allo+ it to drain.
2& Hinse the bottle +ith alcohol to remove +ater and drain the alcohol.
1& Then rinse the bottle +ith ether to remove alcohol and drain the ether by turning
the bottle u$side do+n for fe+ minutes.
7& ;ind the em$ty +eight of the $ycnometer %)
#
&.
5& Take some kno+n Kuantity of oven/dried sand and transfer it carefully into the
$ycnometer. Go+ measure the +eight of the em$ty container +ith the soil sam$le
%)
2
&.
0& Then $our reKuired amount of distilled +ater so that it fills u$ to the brim. Go+
again it is +eighed %)
1
&.
7& Go+ remove all the soil $articles and +ash the $ycnometer and rinse it +ith
distilled +ater. Then fill the $ycnometer +ith distilled +ater com$letely and then
it is +eighed %)
7
&.
R!u%t:
The average s$ecific gravity of soil sam$le at 4>6 3 (
##
#2
Ex &o: < RELATIVE DENSITY O$ SAND
Dat!:
Aim:
To determine the relative density of given soil
Apparatu r!"uir!#:
#. Helative density a$$aratus
2. Mould
1. Dead load
7. Sleeve
5. Dial gauge
$ormu%a:
Relative density R
d
= X 100
)here,
S
f
/ Dry unit +eight of sand in the field %Ng *cm
1
&
S
2
/ Dry unit +eight of sand in the densest form %Ng *cm
1
&
S
#
/ Dry unit +eight of sand in the loosest form %Ng *cm
1
&
#1
O'!r(atio&
Diameter of the mould %d& (
<eight of the mould %h& (
U&it ?!i),t o- a&# i& %oo!r tat!:
Iolume of mould %Ic (Td
2
h*7&
Iolume of sand in mould as looser state %I
l
&
Dry )eight of sand in mould %)s&
Dry 9nit +eight sand at looser state %S
min
&
(
U&it ?!i),t o- a&# i& #!&!r tat!:
Dry )eight of sand in mould %)s&
Iolume of sand at denser state %I
d
&
I
d
( , h
#(
(reduced ht .
Dry 9nit +eight of sand in denser state %S
ma,
&
#7
0ro1!#ur!:
#. M kno+n +eight of sam$le is taken. The sam$le is then $ulverized and sieved
through the reKuired sieve.
2. The minimum dry unit +eight is found by $ouring the dry soil in the mould using
$oring device. The s$out of the $ouring device is so ad=usted that the height of free
fall is al+ays 25mm. The mass and volume of the soil de$osited are found. The ratio
of Mass and volume of the soil de$osit yields minimum dry +eight of the soil in a
loose condition.
1. The ma,imum dry unit +eight is also determined by dry method. n the dry method,
the mould is filled +ith thoroughly +ith mi,ed oven/dry soil. M surcharge is $laced
on the soil surface, and the mould is fi,ed to the vibrator deck. The s$ecimen is
vibrated for C minutes. The mass and volume of the soil in the com$acted sand are
found. The ratio bet+een ma,imum mass of the dry soil to the volume yields
ma,imum dry unit +eight.
7. The unit +eight of in/situ de$osit is found out from three laboratory $rocedures such
as sand re$lacement method, s$ecific gravity test and oven drying method.
R!u%t:
The relative density of given soil sam$le is found to be (
#5
#0
Ex No: @ ATTERBERG7S LIMIT
Date:
Aim:
To .lassify the given fine grained soil based on its $lasticity characteristics.
Apparatu R!"uir!#:
.asagrandeUs >iKuid limit device +ith grooving tool, moisture cu$s, oven, $lastic
limit $late soil mi,ing eKui$ment %'orcelain dish, s$atula, $lastic sKueeze bottle etc.& balance
and 725 A S sieve.
$ormu%a u!#:
0%ati1it5 i&#!x:

$
( )
>
/)$
$%o? i&#!x:

f
( )
#
P )
2
* %log
#"
G
2
* G
#
&
3o&it!&15 i&#!x:

c
( )
>
/ )
'
*
'
Tou),&! i&#!x:

t
(
'
*
f
)here
)
>
( >iKuid limit
)$ ( 'lastic limit
)
#
( moisture content corres$onds to G
#
dro$s
)
2
( moisture content corres$onds to G
2
dro$s

#7
Ta'u%atio&:
Li"ui# %imit
Tria% No 1 4 : <
No o- '%o?
Tar! No
+!i),t o- tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?!t amp%! 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi% 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?at!rA )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi%A )
+at!r 1o&t!&tA p!r1!&t
Ta'u%atio&:
0%ati1 %imit
Tria% No 1 4 : <
Tar! No
+!i),t o- tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?!t amp%! 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi% 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?at!rA )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi%A )
+at!r 1o&t!&tA p!r1!&t

#C
0ro1!#ur!:
.a/ Li"ui# %imit t!t:
#. Md=ust the cu$ to fall through a height of #cm on
the base +ith the hel$ of grooving tool gauge and ad=ustable scre+s.
2. Take about #2"gm of soil sam$le and mi, it thoroughly +ith +ater to form a
uniform $aste. The amount of +ater to be added shall be such such as to reKuire
1" to 15 dro$s of the cu$ to cause the reKuired closure of the groove.
1. 'lace a $ortion of this $aste in a cu$, and smoothen the surface +ith s$atula to
ma,imum de$th of #cm. .ut a groove through the sam$le along
the symmetrical a,is of the cu$ in one stroke using standard grooving tool.
7. Turn the handle of the a$$aratus at the rate of t+o revolutions $er second and
count the number of revolutions until the t+o $arts of the soil come in contact at
the bottom of the groove along the distance of about #2mm. Gote the number of
blo+s.
5. .ollect a moisture sam$le in the $re/+eighed moisture cu$s, being sure to take
the +ater content sam$le from the closed $art of the groove. )eigh the sam$le.
0. Transfer the remaining soil to the cu$ of the main soil sam$le and add a
small amount of +ater to the soil in the dish and carefully mi, to a consistency
to yield a blo+ count of bet+een 25 and 1"O blo+s.
7. He$eat the seKuence for t+o additional tests for blo+ counts of bet+een 2" and
25 and bet+een #5 and 2", for a total of four test determinations.
C. Mfter +eighing the moisture containers from the test transfer to oven %#"5 to
##"
Q
c& and dry over night. )eigh all the dry moisture sam$les and com$ute
+ater contents.
.'/ 0%ati1 %imit t!t :
#. Take about 1"gm of air/dried sam$le $assing through 725A sieve and mi, it
thoroughly +ith +ater to make a $lastic mass.
2. Take about #"gm of $lastic mass, make a ball of it and roll it on the marble $late
+ith fingers to form a thread of 1mm diameter. f the thread does not crack it
sho+s that +ater content is more than the $lastic limit. Nnead the soil mass
further and roll into thread again.
1. He$eat the $rocess of rolling and see to that the thread crumbles at 1mm
diameter.
#B
2"
7. .ollect the $ieces of crumbled soil thread in moisture container and
determine its +ater content by oven drying.
5. He$eat this $rocess t+ice +ith fresh sam$le of #"gm each and also
determine its natural +ater content.
R!u%t:
>iKuid limit (
'lastic limit (
'lasticity inde, (
;lo+ inde, (
.onsistency inde, (
Toughness inde, (
2#
22
Ex No: B DETERMINATION O$ SHRINCAGE LIMIT
Date:
Aim:
To determine the moisture content belo+ +hich no further volume change of soil
mass occurs.
Apparatu r!"uir!#:
Soil sam$le, S 725 micron sieve, )ater, shrinkage dish, $orcelain dish, mercury,
mercury +eighing dish, :lass $late +ith $rongs, flat glass $late and distilled +ater.
$ormu%a U!#:
Shrinkage limit )
s
( + P %%I
i
P I
d
& S
)
* )
d
& , #""
Shrinkage ratio %SH& ( %)
d
* I
d
& S
)
Shrinkage nde, %s& ( )
>
/)s
)here,
)
s
( Shrinkage limit in $ercent
+ ( +ater content of the +et soil $at
I
i
( volume of +et soil $at in cm
1

I
d
( volume of dry soil $at in cm
1
S
)
( 9nit +eight of +ater in gm*cm
1
)
d
( +eight of oven dry soil $at in gm
21
Tria% No 1 4 :
Tar! No
+!i),t o- tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?!t
amp%! 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi% 9
tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?at!rA )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi%A )
+at!r 1o&t!&tA
p!r1!&t
Vo%um! o-
1o&tai&!rA V
i
A 1m
:
Vo%um! o- #r5 oi%
patA V
#A
1m
:
S,ri&Da)! %imitA ?

S,ri&Da)! ratio.SR/
.
0ro1!#ur!:
27
i& Take about 7"g of soil $assing through 725/micron sieve and mi, it thoroughly
+ith distilled +ater to make an easily +orkable $aste. 9se +ater content slightly
above liKuid limit so that the $aste can be $laced in the shrinkage dish +ith out air
voids..
ii& .oat the inside of the shrinkage dish +ith a layer of Iaseline and find its +eight.
iii& 'lace the soil sam$le in the dish by giving gentle ta$ to its on a firm surface.
iv& Stri$ of the e,cess soil +ith a straight edge.
v& Take the +eight of the shrinkage dish filled +ith +et soil.
vi& Mllo+ the +et soil $at to slightly air/dry until the surface of the $at changes to
light colour. 6vens dry the $at at #"5/##"
Q
c to a $eriod %#2/#C hours& and +eigh
the dish +ith $at immediately thereafter.
vii& 'lace the shrinkage dish in a $orcelain dish and fill it +ith mercury so that it
slightly overflo+s in the large eva$orating dish. 'ress a flat glass $late do+n on
the mercury surface to remove the e,cess mercury and make sure that no air is
entra$$ed.
viii& )eigh the dish +ith mercury. The +eight of mercury divided by its unit +eight
gives the volume of shrinkage dish, +hich is also the initial volume of the +et soil
$at. Determine the volume of dry soil $at by the same mercury dis$lacement
method.

R!u%t:
Shrinkage limit, )
s
(
)ater content, + (
Shrinkage ratio %SH& (
Shrinkage nde, s (
25
Ex &o: > 0RO3TORS 3OM0A3TION TEST
Dat!:
20
Aim:
To determine the relation bet+een moisture content and dry density of a soils by
using $roctor com$action test.
Apparatu:
#. .om$action mould +ith base $late and collar
2. Standard rammer
1. Sam$le
7. s sieve 7.75 mm
5. >arge mi,ing $an, scales, moisture cans
0. Measuring =ar
7. !alance
$ormu%a:
Vo%um! o- mou%#:
I 8 %%V d
2
* 7& 3 h& #""" cm
1
Bu%D #!&it5:
E
'
( %)
2
/ )
#
&* I
Dr5 #!&it5:
E
#
( S
b
*%#O +&
Z!ro air=(oi# #!&it5:
E
F.a(/
( :
s
S
+
* %#O%:
s
+ * s&&
)here,
)
2
/ +eight of mould +ith +et soil
)
#
/ +eight of mould +ithout collar
I / volume of mould
+ P moisture content
:
s
/ s$ecific gravity of soil
O'!r(atio&:
27
)eight of soil sam$le taken (
Diameter of mould (
<eight of mould (
Iolume of mould (
Ta'u%atio&:
D!1riptio&
Tria%
1 4 : < @
)eight of mould )
#
%gm&
)eight of mould O +et soil )
2
%gm&
)eight of +et soil %)
2
/ )
#
& gm
!ulk density of soil S
b
( %)
2
/ )
#
&* I %gm*cm
1
&
Dry density of soil S
d
( S
b
*%#O +& %gm*cm
1
&
Fero air/voids density E
F.a(/
( :
s
S
+
* %#O%:
s
+ * s&&
)ater content , %+&-
0ro1!#ur!:
#. )eigh the standard $roctor mould +ith base and +ithout collar %)
#
& gm.
2. Take about 1 kg of air/dried soil $assing through 7.75 mm sieve.
2C
1. Take kno+n Kuantity of +ater %0- by the +eight of dry soil& and mi, +ell +ith the
soil.
7. Mttach the collar +ith $roctor mould and fill the mi,ed soils in the mould in three
eKual layers.
5. .om$act each layer by the rammer +eighing 2.0 kg allo+ing it to dro$ 25 times from
the height of 1#" mm.
0. The total height of the com$acted soil should be slightly more than the height of the
mould.
7. Hemove the collar and cut out the $ro=ected soils to have a level surface +ith the to$
of the mould.
C. )eigh the mould +ith the soil %)
2
& gm.
B. Hemove the soil from the cylinder and break u$ the soil by hand. Go+ increase the
moisture content by 2- and mi, thoroughly. He$eat the e,$eriment.
#". n the re$eating $rocess each time raise the moisture content by 2- until there is a
considerable fall in the +eight of the mould +ith com$acted soil.
##. Take sam$les from each o$eration and calculate the moisture content and
corres$onding dry density.
#2. Dra+ the gra$h bet+een dry density and moisture content. Dra+ the zero/air/voids
curve in the same gra$h.
#1. ;ind the dry density and o$timum moisture content from the gra$h.
R!u%t:
#. Ma,imum dry density of the soil S
d ma, (
2. 6$timum moisture content (
2B
1"
Ex &o: G 3ONSTANT HEAD 0ERMEABILITY TEST
Dat!:
Aim:
To find out the coefficient of $ermeability of the coarse grained soil using a constant
head $ermeameter.
Apparatu:
#. .onstant head $ermeameter +ith accessories
2. !eaker %5"" ml&
1. Timer, :raduated cylinder, meter scale, thermometer
$ormu%a:
The coefficient of $ermeability of the soil . C
T
/ 8 HL I At,
The coefficient of $ermeability of soil
at standard tem$erature .C
4>
/ 8 C
T
J K
T
I K
4>

)here,
N ( coefficient of $ermeability of soil cm*sec
W ( total discharge in time t cm
1
*sec
M ( area of sam$le $er$endicular to the direction of flo+ of +ater cm
2
> ( length of the sam$le in cm
h ( head causing the flo+ in cm
X
T
( viscosity of +ater at test tem$erature
X
27
( viscosity of +ater at standard tem$erature%27
Q
c&
1#
O'!r(atio&:
>ength of sam$le %>&
(
Diameter of sam$le %D& (
Mrea of sam$le %M& (
Total head %h& (
Tem$erature of +ater (
Ta'u%atio&:
0ro1!#ur!:
12
SI*N
O
TOTAL HEAD
.,/ 1m
Vo%um! o-
?at!r .V/
1m
:
Tim!
.t/
!1
Di1,ar)! .VIt/
1m
:
I!1
C
T
1m I!1
C at 4>
L
1
1mI!1
#. )eigh the $ermeameter mould and base $late. Take mould measurements and
com$ute volume of the mould, the area M and the length > of the sam$le.
2. 'lace the filter $a$er on the bottom $orous $late. 9sing the given sand sam$le,
$re$are a sam$le by loosely $ouring several layer +ith varying degrees of vibration.
'lace a filter $a$er on the to$ of the sand.
1. Mssemble the $ermeameter assembly and kee$ it in the bottom tank.
7. Mllo+ the +ater to flo+ into the $ermeameter by o$ening ta$.
5. 9nscre+ the air release valve on the ca$ of the $ermeameter.
0. Then close it +hen air ceases and only +ater comes out. Go+ saturate the soil
s$ecimen.
7. 6$en the bottom outlet valve and +ater allo+s flo+ing through the s$ecimen.
C. 'our the +ater till it overflo+s in the tank.
B. )hen a steady state of flo+ has been established collect a reasonable Kuantity of
+ater %5""/#""" cc& coming out of the overflo+ tube of the bottom tank. Hecord the
time reKuired to collect this flo+.
#". He$eat the test for t+o or three additional readings until t+o readings agrees
reasonably +ell. Hecord the tem$erature of the test and ensure that the discharge is
atleast #5 to 2" cm
1
*minute during these tests.
RESULTS:
.oefficient of $ermeability of the given soil at 27
o
. %N
27
o

& (
11
Ex &o: M VARIABLE HEAD 0ERMEABILITY TEST
Aim:
17
To find out the coefficient of $ermeability of the given fine grained soil using a
variable head $ermeameter.
Apparatu:
#. Iariable head $ermeameter +ith accessories
2. !eaker %5"" ml&
1. Timer, :raduated cylinder, meter scale, thermometer
$ormu%a:
The coefficient of $ermeability of the soil . C
T
/ 8 4*:L: N a L I At %o)
1L
.,
1
I ,
4
/
The coefficient of $ermeability of soil
at standard tem$erature .C
4>
/ 8 C
T
J K
T
I K
4>

)here,
N( coefficient of $ermeability of soil cm*sec
M ( cross sectional area of the s$ecimen %cm
2
&
> ( length of the s$ecimen in cm
T
#
( time in sec for the head to fall from h
#
to h
2
M ( area of stand$i$e %cm
2
&
h
#
( initial head
h
2
( final head
X
T
( viscosity of +ater at test tem$erature
X
27
( viscosity of +ater at standard tem$erature%27
Q
c&
O'!r(atio&:
>ength of sam$le %>& (
Mrea of sam$le %M& (
15
Mrea of the stand $i$e %a& (
<eight of stand $i$e %h& (
Tem$erature of +ater (
Ta'u%atio&:
SI*
NO
INITIAL HEAD
.,
1
/ 1m
$INAL HEAD
.,
4
/ 1m
Tim! .t/
!1
Lo)
1L
.,
1
I

,
4
/
C
T
1mI!1
C at
4>
L
1
1mI!1
0ro1!#ur!:
#. ;ill the $ermeameter mould +ith either an undisturbed sam$le or a sam$le of
cohesive material disturbed and com$acted to some desired density.
2. )ater is filled in the stand$i$e u$ to a $articular level.
1. .onnect the outlet of the stand$i$e to the inlet of $ermeameter.
10
7. Mllo+ the +ater to flo+ through the soil s$ecimen for some time to make the flo+
constant.
5. Go+ initial head level of +ater in the stand$i$e is noted and the time interval
reKuired for the +ater level to fall from a kno+n initial head to kno+n final head as
measured above the centre of the outlet.
0. Similarly the time taken for a fall of +ater in bet+een selected initial and final heads
h
#
and h
2
. is noted and by substituting in the formula, N value at test tem$erature is
determined. M$$ly the tem$erature correction and re$ort the value of N at 27
Q
..
R!u%t:
.oefficient of $ermeability of the given soil at 27
o
. %N
27
& (
17
Ex No: 1L DIRE3T SHEAR
TEST
Dat!:
Aim:
1C
To determine the shear strength of soils +ith a ma,imum $article size of 7.75mm, by
direct shear test.
Apparatu r!"uir!#:
#. Shear bo, assembly
2. !alance
1. 'roving ring
7. Dial guage
5. )eights
$ormu%a:
Norma% tr!:
Y ( '
v
*M
S,!ar tr!:
Z ( '
h
*M
A&)%! o- i&t!r&a% -ri1tio&:
[( tan
/#
%Z * Y&
+,!r!
'
v
( Gormal load
'
h
( Shear load
M( nitial area of the sam$le

O'!r(atio&:
.alibration factor for $roving ring, # div (
Mrea of sam$le (
1B
Iolume of sam$le (
)eight of sam$le (
Ta'u%atio&:
S%*
No*
0ro(i&) ri&)r!a#i&)
S,!ar
-or1!A 0
,
D)
App%i!#
%oa# D)
Norma%
-or1!.0
(
/
Norma%
tr!
.C)I1m
4
/
S,!ar
tr!
.C)I1m
4
/
I&itia% $i&a%
0ro1!#ur!:
#. 'ut the shear bo, assembly using the $in.
2. 'lace the bottom grid $late in $osition so that, the groove in the grid $late
should be $er$endicular to the direction of shear.
7"
1. ;or the given density calculate the +eight of soil sam$le reKuired.
7. 'lace the calculated +eight of soil sam$le in layers\ dam$ each layer to the
reKuired density.
5. 'lace the to$ grid $late and loading $ad on to$ of the soil sam$le.
0. 'lace the normal load frame on the loading $an.
7. Set the $roving ring to read zero.
C. M$$ly the reKuired normal load.
B. Hemove the $ins from shear bo, assembly.
#". Turn the se$arating scre+ to have a ga$ of #mm bet+een the t+o halves.
##. Hotate the hand +heel to a$$ly the shear load.
#2. Hecord the ma,imum deflection in the $roving ring, +hich gives the ma,imum
shear stress.
#1. Helease the shear load, the normal load and then shear bo, is removed.
#7. He$eat the test +ith a fresh sam$le of soil for other normal load. M minimum of
three%$referably four& tests should be conducted on se$arate sam$les $laced at
the same density.
#5. Dra+ gra$h bet+een the normal stress %,/a,is& and the corres$onding shear
stress at failure %y/a,is&.
#0. ;ind the shear $arameter ] from the gra$h.
R!u%t:
The ultimate friction angle from gra$h %[& (
.ohesion %.& (
7#
Ex &o: 11 DETERMINATION O$ UN3ON$INED 3OM0RESSIVE STRENGTH
Dat!:
Aim:
72
To determine an a$$ro,imate and Kuick $rocedure for evaluating the shear strength of
cohesive soil .
Apparatu:
#. 9nconfined com$ression testing machine
2. S$ecimen trimmer
1. 6ven
7. !alance
5. Dial gauge
0. Sam$ling tube
7. Sam$le e=ector
C. Iernier .ali$er
$ormu%a:
U&1o&-i&!# 1ompr!io& tr!&)t,:
K
u
( '*M
e

M
e
( %M
o
*#/^&
^ ( _>*>
o
c ( K
u
*2
)here,
' ( M,ial load at failure
M
e
( corrected area,
M
o
( initial area of the s$ecimen
>
o
( initial area of the s$ecimen
_> ( change in length of the s$ecimen
O'!r(atio& a&# Ta'u%atio&:
Hate of strain (
nitial diameter of sam$le, d
o
, cm (
nitial length of sam$le, >
o
, cm (
nitial area of cross section, M
o
, cm
2
(
71
>east count of strain dial, # div (
.alibration factor for $roving ring, (
# div (
nitial +eight of the sam$le (
6ven dry +eight of the sam$le (
)ater content of the sam$le (
Ta'u%atio&:
S%*
No*
Strai&
#ia%
r!a#i&)
Axia%
#!-ormatio&
_l, mm
Axia%
trai&
^
3orr!1t!#
ar!a o- 1A a
1m
4
0ro(i&) ri&)
#ia% r!a#i&)
Axia%
%oa#
pA D)
Axia%
tr!
O
1
8 pIa
D)I1m
4
0ro1!#ur!:
#. 're$are undisturbed cylindrical s$ecimens %1Cmm diameter, 70mm length& from
large undisturbed field sam$les by using a trimmer, or directly obtain field sam$les
in thin sam$ling tubes of the same diameters as that of s$ecimen.
77
2. Measure the dimensions of the s$ecimen. )eigh the s$ecimen and kee$
e$resentative sam$les for +ater content determination.
1. 'lace the s$ecimen on the bottom $late of the loading device and ad=ust the u$$er
$late to make contact +ith the s$ecimen.
7. Md=ust the deformation and $roving ring dial to zero and a$$ly the a,ial load +ith a
strain rate of .5 to 2- $er minute.
5. Hecord force and deformation readings at suitable intervals, +ith closer s$acing
during initial stages of the test.
0. M$$ly the load till the failure surfaces have definitely develo$ed or until an a,ial
strain of #5/2"- is reached.
7. .arefully sketch the failure $attern and if the s$ecimen has failed +ith a
$ronounced failure $lane, measure the angle of the failure surface +ith the
horizontal.
C. )eigh the sam$le after oven drying to constant +eight at ##"
Q
c and find its
moisture content.
R!u%t:
9nconfined com$ression strength for the soil sam$le K
u
(
.ohesion c (
Mngle of friction ] (
75
Ex &o: 14 TRIANIAL 3OM0RESSION TEST
Date :
Aim:
To determine the shear strength of the given soil sam$le by tria,ial com$ression test.
70
Apparatu:
#. Tria,ial com$ression testing
machine
2. Tria,ial cell
1. Hubber membrane
7. Membrane stretcher
5. S$ecimen trimmer
0. 'ore $ressure a$$aratus
7. Iolume measuring device
C. Dial gauge
B. S$ilt mould
#". Nnife
$ormu%a:
Axia% trai&:
^ ( _>*>
o
1orr!1t!# ar!a:
M
e
( here %M
o
*#/^&
D!(iator %oa#:
' ( 'roving ring reading 3 calibration factor
D!(iator Str!:
Y
d
( '*M kg*cm
2
)here
' ( M,ial load at failure
M
o
( initial area of the s$ecimen
6btain a $lot of deviator stress Y
d
versus a,ial strain ^ and scale off the $eak, value of
the Y
d
or Y
d
corres$onding to 2"- a,ial strain ^ if it occurs earlier. )ith this deviator stress
obtain the value of ma=or $rinci$le stress
Y
#
( Y
1
O Y
d
'lot, MohrUs circle for three or more number of tests and fit a tangent to these circles
$assing through the origin and obtain the slo$e of the tangent as the angle of internal friction
of the sand sam$le tested.
.om$ute the tangent modulus and the secant modulus using the slo$e of the stress
strain curve and re$ort the observed values.
O'!r(atio& a&# Ta'u%atio&:
Hate of strain (
nitial diameter of sam$le, d
o
, cm (
nitial length of sam$le, >
o
, cm (
77
nitial area of cross section, M
o
, cm
2
(
>east count of strain dial, # div (
.alibration factor for $roving ring, (
# div (
.ell $ressure Y
d ,
kg*cm
2
(
Ta'u%atio&:
S%*
No*
D!-ormatio&
#ia%
r!a#i&)
Axia%
#!-ormatio&
P%A mm
Axia%
trai&A
Q 8 P%I%
o
3orr!1t!#
ar!a o- 1A A 8
.A
o
I1=Q/ 1m
4
0ro(i&)
ri&) #ia%
r!a#i&)
D!(iator
%oa# 0A D)
D!(iator
tr!
O
#
8 0IA
D)I1m
4
0ro1!#ur!:
#. 're$are undisturbed cylindrical s$ecimens %1Cmm diameter, 70mm length& from large
undisturbed field sam$les by using a trimmer, or directly obtain field sam$les in thin
sam$ling tubes of the same diameters as that of the s$ecimen.
7C
2. Measure the dimensions of the s$ecimen. )eigh the s$ecimen and kee$
re$resentative sam$les for +ater content determination.
1. 'lace a solid 'ers$e, $laten over the s$ecimen, +hich in turn is $laced over another
'ers$e, $laten. 'lace the loading ca$ on the to$ $laten.
7. nsert a rubber membrane by using a membrane stretcher and fi, t+o `oU rings one at
the bottom and the other on the to$ of the $laten or loading ca$.
5. .lose the drainage valve, fill the cell +ith +ater, and a$$ly the $re/determined
chamber $ressure.
0. 'lace the s$ecimen on the bottom $late of the loading device and ad=ust the u$$er
$late to make contact +ith the s$ecimen.
7. Md=ust the deformation and $roving ring dial to zero and a$$ly the a,ial load +ith a
strain rate of "."5 to #cm $er minute.
C. Hecord force and deformation readings at suitable intervals, +ith closer s$acing
during initial stages of the test.
B. M$$ly the load till the failure surfaces have definitely develo$ed or until an a,ial
strain of 2"- is reached.
#". 9nload the s$ecimen and drain off the cell fluid. Dismantle the cell and carefully
remove the membrane and note do+n the mode of failure.
##. )eigh the s$ecimen and take +ater content re$resentative sam$les from the failure
zone of the s$ecimen.
#2. He$eat the test on three or more identical s$ecimens under increased cell $ressures.
R!u%t:
Mngle of internal friction ] (
nitial tangent modulus (
Secant tangent modulus (
7B
Ex &o: 1: ONE DIMENSIONAL 3ONSOLIDATION TEST
Dat!:
Aim:
5"
To obtain the time com$ression relationshi$ of given saturated fine grained soil and the
coefficient of consolidation for one load increment.
Apparatu:
#& 6ne dimensional consolidation unit +ith fi,ed ring container and deflection dial
2& Sto$ clock
1& 6ven
7& !alance
5& 8va$orating dishes
0& Scale
7& >oading +eights
C& Nnife for trimming*+ire sa+
$ormu%a:
The results of time com$ression relationshi$ can be $resented either in a sKuare root of time
or log $lot and coefficient of consolidation can be evaluated for the given load increment
through a$$ro$riate fitting methods.
S"uar! root tim! -itti&) m!t,o# .D*+* Ta5%or/:
.
v
( ".C7C <
2
* t
B"
cm
2
*s
Lo) -itti&) m!t,o# .3aa)ra&#!/:
.
v
( ".#B7 <
2
* t
5"
cm
2
*s
)here,
< ( one half of the average thickness during the load increment in cm
t
B"
, t
5"
( corres$onding time t obtained from ?t or log t $lots in s.
O'!r(atio& a&# 1a%1u%atio&:
Diameter of sam$le, D %cm& (
<eight of sam$le, 2< %cm& (
5#
>east count of com$ression dial # div (
Tem$erature (
'ressure increment, from kg*cm
2
( to kg*cm
2
)eight of the fi,ed ring sam$le container, )
#
( g
)eight of sam$le O fi,ed ring sam$le container, )
2
( g
Ta'u%atio&:
8la$sed time t
minutes
?t log t .om$ression dial reading .om$ression in
mm
"
".25
#.""
2.5
7.""
0.25
B.""
#2.25
#0
2".25
25
7B.""
07.""
C#.""
#77.""
7C".""
B"".""
0ro1!#ur!:
#& Measure the inside diameter D %cm& and height 2< %cm& of the fi,ed ring sam$le
container and lubricate the inside surface +ith thin film of soil and find the +eight )
#
%g&.
2& .arefully feed the soil sam$le into the fi,ed ring sam$le container +ith the hel$ of
sam$le e=ector. Trim the ends of the sam$le +ith least disturbance to soil structure.
1& ;rom the left over of the trimmed soil sam$le obtain t+o/sam$le s$ecimen and after
+eighing $ut them in the oven for +ater content determination.
7& ;ind the +eight of soil sam$le and the fi,ed ring container, )
2
%g&.
52
5& 'lace the bottom $orous stone after soaking in +ater on the base of the odometer unit
and give connection to +ater level and gradually raise the +ater level above the
$orous stone.
0& 'lace the sam$le container on the $orous stone. 'ut the second $orous stone, +hich
has been +ell soaked in +ater and a loading block on the soil sam$le.
7& ;eed the rubber +asher and $lace the outside ring and tighten the +hole system +ith a
given set of scre+s.
C& Mount the odometer assembly in the consolidation load frame immerse the sam$le
com$letely in +ater.
B& Md=ust the loading $latform till the loading yoke touches the loading block, a$$ly a
seating load of "."5 kg*cm
2
and allo+ the sam$le to reach eKuilibrium condition note
the initial dial reading.
#"& Mfter a la$se of 27 hours note the dial reading d
2,
and

a$$ly the first load increment,
usually o.5 kg*cm
2
and simultaneously take deformation readings at ela$sed times of
", ".25, #, 2.25, 7, 0.25, B, #2.25, #5, 2".25, 25, 10, 7B minutes etc., until about B" to
B5a , consolidation is reached.
##& Mt the end of 27 hrs take the final reading and increase the load intensity +ith the ne,t
desired load increment.
#2& The test +ill be continued under load intensities of #,2,7,C and #0 Ng*cm2 to get a
com$lete $icture of load intensity versus com$ression and com$ression versus time
relationshi$ at different load intensities. Mt the end of the test the sam$le container
+ill be dismantled and final +eight of container and the sam$le +ill be noted. Then
the sam$le +ill be oven dried for final +ater content determination.
Moitur! 1o&t!&t #!t!rmi&atio&
Tar! No
+!i),t o- tar!A )
+!i),t o- ?!t amp%! 9 tar!A )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi% 9 tar!A )
51
+!i),t o- ?at!rA )
+!i),t o- #r5 oi%A )
+at!r 1o&t!&tA p!r1!&t
R!u%t:
The .oefficient of consolidation of the given soil sam$le for the s$ecified $ressure
increment
!y sKuare root time fitting method (
!y >ogarithmic fitting method (
57
55
Ex &o: 1< $IELD DENSITY TEST 3ORE 3UTTER METHOD
Date:
Aim:
To determine the dry density of natural or com$acted fine grained soils by core cutter
method.
Apparatu:
#. .ylindrical core cutter, #""mm internal diameter and #1"mm long\
50
2. Steel dolly,25 mm high and #""mm internal diameter
1. 6ven
7. )eighing !alance accuracy #g\
5. 8va$orating dishes
0. Straight edge and steel rule
7. Steel rammer , mass B Ng, overall length, +ith the foot and staff about B""mm
O'!r(atio& a&# 1a%1u%atio&:
Diameter of core cutter (
<eight of core cutter (
Ta'u%atio&:
S%*
No*
D!1riptio&
57
# )eight of core cutter %)
c
& in g
2 Iolume of core cutter %I
c
& in cm
1
1 )eight of core cutter and +et soil %)
s
& in g
7 )eight of +et soil %)
s
/)
c
& in g
5 !ulk density S
b
( %)
s
/)
c
& * I
c
g * cm
1
0 )eight of container %)
#
& in g
7 )eight of container b +et soil %)
2
& in g
C )eight of container b dry soil %)
1
& in g
B
)ater content %+& in -
) ( %%)
2
/

)
1
&* %)
1
P

)
#
&& , #""
#" Dry density of insitu soil S
d
( S
b
* %#O+&

g*cc
## Ioid ratio @%: S
+
& * S
d
D

/ #
#2 Degree of saturation ): * e
0ro1!#ur!:
#. Measure the dimension of the core cutter. Gote do+n its internal diameter and height.
2. )eigh %)
c
& the em$ty cutter. M$$ly grease from inside of the cutter.
1. .lear a small area %about 1""mm , 1""mm& at ground +here field density is to be
determined and level it.
7. 'lace the cutter +ith beveled edge on the ground. 'lace the dolly on it.
5. M$$ly $ressure manually so that the cutter gets embedded in soil.
5C
0. ;urther $ush the cutter vertically by rammer until only about #5mm of the dolly
$rotrudes above the surface.
7. Hemove the soil surrounding the cutter +ith a knife and take out the core cutter.
C. Hemove the dolly. Trim the to$ and bottom surfaces of the core cutter carefully using
a straight edge.
B. )eigh the cutter +ith the soil %)s&
#". 8,tract the soil from the cutter. Take a re$resentative sam$le and determine its +ater
content.
R!u%t:
i. ;ield Density of Soil, g*cc (
ii. )ater .ontent - (
iii. Dry Density of soil, g*cc (
iv. Ioid ratio (
v. Degree of saturation (
5B
Ex &o: 1@ $IELD DENSITY TEST SAND RE0LA3EMENT METHOD
Date:
Aim:
To determine the field density of natural or com$acted fine and medium grained soils by sand
re$lacement method.
Apparatu:
#. Sand $ouring cylinder
2. .alibrating container
1. Metal tray +ith hole
7. !alance
0"
5. 8va$orating dishes
0. Tools of e,cavating hole
7. Scale
$ormu%a:
+!i),t o- t,! a&# r!"uir!# to -i%% t,! 1a%i'rati&) 1o&tai&!r:
)a ( %)
#
P)
1
& P %)
#
P )
2
&
T,! 3a%i'rat!# 'u%D #!&it5 o- a&#:
S
s
( )a * I
T,! +!i),t o- t,! a&# r!"uir!# to -i%% t,! !x1a(at!# ,o%!:
)
h
( %)
#
P )
7
&/%)
#
P )
2
&
T,! Bu%D #!&it5 o- t,! ?!t oi%:
S
b
( %)
s
* I
s
& S
s
T,! #r5 #!&it5 o- t,! oi%:
S
d
( S
b
* %#O+&
)here
)
# (
)eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand, g
)
2
()eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand after $ouring into calibrating cylinder, g
)
1
( )eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand +ith remaining sand after filling the
cone and calibrating container, g
)
a
()eight of sand in the calibrating cylinder
)
s
()eight of e,cavated soil, g
)
7 (
)eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand after filling the hole, g
I
s (
Iolume of hole
O'!r(atio& a&# 1a%1u%atio&:
<eight of calibrating cylinder, cm (
nternal diameter of calibrating cylinder, cm (
Ta'u%atio&:
# A*3ALIBRATION O$ A00ARATUS
0#
)eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand )
#
, g
2 )eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand after $ouring into calibrating cylinder
)
2
, g
1 )eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand +ith remaining sand after filling the
cone and calibrating container, )
1
, g
5 )eight of sand in the calibrating cylinder )a ( %)
#
P)
1
& P %)
#
P )
2
&
0 Iolume of calibrating container, I cm
1
7
.alibrated bulk density of sand S
b
( )a * I, g*cm
1
B*M!aur!m!&t o- i&=itu oi% #!&it5
)eight of e,cavated soil, )
s
g
B )eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith sand after filling the hole, )
7
g
#" )eight of sand in the hole
)
h
( %)
#
P )
7
&/%)
#
P )
2
&, g
##
Iolume of hole I
s
( )
h
* S
b
cm
1
#2
!ulk density of in/situ soil S
b
( )
s
* I
s
g*cc
D!t!rmi&atio& o- ?at!r 1o&t!&t
#1 )eight of container %+
#
& (
#7 )eight of container O +et soil %+
2
& (
#5 )eight of container O dry soil %+
1
& (
#0 )ater content of insitu soil +- ( +
2
P +
1
* +
1
P +
#
#7
Dry density of insitu soil S
d
( S
b
* %#O+&

g*cc
#C
Ioid ratio @%: S
+
& * S
d
D

/ #
#B Degree of saturation ( +: * e
0ro1!#ur!:
a/ 3a%i'ratio& o- apparatu
#. Determine the internal volume %I& of calibrating container by filling it +ith +ater u$
to the brim or by measurement.
2. Take about 5kg of standard sand if available or use clean sand $assing 0"" microns
sieve and retained in 1""/micron sieve.
1. The sand/$ouring cylinder shall be filled so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is
+ith in about #"mm of the to$ and +eight in )
#
%g&.
7. 'lace the sand/$ouring cylinder on a $lane surface such as glass $late. 6$en the
shutter and allo+ the sand to run out and fill bottom lying cone.
5. )hen no further movement of sand takes $lace in the cylinder carefully and notes the
+eight of sand $ouring cylinder +ith remaining sand. He$eat these measurements at
least three times and record the mean +eight )
2
%g&.
02
0. 'lace the sand $ouring cylinder filled +ith sand to +eight )#, concentrically on the
to$ of the calibrating container, o$en the shutter and allo+ the sand the run out.
7. )hen no further movement of sand takes $lace, close the shutter. The $ouring
cylinder is removed and +eighs it. He$eat these measurement atleast three times and
record the mean +eight )
1
%g&.
'/ M!aur!m!&t o- -i!%# #!&it5
#. M flat area, a$$ro,imately 75 cm sKuare of the soil to be tested shall be e,$osed and
trimmed to a level surface +ith a scra$er.
2. The metal tray +ith a central hole shall be laid on the $re$ared surface +ith the hole
in the soil shall then be e,cavated using the hole in the tray as a $attern u$to #5cm
dee$. Go loose material shall left in the hole.
1. The e,cavated soil shall be carefully collected and +eigh it )
s
%g&.
7. M re$resentative sam$le of the e,cavated soil shall be +eighed and oven/dried to find
the $ercentage of moisture content, ) of the in/site soil.
5. The sand/$ouring cylinder filled +ith sand to constant +eight )#, is $laced
concentrically over the hole.
0. The shutter is o$ened and sand allo+ed to run out. )hen no further movement of
sand takes $lace, close the shutter, remove the cylinder and +eigh it )
7
%g&.
01
R!u%t:
i. ;ield Density of Soil, E
'
( g*cm
1

ii. )ater .ontent of insitu soil ( -
iii. Dry Density of soil, E
#
( g*cm
1

iv. Ioid ratio (
v. Degree of saturation (
07