CCNA INTRO STUDY NOTES

TCP/IP OSI NETWORKING MODLES CH 2

OSI Open Systems Interconnection
ISO Interntion! Or"ni#tion $or Stn%r%i#tion
TCP/IP %e$ines !r"e co!!ection o$ protoco!s t&t !!o' comp(ter to comm(nicte)
TCP/IP %e$ines t&e %eti!s o$ ec& o$ t&ese protoco!s insi%e %oc(ments c!!e%
R*C Re+(ests *or Comments
TCP/IP Architectural Model and Example
TCP/IP Architecture !a"er Example Protocol
Application #TTP$ POP%$ SMTP
Tranport TCP$ UDP
Internet&or' IP
Net&or' Inter(ace Ethernet$ )rame Rela"
*+, APP!ICATION !AYER
,SES-
HTTP Hyperte.t Trns$er Protoco!
I$ yo( "et HTTP /0/ t&t mens t&t t&e $i!e 's not $o(n%)
I$ yo( "et HTTP 0 t&e $i!e 's $o(n%
,ses ,RL ,ni1ers! Reso(rce Loctor
HTML2 Hyperte.t Mr3(p Ln"("e is (se% to %e$ine &o' 4o56s 'e5 5ro'ser s&o(!%
interpret t&e te.t insi%e t&e $i!e &e 7(st recei1e%)
T&ere re $o(r Lyer o$ t&e TCP/IP 8rc&itect(r! Mo%e! '&ic& re-
*-, TRANSPORT !AYER TCP/IP
T&e TCP/IP trnsport !yer consist o$ t'o min protoco! options T&e Trnsmission
contro! Protoco! 9TCP: n% t&e ,ser Dt"rm Protoco! 9,DP:)
Sme2Lyer interction on %i$$erent comp(ters-
T&e t'o comp(ters (se protoco! to comm(nicte 'it& t&e sme !yer on not&er
comp(ter) T&e Protoco! %e$ine% 5y ec& !yer (ses &e%er t&t is trnsmitte% 5et'een
t&e comp(ters) To comm(nicte '&t ec& comp(ter 'nt to %o)
8%7cent2!yer interction on t&e sme comp(ter-

On sin"!e comp(ter; one !yer pro1i%es ser1ice to &i"&er !yer) T&e
so$t're or &r%'re t&t imp!ements t&e &i"&er !yer re+(ests t&t t&e ne.t !o'er !yer
per$orm t&e nee%e% $(nction)
TCP/ IP Internet&or' !a"er
T&e Internet'or3 !yer o$ t&e TCP/IP net'or3in" mo%e!; T&e internet Protoco! 9IP:;
'or3s m(c& !i3e t&e post! ser1ice) IP %e$ines %%ress so t&t ec& &ost comp(ter cn
&1e %i$$erent IP %%ress; 7(st !i3e t&e post! ser1ice %e$ines %%ressin" t&t !!o's
(ni+(e %%resses $ro ec& &o(se; prtment; n% 5(siness)
TCP/IP Net&or' Inter(ace !a"er *Data !in' la"er,
T&e net'or3 inter$ce !yer %e$ines t&e protoco!s n% &r%'re re+(ire% to %e!i1er %t
cross some p&ysic! net'or3) T&e term net'or3 inter$ce re$ers to t&e $ct t&t t&is
!yer %e$ines &o' to connect t&e &ost comp(ter; '&ic& is not prt o$ t&e net'or3; to t&e
net'or3< it is t&e inter$ce 5et'een t&e comp(ter n% t&e net'or3)
Data Encapulation
T&e term encps(!tion %escri5es t&e process o$ p(ttin" &e%ers n% tri!er ro(n% some
%t)
T&e comp!ete process o$ %t encps(!tion 'it& TCP/IP is *I=E STEP process)
T&is inc!(%e% t&e typic! encps(!tion 5y t&e pp!iction; Trnsport; net'or3; n%
net'or3 inter$ce 9re$erre% to s %t !in3: !yers s steps > t&ro("& / in t&e $i1e step
processes) T&e $i$t& step 's t&e p&ysic! !yer6s trnsmission o$ t&e 5it strem)
STEP .
Crete t&e pp!iction %t n% &e%ers T&is simp!y mens t&t t&e pp!iction &s t&e
%t to sen%)
STEP /
Pc3"e t&e %t $or trnsport In ot&er 'or%s; t&e trnsport !yer 9TCP or ,DP: cretes
t&e trnsport &e%er n% p!ces t&e %t 5e&in% it)
STEP %
8%% t&e %estintion n% so(rce net'or3 !yer %%resses to t&e %t2 T&e net'or3 !yer
cretes t&e net'or3 &e%er; '&ic& inc!(%es t&e net'or3 !yer %%ress; n% p!ces t&e %t
5e&in% it)
STEP -
8%% t&e %estintion n% so(rce %t !in3 !yer %%resses to t&e %t T&e %t !in3 !yer
cretes t&e %t !in3 &e%er; p!ces t&e %t 5e&in% it; n% p!ces t&e %t !in3 tri!er t
t&e en%)
STEP 0
Trnsmit t&e 5its2 T&e p&ysic! !yer enco%es si"n! onto t&e me%i(m to trnsmit t&e
$rme)
E1AMP!E COPY PA2E .
TCP/IP Architectural Model
Application
Tranport
Internet&or'
Net&or' Inter(ace
333 All Teacher Inide Net333
DATA !IN4 !a"er )undamental Chapter %
Et&ernet %e$ines 5ot& Lyer > n% Lyer 2 *(nctions; so t&is c&pter strts 'it& some
5sic concepts in re!tion to OSI !yer > n% 2
T&e OSI P#YSICA! n% DATA !IN4 !yer 'or3 to"et&er to pro1i%e t&e $(nction o$
%e!i1ery o$ %t cross 'i%e 1riety o$ types o$ p&ysic! net'or3s)
The DATA !IN4 la"er */,5
2 De$ines t&e r(!es 9protoco!s: to %etermine '&en comp(ter is !!o'e% to (se t&e
p&ysic! net'or3
2 W&en t&e comp(ter s&o(!% not (se t&e net'or3)
2 Ho' to reco"ni#e errors t&t occ(rre% %(rin" trnsmission o$ %t)
8 stri"&t2t&ro("& c5!e connects pin > on one en% to 'it& pin > on t&e ot&er en% o$ t&e
c5!e)
8 t'iste% pir is pir o$ 'ires t'iste% to c(t %o'n on e!ectrom"netic inter$erence
cse% 5y e!ectric! c(rrent)
Ph"ical !a"er pro1i%es t&e $o!!o'in" $(nctions-
2 C5!in"2 %e$ines t&e n(m5er o$ 'ires n% type o$ s&ie!%in" (se% or not (se%)
2 Connectors
2 =o!t"e n% c(rrent
2 Enco%in" De$ines &o' %e1ice si"n!s 5inry 0 or > onto t&e trnsmit pin9s: $or
e.mp!e; ?@1 mi"&t men >; n% 2@ mi"&t men 0)
OSI !a"er / the DATA !IN4 !AYER
D8T8 LINK Lyer %e$ines t&e stn%r%s n% protoco!s (se% to connect t&e trnsmission
o$ %t cross p&ysic! net'or3)
D8T8 LINK Lyer 92: per$orm t&e $o!!o'in" $(nctions-
2 Ar6itration Determines '&en it is pproprite to (se t&e p&ysic! me%i(m
2 Addrein7 Ens(res t&t t&e correct recipient9s: recei1es n% processes t&e %t
t&t is sent)
2 Error detection Determines '&et&er t&e %t m%e t&e trip cross t&e p&ysic!
me%i(m s(ccess$(!!y)
2 Identi(ication o( the encapulated data2 Determines t&e type o$ &e%er t&t
$o!!o's t&e %t !in3 &e%er)
Ar6itration Is t&e speci$ictions $or D8T82LINK protoco!s %e$ine &o' to r5itrte
t&e (se o$ t&e p&ysic! me%i(m to 1oi% co!!isions; or t !es to reco1er $orm t&e co!!ision
'&en t&ey occ(r)
Et&ernet (ses t&e CARRIER SENSE MU!TIP!E ACCESS &ith CO!!ISON
DETECTION *CSMA/CD, !"orit&m $or r5itrtion to &e!p 1oi% %t co!!ision on
net'or3)
Addrein7 D8T8 LINK protoco!s %e$ine %%ress to m3e s(re t&t t&e correct
%e1ice !istens n% recei1es t&e %t t&t is sent) 4y p(ttin" t&e correct %%ress in t&e
%t2!in3 &e%er; t&e sen%er o$ t&e $rme cn 5e re!ti1e!y s(re t&t t&e correct recei1er
'i!! "et t&e %t)
Ec& %t !in3e% protoco! %e$ines its o'n (ni+(e %%ressin" str(ct(re)
2 ET#ERNET (ses Me%i 8ccess Contro! 9M8C: %%ress; '&ic& re A 5ytes
!on" n% re represente% s >2 %i"it &e.%ecim! n(m5er)
2 )RAME RE!AY typic!!y (ses >025it2!on"; %%ress c!!e% %t2!in3
connection I%enti$iers *D!CI,8
Error Detection Error %etection %isco1er '&et&er 5it errors occ(rre% %(rin" t&e
trnsmission o$ t&e $rme)
2 Most D8T82LINK protoco!s inc!(%e *rme C&ec3 Se+(ence *)CS, or
Cyc!ic! Re%(n%ncy C&ec3 *CRC, $ie!% in t&e D8T82LINK tri!er) T&is $ie!%
contins 1!(e t&t is t&e res(!t o$ mt&emtic! $orm(! pp!ie% to t&e %t in
t&e $rme)
2 8n error %etecte% '&en t&e recei1er p!("s t&e contents o$ t&e recei1e% $rme into
mt&emtic! $orm(!) 4ot& t&e sen%er n% t&e recei1er o$ t&e $rme (se t&e
sme c!c(!tion; 'it& t&e sen%er p(ttin" t&e res(!ts o$ t&e $orm(! in t&e *CS
$ie!% 5e$ore sen%in" t&e $rme) I$ t&e *CS sent 5y t&e sen%er mtc&es '&t t&e
recei1er c!c(!tes; t&e $rme %i% not &1e ny errors %(rin" trnsmission)
2 ERROR %etection %oes not imp!y reco1er< most %t !in3s; inc!(%in"-
IEEE B02)@ To3en Rin"
B02)C Et&ernet
Do not pro9ide error reco9er"8
T&e )CS !!o's t&e recei1in" %e1ice to notice t&t errors occ(rre% n% t&en %iscr% t&e
%t $rme) Error reco1ery; '&ic& inc!(%es t&e resen%in" $or t&e %t; is t&e
responsi5i!ity o$ not&er protoco!) *or instnce; TCP per(orm error reco9er)
Identi("in7 the Encapulated Data T&e $o(rt& prt o$ '&t t&e D8T8 LINK
%oes is it i%enti$ies t&e contents o$ t&e Dt *ie!% in t&e $rme)
2 IEEE Et&ernet B02)2 Lo"ic! Lin3 Contro! *!!C, (ses $ie!% in its &e%er to
i%enti$y t&e type o$ %t in t&e Dt $ie!%)
2 Ec& D8T82LINK &e%er &s $ie!%; Generic!!y 'it& nme t&t &s t&e 'or%
TDPE in it; to i%enti$y t&e type o$ protoco! t&t sits insi%e t&e $rme6s %t $ie!%)
In ec& cse; t&e TDPE *IELD &s co%e t&t mens IP; IPE; or some ot&er
%esi"ntion; %e$inin" t&e type o$ protoco! &e%er t&t $o!!o's)
T&e IEEE Et&ernet speci$ictions t&t mtc& OSI L8DER 2 'ere %i1i%e% into TWO
prts-
2 Media Acce Control *MAC,
2 !o7ical !in' Control *!!C,
Ethernet Addrein7
Et&ernet L8N %%ressin" i%enti$ies eit&er in%i1i%(! %e1ices or "ro(ps o$ %e1ices on
L8N) ,nicst Et&ernet %%resses i%enti$y sin"!e L8N cr%) Ec& %%ress is A 5ytes
!on"; is (s(!!y 'ritten in &e.%ecim! n%; in Cisco %e1ices; n% typic!!y is 'ritten 'it&
perio%s seprtin" ec& set o$ $o(r &e. %i"its) *or e.mp!e; 0000)0C>2)C/@A IS 8
=8LID Et&ernet %%resses) T&e term ,NIC8ST %%resses; or in%i1i%(! %%resses; is
(se% 5ec(se it i%enti$ies n in%i1i%(! L8N inter$ce cr%)
T&e IEEE %e$ines t&e $ormt n% ssi"nment o$ L8N %%resses) T&e IEEE re+(ires
"!o5!!y (ni+(e ,nicst M8C %%resses on !! L8N inter$ce cr%s)
2IEEE c!!s t&em M8C %%resses 5ec(se t&e M8C protoco!s s(c& s IEEE B02)C
De$ine t&e %%ressin" %eti!s)
To ens(re (ni+(e ,nicst M8C %%resses on !! L8N inter$ce cr%s; t&e Et&ernet cr%
mn($ct(rers enco%e t&e M8C %%ress onto t&e cr%; (s(!!y in ROM c&ip)
2 T&e (irt &!$ o$ t&e %%ress i%enti$ies t&e mn($ct(rer o$ t&e cr%) T&is co%e;
'&ic& is ssi"ne% to ec& mn($ct(rer 5y t&e IEEE; is c!!e% t&e
ORG8NIF8TRION8LLD ,NIG,E IDENTI*IER *OUI,8 Ec& mn($ct(rers
ssi"ns M8C %%ress 'it& its o'n O,I s t&e $irst &!$ o$ t&e %%ress)
2 T&e Second &!$ o$ t&e %%ress 5ein" ssi"ne% n(m5er t&t t&is mn($ct(rer
&s ne1er (se% on not&er cr%)
2 Ec& L8N cr% comes 'it& 4(rne%2In %%ress 94I8: t&t is 5(rne% into t&e
ROM c&ip on t&e cr%) 4I8s sometimes is c!!e% Uni9erall" Adminitered
Addre *UAA,8
PEOP!E alo call MAC addre5
!AN Addre
Ethernet Addre
MAC addree
The" all mean the ame thin78
2roup addrein7 identi(ie more t&n one L8N inter$ce cr%) T&e IEEE %e$ines t'o
"ener! cte"ories o$ "ro(p %%resses $or Et&ernet-
:;roadcat Addree < T&e most o$ten (se% o$ IEEE "ro(p M8C %%resses;
T&e 5ro%cst %%ress &s 1!(e o$ ))))8))))8))))8)))) 9&e. nottion:)
T&e 5ro%cst %%ress imp!ies t&t !! %e1ices on t&e L8N s&o(!% process t&e
$rme)
2 Multicat Addree < M(!ticst %%resses re (se% to !!o' s(5set o$ %e1ices
on L8N to comm(nicte) Some pp!ictions nee% to comm(nicte 'it&
m(!tip!e ot&er %e1ices) 4y sen%in" one $rme; !! t&e %e1ices t&t cre 5o(t
recei1in" t&e %t sent 5y t&t pp!iction cn process t&e %t; n% t&e rest cn
i"nore it) T&e IP protoco! s(pports m(!ticstin") W&en IP m(!ticst o1er n
Et&ernet; t&e m(!ticst M8C %%resses (se% 5y IP $o!!o' t&is $ormt-
=.==80exxx8xxxx; '&ere ny 1!(e cn 5e (se% in t&e !st &!$ o$ t&e %%resses)
*(n%ment!s o$ W8Ns CH /
Do( typic!!y (se trai7ht throu7h Ethernet ca6le 5et'een en% (ser %e1ices n% t&e
s'itc&es) *or t&e tr(n3 !in3s 5et'een t&e s'itc&es; yo( (se croo9er ca6le 5ec(se
ec& s'itc& trnsmits on t&e sme pir; so t&e crosso1er c5!e connect one %e1ice6s
recei1e pir) T&e !o'er prt o$ t&e $i"(re remin%s yo( o$ t&e 5sic i%e 5e&in%
crosso1er c5!e)
T&e term c!oc3 rte n% 5n% 'i%t& 5ot& re$er to t&e spee% o$ t&e circ(it) Do( 'i!! !so
&er t&e spee% re$erre% to s t&e !in3 spee%)
Cloc' Rate and ;and &idth 6oth mean SPEED o( the Circuit
W&en yo( or%er circ(it t&t r(ns t prtic(!r spee%; t&e t'o CS,/DS, re con$i"(re%
to operte t t&e sme spee%) T&e CS,/DS,6s is pro1i%in" c!oc3in" si"n! to t&e
ro(ters so t&t t&e ro(ter simp!y rects; sen%in" n% recei1in" %t t t&e correct rte) So;
t&e CS,/DS, is consi%ere% to 5e c!oc3in" t&e !in3)
Typic!!y; ro(ters re connect to %e1ice c!!e% n% e.tern!
Channel Ser9ice Unit/ Data Ser9ice Unit *CSU/DSU,
CPE C(stomer premises e+(ipment re$ers to %e1ices t&t re t t&e c(stomer site)
T&e %e1ice t&t pro1i%es c!oc3in" typic!!y t&e CS,; is consi%ere% to 5e t&e
Data Communication E>uipment *DCE,
T&e %e1ice recei1in" c!oc3in"; typic!!y t&e ro(ter; is re$erre% to s-
Data Terminal E>uipment *DTE,
W&en p(rc&sin" seri! c5!es $orm Cisco; yo( cn pic3 eit&er DTE or DCE
C5!e) Do( pic3 t&e type o$ c5!e 5se% on '&et&er t&e ro(ter is ctin" !i3e
DTE or DCE
I$ t&e ro(ter is DTE; 'it& t&e CS, pro1i%in" t&e c!oc3in" yo( nee% DTE
c5!e)
I$ t&e ro(ter 's c!oc3in" t&e CS,/DS,; '&ic& cn 5e %one; yo( 'o(!% nee%
DCE c5!e 5(t t&t !most ne1er &ppens)
Do( cn 5y t'o ro(ters; DTE seri! c5!e $or one ro(ter; n% DCE seri! c5!e $or t&e
ot&er n% connect t&e t'o c5!es to"et&er) T&e ro(ter 'it& t&e DCE c5!e in it cn 5e
con$i"(re% to pro1i%e c!oc3in") Menin" t&t yo( %o not nee% to &1e CS,/DS, in2
5et'een 5ec(se c!oc3in" is 5ein" "enerte% 5y t&e !in3 in t&e test)
T&e DTE n% t&e DCE c5!es cn 5e connecte% to ec& ot&er n% t&e t'o ro(ters)
T&e DCE c5!e &s $em!e connector
T&e DTE &s m!e connector; so t&ey cn 5e connecte% to"et&er)
Wit& one %%ition! con$i"(rtion commn% on t&e ro(ters-
T&e Hcloc' rate command$ 'i!! "i1e yo( point to point seri! !in3) T&is
type o$ connection 5et'een to' ro(ters sometimes is c!!e% 5c32to25c3 seri!
connection)
*or ny o$ t&e point2to2point seri! !in3 or *rme Re!y !in3s t&e ro(ter (ses n inter$ce
t&t s(pports Sync&rono(s comm(niction)
T&e c5!e 5et'een t&e CS,/DS, n% t&e Te!co CO typic!!y (ses n RI2/B connector to
connect to t&e CS,/DS,< t&e RI2/B connector &s t&e sme si#e n% s&pe s t&e RI2/@
connector (se% $or Et&ernet c5!es)
T&e ori"in! stn%r% $or con1ertin" n!o" 1oice to %i"it! si"n! is c!!e% P(!se Co%e
Mo%(!tion 9PCM:) PCM %e$ines t&t n incomin" n!o" 1oice si"n! s&o(!% 5e
smp!e% B000 times per secon%; n% ec& smp!e s&o(!% 5e represente% 5y n B25it co%e)
So; A/; 000 5its 'ere nee%e% to represent > secon% o$ 1oice)
A0 J B000 K A/;000 or A/K
Point to point W8NS re m%e (p to t'o ro(ters connecte% 5y CS,/DS,-
Router ::::::: CSU :::::::: CSU :::::::: Router
*rme Re!y W8NS re m%e (p o$ M(!ti2ccess net'or3; '&ic& mens t&t more t&en
t'o %e1ices cn ttc& to t&e net'or3 simi!r to L8N-
Router::Acce !in':::::DCE*)rame Rela" S&itch, :: DCE <Acce !in':Router
)rame Rela" doe not ue CSU/DSU onl" Point to Point ue them8
)undamental o( IP Ch 0
OSI !a"er %: e>ui9alent protocol ue routin7 and addrein7 to accomplih their
7oal8
T"pical )eature o( OSI !a"er %
8 Protoco! t&t %e$ines ro(tin" n% %%ressin" is consi%ere% to 5e Net&or'
!a"er %$ Protocol8 OSI %oes %e$ine (ni+(e Lyer C protoco! c!!e% Connection!ess
Net'or3 Ser1ices 9CLNS:)
!a"er % Protocol &hich deal &ith ROUTIN2 and ADDRESSIN2-
Internet Protocol *IP,
No9ell Internet&or' Pac'et Exchan7e *IP1,
AppleTal' Data7ram Deli9er" Protocol *DDP,
33333Ethernet !AN? ue MAC
33333TCP/IP ue IP addre to 7et (rom one pc to another8
NET@OR4 !AYER *!AYER %, ADDRESSIN2
In TCP/IP t&is "ro(p is c!!e% NETWORK or S,4NET)
In IP1$ it is c!!e% Net'or3
In Apple tal' t&e "ro(pin" is c!!e% C84LE R8NGE
T&ese "ro(pin"s 'or3 7(st !i3e ,)S)P)S FIP co%es; !!o'in" t&e ro(ters 9Mi! Sorters: to
spee%i!y ro(te 9sort: !ots o$ pc3ets 9!etters:)
T&e ro(tin" t5!e $ro ec& net'or3 !yer protoco! cn &1e one entry $or t&e "ro(p; not
one entry $or ec& in%i1i%(! IP %%ress) 8 ro(ter nee%in" to $or'r% pc3ets to ny o$
t&ose &osts nee%s one entry in its IP ro(tin" t5!e) T&is 5sic $ct is one o$ t&e 3ey reson
t&t ro(ter cn sc!e to !!o' tens n% &(n%re%s o$ t&o(sn%s o$ %e1ices)
8 ROUTIN2 PROTOCO! !erns ro(tes n% p(ts t&ose ro(tes in ro(tin" t5!e)
8 ROUTED PPROTOCO! is t&e type o$ pc3et $or'r%e% or ro(te%; t&o("&t
net'or3)
IP 'o(!% 5e t&e ROUTED PROTOCO!
Ro(tin" In$ormtion Protoco! 9RIP: '&ic& is (se% to !ern ro(tes 'o(!% 5e consi%ere%
t&e RO,TING PROTOCOL)
IP ADDRESSIN2 DE)INITIONS
I$ %e1ice 'nts to comm(nicte (sin" TCP/IP; it nee%s n IP %%ress)
W&en t&e %e1ice &s n IP %%ress n% t&e pproprite so$t're n% &r%'re; it cn sen%
n% recei1e IP pc3ets)
8ny %e1ice t&t cn sen% n% recei1e IP pc3ets is c!!e% n IP &ost)
IP %%ress consists o$ %/:6it num6er; (s(!!y 'ritten in %otte%2%ecim! nottion) T&e
L%ecim!M prt o$ t&e term comes $orm t&e $ct t&t ec& 5yte 9B 5its: o$ t&e %/:6it
addre is con1erte% to its %ecim! e+(i1!ent)
T&e $o(r res(!tin" %ecim! n(m5ers re 'ritten in se+(ence; 'it& L%ots;M or %ecim!
points; seprtin" t&e n(m5ers &ence t&e nme %otte%2%ecim!)
Ec& o$ t&e %ecim! n(m5er in n IP %%ress is c!!e% n octet) T&e term octet is 7(st
1en%or2%e(tr! term inste% o$ 5yte) So; $or n IP %%ress o$ >AB)>)>)>; t&e $irst octet is
>AB; t&e secon% octet is >; n% son on)
T&e rn"e o$ %ecim! n(m5ers in ec& octet is 5et'een 0 n% 2@@; inc!(si1e)
)undamental o( TCP and UDP Ch A
T"pical )eature o( OSI !a"er -
T&e trnsport !yer 9L8DER /: %e$ines se1er! $(nctions; t&e most importnt o$ '&ic&
re error reco1ery n% $!o' contro!)
Ro(ter %iscr% pc3ets $or mny resons- inc!(%in"-
;IT Error
Net&or' Con7etion
INSTANCES @#IC# T#ERE ARE NO ROUTES 4NO@N
OSI Tranport !a"er )eature5
Conection:Orented or Connection !e
Error Reco9er"
Relia6ilit"
)lo& Control
Se7mentin7
TCP pro1i%es 1riety o$ (se$(! $et(res inc!(%in" error reco1ery) In $ct; TCP is 5est
3no'n $or its error2reco1ery $et(re 5(t it %oes more)
TCP Per(orm the (ollo&in7 (unction5
Multiplexin7 uin7 port num6er
Error Reco9er" *relia6ilit",
)lo& control uin7 &indo&in7
Connection eta6lihment and termination
End:to end ordered data tran(er
Se7mentation
TCP re!ies on IP $or en%2to2en% %e!i1ery o$ t&e %t; inc!(%in" ro(tin" iss(es)
TCP n% ,DP 5ot& (se concept c!!e% m(!tip!e.in")
,DP %t trns$er %i$$ers $orm TCP %t trns$er in t&t no reor%erin" or reco1ery is
ccomp!is&e%)
Cico !AN S&itchin7 ;aic Ch B
CUID E Note
>: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" sttements %escri5es prt o$ t&e process o$ &o'
trnsprent 5ri%"e m3es %ecision to $or'r% $rme %estine% to ,nicst
3no'n M8C %%ressN
: Compres ,nicst %estintion %%ress to t&e 5ri%"in"; or M8C
%%ress; t5!e)
Tranparent ;rid7e connects t'o or more Et&ernet net'or3s) 4y
seprtin" t&e net'or3s into m(!tip!e Et&ernets; or m(!tip!e L8N se"ments;
Unicat *MAC, addre2 8 M8C %%ress t&t I%enti$ies sin"!e L8N
inter$ce cr%) To%y most cr%s (se t&e M8C %%ress t&t is 5(rne% on t&e
cr%)
2: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" sttements %escri5es prt o$ t&e process o$ &o' L8N
s'itc& m3e %ecision to $or'r% $rme %estine% to 5ro%cst M8C %%ressN
C: *or'r%s o(t !! inter$ces in t&e sme =L8N; e.cept t&e incomin" inter$ce)
;roadcat *MAC, addre2 T&e most o$ten (se% o$ IEEE "ro(p M8C
%%ress; t&e 5ro%cst imp!ies t&t !! %e1ices on t&e L8N s&o(!% process t&e
$rme)
Multicat *MAC, addre M(!ticst %%resses re (se% to !!o' s(5set o$
%e1ices on L8N to comm(nicte; Some pp!iction nee% to comm(nicte
'it& m(!tip!e ot&er %e1ices 5y sen%in" one $rme; !! t&e %e1ices t&t cre
5o(t recei1in" t&e %t sent 5y t&t pp!iction cn process t&e %t; n% t&e
rest cn i"nore it) T&e IP protoco! s(pports m(!ticstin"; n% '&en IP
m(!ticsts o1er n Et&ernet; t&e m(!ticst M8C %%resses (se% 5y IP $o!!o'
t&is $ormt- 0>00)@e..)....; '&ere ny 1!(e cn 5e (se% in t&e !st &!$ o$
t&e %%resses) P)2CO
!AN SE2MENTATION Simp!y mens 5r3in" one L8N into prts; 'it&
ec& prt c!!e% se"ment)
C: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" sttements 5est %escri5es '&t trnsprent 5ri%"es %oes
'it& $rme %estine% to n (n3no'n ,nicst %%ressN
8: *or'r%s o(t !! inter$ces in t&e sme =L8N; e.cept t&e incomin" inter$ce)
;aic (or&ardin7 lo7ic ued 6" a &itch or 6rid7e
>: 8 $rme is recei1e%)
2: I$ t&e %estintion is 5ro%cst or m(!ticst; $or'r% on !! ports e.cept t&e port
in '&ic& t&e $rme 's recei1e%)
C: I$ t&e %estintion is ,nicst n% t&e %%ress in not in t&e %%ress t5!e; $or'r%
on !! ports e.cept t&e port in '&ic& t&e $rme 's recei1e%)
/: I$ t&e %estintion is ,nicst n% t&e %%ress in t&e %%ress t5!e; n% i$ t&e
ssocite% inter$ce is not t&e inter$ce in '&ic& t&e $rme rri1e%; $or'r% t&e
$rme o(t t&e one correct port)
/: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" comprisons is m%e 5y s'itc& '&en %eci%in" '&et&er
ne' M8C %%ress s&o(!% 5e %%e% to its 5ri%"in" t5!eN
4: Compres t&e ,nicst %estintion %%ress too t&e 5ri%"in"; or M8C %%ress;
t5!e
@: Witc& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" intern! s'itc&in" met&o%s cn strt $or'r%in" $rme
5e$ore t&e entire $rme &s 5een recei1e%N
C: *r"ment2$ree
D: C(t2T&ro("&
The Three t"pe o( S&itchin7 Method o( Internal Procein7
Store:and:)or&ard T&e s'itc& $(!!y recei1es !! 5its in t&e $rme 9store:
5e$ore $or'r%in" t&e $rme 9$or'r%:) T&is !!o's t&e s'itc& to c&ec3 t&e *CS
5e$ore $or'r%in" t&e $rme) 9T&e *CS is in t&e Et&ernet tri!er:
)CS Stn%s $or *rme C&ec3 Se+(ence)
Cut:Throu7h T&e s'itc& per$orms t&e %%ress t5!e !oo3(p s soon s t&e
%estintion %%ress $ie!% in t&e &e%er is recei1e%) T&e $irst 5its in t&e $rme cn
5e sent o(t t&e o(t5o(n% port 5ec(se t&e $in! 5its in t&e incomin" $rme re
recei1e%) T&is %oes not !!o' t&e s'itc& to %iscr% $rmes t&t $i! t&e *CS
c&ec3)
)ra7ment <)ree 2 T&is per$orms !i3e c(t2t&ro("& s'itc&in"; 5(t t&e s'itc& 'its
$or A/ 5ytes to 5e recei1e% 5e$ore $or'r%in" t&e $irst 5ytes o$ t&e o(t"oin"
$rme) 8ccor%in" to Et&ernet speci$iction; co!!isions s&o(!% 5e %etecte% %(rin"
t&e $irst A/ 5ytes o$ t&e $rme; so $rmes in error 5ec(se o$ co!!ision 'i!! not 5e
$or'r%e%)
!AN SE2MENTATION Simp!y mens 5r3in" one L8N into prts; 'it& ec&
prt c!!e% se"ment)
Colliion Domain Is t&e set o$ L8N inter$ces '&ose $rmes co(!% co!!i%e 'it&
ec& ot&er; 5(t not 'it& ny ot&er %e1ices in t&e net'or3 !so is set o$ net'or3
inter$ce cr%s 9NIC6s: $or '&ic& $rme sent 5y one NIC co(!% res(!t in
co!!ision 'it& $rme sent t5y ny ot&er NIC in t&e sme co!!ision %omin)
Colliion Domain re crete% 5y &(5s n% re 5ro3en (p 5y s'itc&es n%
ro(ters)
Se7ment K Colliion Domain)
Connection 5et'een PC n% s'itc& is Co!!ision Domin
Connection 5et'een Ro(ter n% s'itc& is Co!!ision Domin
Connection 5et'een Ro(ter n% 4ri%"e/S'itc& is Co!!ision Domin
8!! PC connecte% on L8N is in Co!!ision Domin
;roadcat domain2 is t&e set o$ %e1ices $or '&ic&; '&en one o$ t&e
%e1ices sen%s 5ro%cst; !! t&e ot&er %e1ices recei1e copy o$ t&e
5ro%cst)
ON!Y Router stop t&e $!o' o$ ;roadcat8 Ro(ters pro1i%e t&e ;roadcat
domain $or t&e sme net'or3) P2/O
H,4S %o not ct(!!y se"ment n Et&ernet into m(!tip!e se"ments)
;rid7e n% S@ITC#ES DO se"ment n Et&ernet into %i$$erent colliion
domain; n% Ro(ters se"ment n Et&ernet into %i$$erent colliion n% 6roadcat
domain8
D(rin" (tone"otition 5et'een >0/>00 Et&ernet cr% n% s'itc& t&e SPEED
n% DUP!E1 is ne"otite%)
Do( s&o(!% consi%er sttic!!y con$i"(rin" port spee%s n% not (se
(tone"otition '&en connectin" &itch port to er9er; n% router8
>0: 8 net'or3 c(rrent!y &s ten PCs; 'it& $i1e connecte% to &(5 > n% not&er
$i1e connecte% to &(52; 'it& c5!e 5et'een t&e t'o &(5s) *re% 'nts to
3eep t&e PCs connecte% to t&eir &(5s 5(t p(t 5ri%"e 5et'een t&e t'o &(5s)
4rney 'nts to remo1e t&e H(5s n% connect !! ten PCs to t&e sme
s'itc&) Comprin" *re% n% 4rney6s so!(tion; '&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" is
tr(eN
: 4rney6s so!(tion cretes more 5n%'i%t& t&n *re%6s
5: 4rney6s so!(tion !!o's $(!! %(p!e. to t&e PCs; '&ere *re%6s %oes not)
c: 4rney6s so!(tion cretes $i1e times more co!!ision %omins t&n *re%6s
P)2/BJJJJJJJJ
>>: Im"ine net'or3 'it& t&ree s'itc&es; ec& 'it& n Et&ernet se"ment
connectin" it to t&e ot&er to' s'itc&es) Ec& s'itc& &s some PCs ttc&e%
to it 'e!!) W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" $rmes 'o(!% c(se !oops i$ t&e
spnnin" Tree Protoco! 'ere not r(nnin"N
: ,nicst sent to t&e M8C %%ress o$ %e1ice t&t &s ne1er 5een t(rne%
on)
c: *rmes sent to Et&ernet 5ro%cst %%ress
Wit&o(t STP; ny $rme t&t s'itc& 'o(!% $or'r% o(t !! ports 'o(!% !oop
$or n in%e$inite!y !on" perio% o$ time) S'itc&es !'ys $or'r% 5ro%csts
o(t !! ports) Li3e'ise ,nicst $rmes to M8C %%ress t&t re not in t&e
M8C %%ress t5!e re $!oo%e% o(t !! ports)
The need (or SPANNIN2 TREE
Wit&o(t t&e SP8NNING TREE PROTOCOL 9STP:; $rmes 'o(!% !oop $or n
in%e$inite perio% o$ time in net'or3s 'it& p&ysic!!y re%(n%nt !in3s) To pre1ent !oopin"
$rmes ; STP 5!oc3s some ports $orm $or'r%in" $rmes so t&t on!y one cti1e pt&
e.ists 5et'een ny pir o$ L8N se"ments 9co!!ision %omins:)
To 1oi% !oops; !! 5ri%"in" %e1ices; inc!(%in" s'itc&es; (se STP) STP c(se ec&
inter$ce on 5ri%"in" %e1ice to sett!e into 5!oc3in" stte or $or'r%in" stte)
4!oc3in" mens t&t t&e inter$ce cnnot $or'r% or recei1e %t $rmes)
*or'r%in" mens t&t t&e inter$ce cn sen% n% recei1e %t $rmes)
4y &1in" correct s(5set o$ t&e inter$ces 5!oc3e%; sin"!e c(rrent!y cti1e !o"ic! pt&
'i!! e.ist 5et'een ec& pir o$ L8NS)
#o& Spannin7 Tree @or'
T&e Spnnin" Tree !"orit&m p!ces ec& 5ri%"e or s'itc& port into eit&er
$or'r%in" stte or 5!oc3in" stte) 8!! t&e ports in t&e $or'r%in" stte re consi%ere%
to 5e in t&e c(rrent spnnin" tree) T&e co!!ecti1e set o$ $or'r%in" ports cretes sin"!e
pt& o1er '&ic& $rmes re sent 5et'een Et&ernet se"ments) S'itc&es cn $or'r%
$rmes o(t ports n% recei1e $rmes in ports t&t re in $or'r%in" stte< s'itc&es %o
not $or'r% $rmes o(t ports n% recei1es $rmes in ports t&t re in 5!oc3in" stte)
STP (ses ;rid7e Protocol Data Unit *;PDU, to sen% mess"es 5et'een s'itc&es)
Ec& s'itc& n% 5ri%"e c!ims to 5e t&e roo% 5ri%"e; n% t&e one 'it& t&e !o'est 5ri%"e
ID is e!ecte% root)
T&e B25yte 5ri%"e ID is t&e com5intion o$ priority 9225yte: n% M8C %%ress on t&e
s'itc& 9A25yte:)
STP p!ces !! ports on t&e root s'itc& into $or'r%in" stte)
T&e root 5ri%"e contin(!!y sen%s &e!!o 4PD,s) Ec& non2root s'itc& recei1es t&e
He!!os; c&n"es $e' $ie!%s; n% $or'r%s o(t !! prots) One o$ t&e $ie!%s t&t is c&n"e%
is c!!e% COST) T&is cost $ie!%; in '&ic& ec& s'itc& increments 5e$ore $or'r%in" t&e
&e!!o mess"e &e!ps t&e non2root 5ri%"es %eci%e &o' "oo% prtic(!r py is to t&e root
5ri%"e) 8 s'itc& t&t recei1es He!!o t&t &s 5een $or'r%e% 5y ten ot&er s'itc&es
pro55!y &s &i"&er cost t&n &e!!o recei1e% %irect!y $or t&e root s'itc&)
P) 2@02 2@> JJJJJJJJ
>2: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" inter$ce sttes co(!% s'itc& inter$ce sett!e into
$ter STP &s comp!ete% 5(i!%in" spnnin" treeN
5: 4!oc3in"
c: *or'r%in"
STP ue a couple o( port tat 6eide (or&ardin7 and 6loc'in7
!itenin7 Listens to incomin" He!!o mess"es to ens(re t&t t&ere re no !oops; 5(t
%oes not $or'r% tr$$ic to !ern M8C %%ress on t&e inter$ce) T&is is n
interim stte 5et'een 5!oc3in" n% $or'r%in")
!earnin7 Sti!! !istens to 4PD,s; p!(s !erns M8C %%resses $orm incomin" $rmes) It
%oes not $or'r% tr$$ic) T&is is n inter stte 5et'een 5!oc3in" n%
$or'r%in")
;loc'in7 2 mens t&t t&e inter$ce cnnot $or'r% or recei1e %t $rmes)
)or&ardin7 2 mens t&t t&e inter$ce cn sen% n% recei1e %t $rmes)
Dia6led 8%ministrti1e!y %o'n)

,n%er norm! opertion; '&en port nee%s to c&n"e $orm 5!oc3in" to $or'r%in"; it
$irst trnsitions to !istenin"; t&en !ernin"; n% t&en $or'r%in")
T&is process; 'it& %e$(!t timers; t3es around 0= econd)
8%% $o(n%tion s(mmry ONLD Print
Add >uetion (rom the 6ac' alllllllllllll
C#APTER .= FIRTUA! !AN and trun'in7
F!AN !!o' s'itc& to seprte %i$$erent p&ysic! ports into %i$$erent "ro(ps so t&t
tr$$ic $rom %e1ices in one "ro(p ne1er "ets $or'r%e% to t&e ot&er "ro(p)
>: In L8N; W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" terms 5est e+(tes to t&e term
=L8NN
4: 4ro%cst Domin
A F!AN include all de9ice in the ame !AN 6roadcat domain
2: Im"ine s'itc& 'it& t&ree con$i"(re% =L8Ns) Ho' mny IP
s(5nets 'o(!% 5e re+(ire%; ss(min" t&t !! &osts in !! =L8Ns 'nt
to (se TCP/IP
D: C s(5nets 'o(!% 5e nee%e%
The hot in each F!AN mut 6e in di((erent u6net8
C: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" $(!! encps(!tes t&e ori"in! Et&ernet $rme in
tr(n3in" &e%erN
4: ISL
IS! (ull" encapulate the ori7inal (rame$ &herea G=/8.> impl" add an
additional header inide the ori7inal Ethernet )rame
/: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" !!o's spnnin" tree instnce per =L8NN
D: 4ot& ISL n% B02)>+ %ose it)
@: Im"ine Lyer 2 S'itc& 'it& t&ree con$i"(re% =L8Ns; (sin" n
e.tern! ro(ter $or inter2=L8N tr$$ic) W&t is t&e !est n(m5er o$
ro(ter *st Et&ernet inter$ces re+(ire% to $or'r% tr$$ic 5et'een
=L8Ns-
4: > is nee%e%
You can ue one )at Ethernet inter(ace and ue trun'in7 6et&een the router
and the &itch8 A router i re>uired to (or&ard tra((ic 6et&een the F!AN8
A: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" terms re$ers to $(nction t&t cn $or'r%
tr$$ic 5et'een t'o %i$$erent =L8NsN
4: Lyer C s'itc&in"
C: Lyer / s'itc&in"
!a"er / &itchin7 (or&ard (rame onl" inide a in7le F!AN8
!a"er % &itchin7 and !a"er - &itchin7 (or&ard tra((ic 6et&een F!AN$
either 6aed on the !a"er % detination addre *!a"er % S&itchin7, or the
!a"er - port num6er *!a"er - &itchin7,8
O: Im"in" sm!! cmp(s net'or3 'it& t&ree =L8Ns spre% cross t'o
s'itc&es) W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" 'o(!% yo( e.pect to !so &1e
+(ntity o$ CN
4: IP s(5nets
C: 4ro%cst %omins
;" de(inition$ a F!AN i a et o( de9ice in the ame 6roadcat domain8 An
IP u6net on a !AN i t"picall" compried o( de9ice in the ame F!AN)
B: W&ic& o$ t&e $o!!o'in" re consi%ere% 5ein" 'ys o$ con$i"(rin"
=L8NsN
8: 4y sttic!!y ssi"nin" s'itc& ports to =L8N
4: 4y ssi"nin" M8C %%ress to prtic(!r =L8N
8 L8N inc!(%es !! %e1ices in t&e sme 5ro%cst %omin)
Do( cn t&in3 o$ L8N n% 5ro%cst %omin s 5ein" 5sic!!y t&e sme t&in")
Wit&o(t =L8Ns; s'itc& trets !! inter$ces on t&e s'itc& s 5ein" in t&e sme
5ro%cst %omin)
Essenti!!y; t&e s'itc& cretes m(!tip!e 5ro%cst %omins) T&ese in%i1i%(!
5ro%cst %omins crete% 5y t&e s'itc& re c!!e% =IRT,8L L8Ns 9=L8N:)
F!AN ;aic
8 1irt(! L8N 9=L8N: is 5ro%cst %omin crete% 5y one or more s'itc&es)
T&e s'itc& cretes =L8N simp!y 5y p(ttin" some inter$ces in one =L8N n% some in
not&er) So; inste% o$ !! ports on s'itc& $ormin" sin"!e 5ro%cst %omin; t&e s'itc&
seprtes t&em into mny 5se% on con$i"(rtion)
T&e resons '&y peop!e (se =L8NS
To Gro(p (ser 5y %eprtment; or 5y "ro(ps t&t 'or3 to"et&er; inste% o$ 5y
p&ysic! !oction)
To re%(ce o1er&e% 5y !imitin" t&e si#e o$ ec& 5ro%cst %omin
To en$orce 5etter sec(rity 5y 3eepin" sensiti1e %e1ices on seprte =L8N)
To seprte speci!i#e% tr$$ic $orm minstrem tr$$ic2 *or e.mp!e; p(ttin" IP
te!ep&ones on seprte =L8N $rom (ser PCs)
To con$i"(re =L8N !! yo( &1e to %o is simp!y Linter$ce 0/> is in =L8N >M n%
Linter$ce 0/2 is in =L8N CCM
Port 6aed F!AN are the t"pical choice (or con(i7urin7 F!AN in a &itch8
8 rre!y (se% !ternti1e $or cretin" =L8N is to "ro(p %e1ices into =L8N 5se% on
M8C %%ress) 9Ho'e1er; t&e %ministrti1e o1er&e% o$ con$i"(rin" t&e M8C %%ress o$
t&e %e1ices cn 5e !r"e %ministrti1e c&ore; so t&is option is se!%om (se%)
Trun'in7 &ith IS! and G=/8.>
W&en (sin" =L8N in net'or3s t&t &1e m(!tip!e interconnecte% s'itc&es; yo(
nee% to (se =L8N tr(n3in" 5et'een t&e s'itc&es)
Wit& =L8N tr(n3in"; t&e s'itc&es t" ec& $rme sent 5et'een s'itc&es so t&t
t&e recei1in" s'itc& 3no's '&ic& =L8N t&e $rme 5e!on"s to)
Cico S&itche Support t&o di((erent trun'in7 protocol$
Inter:S&itch !in' *IS!,
IEEE G=/8.>
CISCO IS!
Cisco crete% ISL 5e$ore t&e IEEE Stn%r%i#e% tr(n3in" protoco!) ISL is Cisco
proprietry; it cn 5e (se% on!y 5et'een to' CISCO s'itc&es)
IS! (ull" encapulate each ori7inal Ethernet (rame in an IS! header and
trailer$ &ith the encapulated ori7inal Ethernet (rame 6ein7 unchan7ed8
P8 /AA
IS! header */A 6"te,/ Encapulated Ethernet (rame/ CRC - 6"te
T&e IS! &e%er inc!(%es se1er! $ie!%s; 5(t most importnt; t&e ISL &e%er =L8N $ie!%
pro1i%es p!ce to enco%e t&e =L8N n(m5er) 4D t""in" $rme 'it& t&e correct
=L8N n(m5er insi%e t&e &e%er; t&e sen%in" s'itc& cn ens(re t&t t&e recei1in" s'itc&
3no's '&ic& =L8N t&e encps(!te% $rme 5e!on"s to)
8!so t&e so(rce n% %estintion %%resses in t&e ISL &e%er (se M8C %%resses o$ t&e
sen%in" n% recei1in" s'itc&; s oppose% to t&e %e1ices t&t ct(!!y sent t&e ori"in!
$rme)
IEEE G=/8.>
T&e IEEE B02)>+ stn%r% is '&ic& %e$ines %i$$erent 'y to %o tr(n3in")
B02) + (ses %i$$erent sty!e o$ &e%er t&n %oes ISL $or t""in" $rmes 'it& =L8N
n(m5er) In *ct B02)> %oes not ct(!!y encps(!te t&e ori"in! $rme)
Inste%; it 8DDs n e.tr /24DTE &e%er to t&e mi%%!e o$ t&e ori"in! Et&ernet
&e%er) T&t %%ition! &e%er inc!(%es $ie!% 'it& '&ic& to i%enti$y t&e =L8N n(m5er)
4ec(se t&e ori"in! &e%er is no' !on"er; B02)>+ encps(!tion $orces
rec!c(!tion o$ t&e ori"in! *CS $ie!% in t&e Et&ernet tri!er 5ec(se t&e *CD is 5se% on
t&e contents o$ t&e entire $rme)
IS! chan7e/ add a TA2 )IE!D to the Ethernet )rame &hich
hold a Priorit" and F!AND ID in(ormation8
;oth IS! and G=/8.> pro9ide trun'in7) T&e &e%er (se% 5y ec& 1ries; n%
on!y ISL ct(!!y encps(!tes t&e ori"in! $rme; 5(t 5ot& !!o' t&e (se o$
./:6it lon7 F!AN ID (ield8
So; eit&er 'or3s $ine) 8n% s(pports t&e sme n(m5er o$ =L8Ns s res(!t o$ 5ot& (sin"
>225it =L8N N(m5er $ie!%)
ISL n% B02)>+ 5ot& s(pport seprte instnce o$ spnnin" tree $or ec& =L8N) ISL
s(pporte% t&is $et(re m(c& er!ier t&n %i% B02)>+)
Do( cn STP 9Spnnin" Tree Protoco!: prmeter in ec& =L8N so t&t '&en !! !in3s
re (p %i$$erent inter$ces 5!oc3 $or %i$$erent =L8Ns)
PFST < *IS!, Per F!AN Spannin7 Tree
Pain7 Tra((ic ;et&een F!AN
T&e sme %e1ices t&t comprise =L8N re !so in t&e sme TCP/IP s(5net)
SO; De1ices in t&e sme =L8N re in t&e sme s(5net; n% %e1ices in %i$$erent =L8Ns
m(st 5e in %i$$erent IP s(5nets) 8!t&o("& t&e concept o$ =L8N n% s(5net re in%ee%
%i$$erent concepts; t&ey &1e ONE:TO:ONE re!tions&ip)
!a"er / S&itchin7
T&e term Lyer 2 s'itc&in" 9L2 s'itc&in": re$ers to t&e typic! s'itc&2processin"
!o"ic co1er in chapter B)
A &itch recei9e a (rame and loo' at the detination MAC addre8 I( the
MAC ta6le ha an entr" (or that detination$ it (or&ard the (rameH i( not$ or the
(rame i a 6roadcat$ it (or&ard the (rame out all port$ except the port in &hich
the (rame entered the &itch8
W&en =L8NS re (se%; L2 s'itc&es (se t&e sme !o"ic; 5(t per =L8N) So;
t&ere is M8C %%ress t5!e $or ec& =L8N) 4ec(se t&e M8C %%ress t5!es re
seprte; ,nicst sent insi%e one =L8N cnnot 5e $or'r%e% o(t ports in not&er =L8N)
Li3e'ise; 5ro%csts in one =L8N cnnot 5e $or'r%e% o(t ports in not&er =L8N)
In s&ort; L2 s'itc&es C8NNOT $or'r% tr$$ic 5et'een =L8Ns)
!a"er % )or&ardin7 Uin7 a Router
S@ITC#ES DO NOT )OR@ARD )RAMES ;ET@EEN DI))ENT
F!AN8
W&en yo( &1e m(!tip!e &osts in DI**ERENT =L8Ns '&ic& nee%/'nt to
comm(nicte t&ey &1e to (se ROUTER)
8!t&o("& t&e s'itc& cnnot $or'r% $rmes 5et'een t'o =L8Ns ; RO,TER
cn))
T&e ro(ter nee%s n inter$ce in ec& s(5net to $or'r% tr$$ic 5et'een t&e s(5nets t&is
is tr(e e1en 'it&o(t =L8Ns 5ein" (se%) So; in t&is cse; t&e RO,TER 'o(!% &1e to
&1e % inter(ace $or % F!AN/SU;NETS connecte% to . S&itch 'it& %
F!AN/SU;NETS8
P8 /AB
8!ternte!y; yo( cn (se RO,TER 'it& )AST Ethernet Port t&t s(pports
Tr(n3in" n% s(e sin"!e p&ysic! connection $orm t&e ro(ter to t&e s'itc&
Trun'in7 i not upported on .=M6p Ethernet inter(ace on
router
!a"er % )or&ardin7 Uin7 a !AYER % S@ITC#
T&e term !AYER % S@ITC# *!% S@ITC#: re$ers to s'itc& t&t !so &s
ROUTIN2 $et(res) So; inste% o$ re+(irin" ro(ter e.tern! to t&e s'itc&; t&e ro(ter is
intern! to t&e s'itc& per$orms t&e sme ro(tin" $(nction)
Do( cn con$irm t&t t&ere re no %i$$erences to t&e e$$ect o$ t&e e$$ect o$ t&e e.tern!
ro(ter 1ers(s t&e LC s'itc&) T&e LC s'itc& r(ns ro(tin" protoco!s n% 5(i!%s n% IP
ro(tin" t5!e; n% t&e s'itc& m3es t&e $or'r%in" %ecision 5se% on %estintion IP
%%ress) T&e LC s'itc& e1ens %iscr%s t&e on!y Et&ernet %t !in3 &e%er n% 5(i!%s
ne' one)
T&e %i$$erences 5et'een t&e to' options re!tes to '&t &ppens insi%e t&e LC s'itc&)
LC s'itc&es (se% speci!i#e% &r%'re to m3e t&e $or'r%in" process r(n 1ery $st)
T&e s'itc& ASIC *Application Speci(ic Inte7rated Circuit, on n LC s'itc&
&1e 5een 5(i!t so t&t t&e norm!; 1ery $st $or'r%in" pt& cn 5e !so c(se% to
per$orm t&e $or'r%in" $or L8DER C) In ot&er 'or3s; t&e ct(! receipt; c&n"in" o$
&e%ers; n% $or'r%in" o$ t&e pc3ets (ses t&e sme &i"&2spee% intern! process o$ t&e
L2 s'itc&) T&e LC s'itc& !so inc!(%es t&e so$t're (se% to r(n ot&er processes; s(c& s
ro(tin" protoco!s; '&ic& re (se% to pop(!te t&e t5!es (se% 5y t&e speci!i#e%
$or'r%in" &r%'re)
!a"er - S&itchin7
T&e term Lyer / s'itc&in" 9L/ s'itc&es: re$ers to type o$ s'itc&in" in '&ic&
t&e s'itc& consi%ers t&e in$ormtion in t&e Lyer / &e%ers '&en $or'r%in" t&e pc3et)
In some cses t&e $or'r%in" %ecision is 5se% (pon in$ormtion insi%e t&e Lyer /
&e%ers) In ot&er cses; LC $or'r%in" is (se%; 5(t t&e s'itc& %oes cco(ntin" 5se% on
t&e Lyer / &e%er; 4ot& re consi%ere% to 5e Lyer / s'itc&in")
T&e Key to (n%erstn%in" L/ s'itc&in" is to remem5er t&e $(nction $ot TCP n%
,DP 9TR8NSPORT L8DER: t&ey (se PORT n(m5ers to i%enti$y t&e pp!iction
process o$ t&e sen%er n% t&e recei1er o$ pc3et) 8n L/ s'itc& cn m3e t&e %ecision
o$ '&ere to $or'r% t&e pc3et 5se% on t&e in$ormtion in t&e TCP or ,DP &e%er@
typic!!y t&e port n(m5ers)
8!ternte!y; it cn !so simp!y 3eep trc3 o$ t&e n(m5er o$ pc3ets n% 5ytes sent
per TCP port n(m5er; '&i!e sti!! per$ormin" Lyer C $or'r%in")
To per$orm L/ s'itc&in"; t&e s'itc& m(st 3eep trc3 o$ e1ery in%i1i%(! Lyer / $!o') I$
yo( &% >000 conc(rrent TCP connection into t&e ser1er $rm; yo( 'o(!% no' nee% >000
entries in t&e L/ $or'r%in" t5!e) Comprin" t&t to LC s'itc&in" yo( 'o(!% nee% on!y
one ro(te in t&e LC ro(tin" t5!e to s(pport $or'r%in" pc3ets to t&e s(5net o$ t&e ser1er
$rm) So; L/ s'itc&in" %oes re+(ire% more s'itc&in" cpcity t&n %oes t&e e+(i1!ent
'it& LC s'itc&in")
*in!!y; L/ s'itc&in" %oes not !'ys imp!y c&n"e in &o' pc3ets re $or'r%e%) 8
s'itc& cn per$orm cco(ntin" to trc3 t&e 1o!(mes o$ tr$$ic per TCP n ,DP port
n(m5er 5(t sti!! m3e t&e %ecision 5se% on LC s'itc&in" !o"ic)
Wit& Cisco s'itc&es; yo( cn en5!e $et(re c!!e% Net(lo& &itchin7;
'&ic& per$orms t&e cco(ntin" 5se% on Lyer / in$ormtion '&i!e $or'r%in"
tr$$ic !i3e Lyer C s'itc&)
!a"er 0 < + S&itchin7
T&e TCP/IP pp!iction !yer c!ose!y corre!tes to OSI Lyer @ O) In t&e !st
se1er! yers t&e terms !a"er 0:+ &itchin7$ !a"er + &itchin7$ and
application la"er &itchin7 ha9e all 6ecome common term$ meanin7
6aicall" the ame thin78 8 s'itc& co(!% !oo3 pst t&e Lyer / &e%er; into t&e
pp!iction !yer &e%ers; to m3e s'itc&in" %ecisions n% t&t is '&t n L@2LO s'itc&
%oes)
!a"er 0:+ &itchin7 t"picall" (all into a cate7or" o( (eature and
product that Cico Call Content Deli9er" Net&or' *CDN,
Multila"er S&itchin7
8 s'itc& %oes not &1e to 7(st per$orm s'itc&in" t one !yer or not&er)
*or instnce; $or Tr$$ic 5et'een ports in t&e sme =L8N; L2 s'itc&in" is nee%e%)
*or tr$$ic 5et'een t'o %i$$erent =L8Ns; LC s'itc&in" is nee%e%)
SO; o$ten s'itc& per$orms s'itc&in" t m(!tip!e !yers) T&ese s'itc&es re c!!e%
m(!ti!yer s'itc&es) Most o$ t&e time to%y; '&en yo(r &er !yer C s'itc& it is re!!y
m(!ti!yer s'itc& 5ec(se it !most !'ys is !so Lyer 2 s'itc&
And do )oundation ummar"
And >uetion (or completion8
., read chapter
/, do >uetion and note
%, do lon7 >uetion
-, do tet and re9ie& >uetion
Readin7 and note April .=$ /==A < April .A$ /==A
TEST and REFIE@ April .+$ /==A < April //$ /==A
TEST . on April /%$ /==A
TEST / on Ma" .-$/==A
Completion Ma" /. latet