Hydroformed Metal Bellows - Design Handbook

Witzenmann GmbH
stliche Karl-Friedrich-Str. 134

75175 Pforzheim
Phone +49 - (0)7231 - 581- 0
Fax +49 - (0)7231 - 581- 820
wi@witzenmann.com
www.witzenmann.com
Metal Bellows Manual
0
4
4
1
e
/
2
/
0
4
/
1
0
/
2
0
M
e
t
a
l

B
e
l
l
o
w
s
Updated version of metal bellows manual.
As at: January 2010
Technical changes reserved.
Technical data can also be downloaded as a pdf file
at www.flexperte.de
You can also request our calculation and configuration
software Flexperte. It contains all of the technical principles
required for the configuration of expansion joints, metal
hoses, metal bellows and pipe hangers.
E-Mail: flexperte@witzenmann.com
Manual of metal bellows
Contents
4.3 Pressure and buckling resistance 62
4.4 Fatigue life 67
4.5 Angular and lateral deformation 71
4.6 Torsion and torsional buckling 73
4.7 Bellows spring rates 75
4.8 Reaction force and hydraulic diameter 76
Section 5 Production testing at Witzenmann 78
5.1 Testing and analysis options 80
5.2 Typical testing for metal bellows 82
Section 6 Technical tables 86
6.1 Bellows selection from manual 88
6.2 Bellows selection with Flexperte 94
6.3 HYDRA stainless steel bellows (preferred dimensions) 95
6.4 HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves 116
6.5 HYDRA bronze bellows (preferred dimensions) 126
6.6 HYDRA diaphragm bellows, standard profiles (preferred dimensions) 130
6.7 HYDRA diaphragm bellows, narrow profiles (preferred dimensions) 144
6.8 Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows 154
6.9 HYDRA load cells 162
6.10 HYDRA precision tubes 164
Section 7 Data sheets 172
7.1 Material data sheets 174
7.2 Corrosion resistance 200
7.3 Conversion tables and formula symbols 239
7.4 Inquiry specifications 250
7.5 Documentation for other products 251
Contents
Section 1 Witzenmann the specialist for flexible metal elements 4
Section 2 Products and production methods 6
2.1 HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows) 8
2.2 HYDRA precision bellows 12
2.3 HYDRA diaphragm bellows 14
2.4 HYDRA load cells 16
2.5 HYDRA precision tubes 18
2.6 Bellows materials 20
2.7 Cuffs and connecting parts 24
2.8 Joining technology 29
2.9 Quality management 31
2.10 Certifications and customer-specific approvals 35
Section 3 Typical bellows applications 38
3.1 Valve shaft bellows 40
3.2 Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 42
3.3 Vacuum applications 43
3.4 Expansion joints 44
3.5 Solar applications 45
3.6 Sliding ring seals 47
3.7 Sensors and actuators 48
3.8 Metal bellows accumulator 50
3.9 Bellows couplings 51
3.10 Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines 52
Section 4 Bellows calculation and characteristics 56
4.1 Stress analysis for metal bellows 58
4.2 Load stresses 60
4 5
1 | Witzenmann, the specialist for flexible metal elements
Solution competence
Flexible metal elements are used when-
ever flexible components must
be sealed in a pressure-, temperature-
and media-resistant manner, when
deformations of pipe systems caused
by changes in temperature or pressure
must be compensated, when vibrations
occur in piping systems, when media
must be transported under p ressure
or when a high vacuum must be
sealed. They include e.g. metal bellows,
diaphragm bellows, metal hoses or
expansion joints.
Witzenmann, the inventor of the metal
hose and founder of the metal hose
and expansion joint industry is the top
name in this area. The first invention,
a metal hose which was developed
and patented in 1885, was followed
by a patent for the metal expansion
joint in 1920.
Global presence
As an international group of companies
with more than 3,000 employees and
23 companies, Witzenmann stands for
innovation and top quality. In its role
as technology leader, Witzenmann
provides comprehensive development
know-how and the broadest product
programme in the industry. It develops
solutions for flexible seals, vibration
decoupling, pressure dampening,
compensation of thermal expansion,
flexible mounting or transport of
media. As a development partner to
customers in industry, the automotive
sector, building equipment area,
aviation and aerospace industry and
many other markets, Witzenmann
manufactures its own machines,
tools and samples, and also has
comprehensive testing and inspection
systems.
An important factor in its cooperation
with customers is the technical advice
provided by the Witzenmann compe-
tence centre located at the Pforzheim
headquarters in Germany. Here, teams
of highly-qualified engineers work
closely with customers to develop
products and new applications.
Our experts support customers from
the first planning stage up to series
production.
Better products
This type of broad-based knowledge
results in synergy effects which can
be experienced in each product solu-
tion. The variety of application areas is
nearly limitless. However, all product
solutions have the following in com-
mon: maximum safety, even under
sometimes extreme operating condi-
tions. This applies to all Witzenmann
solutions ranging from highly-flexi-
ble metal hoses or expansion joints for
use in industry to precision bellows for
high-pressure fuel pumps, piezo
injectors or pressure sensor glow
plugs in modern vehicle engines.
Witzenmann
6
2 | Products and production methods
7
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows) 8
2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows 12
2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows 14
2.4 | HYDRA load cells 16
2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes 18
2.6 | Materials 20
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts 24
2.8 | Joining technology 29
2.9 | Quality management 31
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals 35
8 9
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
Metal bellows are thin-walled cylindrical
components. Their surface area features a
corrugated structure which is perpendicu-
lar to the cylinder axis. Because of this cor-
rugated structure, the bellows are highly
flexible during axial, lateral and/or angular
deformation. At the same time, they are
pressure-resistant, tight, temperature- and
corrosion-resistant as well as torsion-
resistant. Metal bellows are the preferred
construction element anytime a combina-
tion of these properties is required; for
example
as pressure and temperature resistant
sealants for valve shafts,
as circuit breaker in high-voltage
facilities,
as flexible seals in pumps and pressure
accumulators,
as flexible as well as pressure- and
temperature-resistant sealing element
in modern gasoline injectors and glow
plugs,
as mechanical couplings,
as tight spring elements in sliding
ring seals or
as tight and mechanically stress-free
duct through container walls.
When configured correctly, HYDRA metal
bellows are robust and maintenance-free
components with a high degree of opera-
tional safety and a long service life.
HYDRA metal bellows are manufactured
from thin-walled tubes by hydraulic shap-
ing. Depending on the requirement profile,
they can be designed either with one or
multiple walls. Single-walled bellows
feature low spring rates and are used par-
ticularly in vacuum technology. Multi-plied
bellows are very pressure resistant and at
the same time very flexible. They are used
as e.g. valve shaft seals for operating pres-
sures exceeding 400 bar.
Witzenmann generally manufactures the
thin-walled tubes used to manufacture bel-
lows of metal bands with a wall thickness
of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm with longitudinal
welding using a continuous-drawing proc-
ess (Figure 2.1.2. above left). These semi-
finished products are also marketed in a
separate piping program. Alternatively,
longitudinally-drawn tubes or deep-drawn
sleeves can also be used as semi-finished
products. During the production of multi-
plied bellows, several finely graduated
tube cylinders are telescoped before the
bellows is pressed (Figure 2.1.2. above
right). During the pressing of the bellows,
a cylinder portion is separated using
outside and inside tools, subsequently
hydraulic liquid with inside pressure is
applied. The liquid pressure shapes the
sealed tube section into the pre-corruga-
tion. In the next work step the tool is
axially closed and the actual bellows
corrugation is formed as the pre-corruga-
tion straightens up. Usually bellows
corrugations are produced consecutively
using the individual corrugation method.
Using the same principle, more elaborate
tools would allow for multiple corrugations
to be formed in one step (simultaneous
procedure, Figure 2.1.2. below), which is a
more economic method when large num-
bers of units are produced.
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows
(corrugated bellows)
Figure 2.1.1.: HYDRA metal bellows with (left) and without (right) connecting parts
Flexible
and
pressure
resistant
10 11
The height and hence flexibility of the
bellows corrugation is limited by the duc-
tility of the material which is used. Using
austenitic stainless steels and nickel-
based alloys, the individual corrugation
method achieves ratios between outside
and inside diameter for bellows corruga-
tions of between 1:1.5 (nominal diameter
15) and 1:1.3 (nominal diameter 150). The
simultaneous procedure results in some-
what lower diameter ratios.
In order to remove the bellows from the
tool, the profile may not be undercut
subsequent to the pressing of the bellows
(Figure 2.1.3. left). Such sinus-shaped or
u-shaped non-undercut profiles are used
for e.g. very low profile heights (flaring)
or extremely pressure resistant bellows.
Usually the bellows is also compressed
in the direction of the axis, creating an
undercut profile (-profile, Figure 2.1.3.
right). The advantages of the -profile
include a significantly lower spring rate
per corrugation, and a shorter corrugation
length. At the same production length,
a bellows with a -profile has more cor-
rugations than a sinus-shaped profile and
is therefore able to compensate larger
movements.
Bellows with bottoms
Bellows with bottoms can be manu-
factured directly from deep-drawn or
extruded sleeves. Bronze and tombac are
particularly well-suited materials for this
purpose. Stainless steel sleeves can also
be produced by deep drawing or reverse
extrusion; however, this involves a far
more elaborate process. Since the produc-
tion of the sleeves usually requires a spe-
cial tool, for cost reasons this method is
only recommended for larger quantities.
In the case of smaller quantities or multi-
plied bellows, it is more cost-efficient to
solder turned or pressed workpieces into
bronze bellows. Discs which are welded
to the bellows to form a bottom are rec-
ommended for stainless steel bellows. A
weld connection to swivel or press work-
pieces is also possible.
Figure 2.1.3.: Non-compressed (left) and compressed bellows profile (right)
Figure 2.1.2.: Production of metal bellows in simultaneous procedure
Tube production
Tube
welding
Form tube Tube
separation
Close tool
Seal tube
Apply inside pressure p to tube
Follow up with tool
Open tool
Open seal
Join tube
Interim step with
multi-layer bel-
lows
Bellows manufacturing
12 13
HYDRA precision bellows are used in the
automotive industry as high-pressure
resistant and flexible seals for piezo sen-
sors and actuators. Applications such as
gasoline injectors or pressure sensor glow
plugs require a tolerance of pulsating pres-
sures of approx. 300 bar on a permanent
basis. Bellows with significantly increased
pressure resistance, e.g. for a direct needle
seal of diesel injectors, are also available.
Precision bellows can also be used as
highly flexible, non-pressure bearing seals.
To displace large volumes, these bellows
require a high range of movement; in addi-
tion, they usually also require a service life
of more than 10
9
load cycles. These preci-
sion bellows are used in modern gasoline
pumps, pressure accumulators or pressure
attenuators.
HYDRA precision bellows are developed
especially for specific operating conditions.
Development services also include the
mathematical verification of temperature
and pressure resistance as well as service
life, and a validation and re-qualification
under near-application conditions.
2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows 2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows
Figure 2.2.1.: HYDRA precision bellows
Figure 2.2.2.: HYDRA precision bellows production under clean-room conditions
As of 3 mm
diameter
14 15
HYDRA diaphragm bellows consist of dia-
phragm discs, which are welded together
in pairs. Figure 2.3.2. shows the schematic
structure of a diaphragm bellows as well
as a typical diaphragm bellows profile
in the form of a metallographic cut. Dia-
phragm bellows feature high specific
expansion compensation (up to 80% of
production length), very low spring rates
as well as a high hydraulic cross-section.
Pressure resistance is usually limited to
a few bars. Therefore diaphragm bellows
are especially suited for low-pressure or
vacuum applications.
HYDRA diaphragm bellows are used in
measurement and control devices, vacuum
technology, aerospace and aviation indus-
try, medical technology, specialised con-
trols and instrument engineering, sliding
ring seals as well as volume compensation
units in oil-cooled high-voltage facilities.
By virtue of their design, diaphragm
bellows are subject to high notch stresses
at the weld seams. To guarantee a long
service life, tensile stress should be mini-
mised as much as possible. This can be
achieved by dividing the axial displace-
ment into 80% compression (shorten
bellows) and 20% stretching (extend
bellows). Other load distributions should
be installed pre-stressed into the bellows.
2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows 2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows
Figure 2.3.2.: Diaphragm bellows profile as a diagram (left) and as a metallographic cut (right)
Additional items which are available on
request are:
Diaphragm discs (Figure 2.3.3 above),
Diaphragm discs with flat bottom
(Figure 2.3.3 centre) as well as
Diaphragm discs (Figure 2.3.3 below)
with wall thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm,
0.2 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.3 mm. These
diaphragm discs lend themselves to condi-
tions where working strokes or volumes
displaced are small, and a high degree of
system rigidity is required.
Figure 2.3.3.: HYDRA diaphragm discs: rilled dia-
phragm discs (above), rilled diaphragm discs with
flat bottom (centre) as well as flat diaphragm discs
(below)
Figure 2.3.1.: HYDRA diaphragm bellows
Highly
flexible
16 17
HYDRA load cells are used to absorb
changes in volume. Their advantages
include high volume compensation with
minimal reaction pressure, corrosion
and temperature resistance as well as
long-term diffusion tightness and long
service life.
Due to their functionality, HYDRA load
cells are not very pressure resistant.
However, pressure resistance can be
significantly increased through the use of
support rings or specially profiled cores.
The pressure-volume characteristic curves
for HYDRA load cells are non-linear (Figure
2.4.2.); the related increase in volume
V/p decreases as pressure increases.
HYDRA load cells are manufactured of
drawn stainless steel diaphragms with
special profiling, which are welded to
each other at the circumference. Standard
connections include easy-to-mount brass
clamp ring connections. Other connections
are available on request. Installation pos-
sibilities include, among others, column
configurations, whereby multiple cells can
be coupled to achieve greater volumes.
One application area of HYDRA load cells
includes the compensation of temperature-
dependent volume changes for insulating
oils in high-voltage converters. In this case,
the insulating oil is hermetically sealed to
the outside within the load cell, thus pro-
tecting the inside area of the insulator.
2.4 | HYDRA load cells 2.4 | HYDRA load cells
Figure 2.4.1.: HYDRA load cell
Figure 2.4.2.: Characteristic curve for a HYDRA load cell (diagram)
High
volume com-
pensation
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Displaced volume
18 19
Thin-walled stainless steel tubes with a
longitudinally welded butt weld are manu-
factured as semi-finished products for the
manufacture of metal bellows. Whereas
1.4571 is a standard material, the majority
of sizes is also available in stainless steel
1.4541, 1.4828 as well as titanium, nickel
or nickel-based alloys Inconel 625, Incoloy
and Hastelloy. The tolerances for tube
diameter and length are in the range of
0.1 mm. The maximum production length
of a tube is 6.50 m; shorter dimensions are
available in any length.
2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes 2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes
Figure 2.5.1.: HYDRA precision tubes
Extremely
thin-walled
21
Bellows materials must feature a high
degree of deformability. For this reason,
metals with a face centred cubic structure
are preferred. The most significant material
families for bellows production are auste-
nitic stainless steels, nickel and nickel-
based alloys as well as bronze. Materials
are selected on the basis of requirements
as regards media and corrosion resistance,
temperature resistance as well as yield
strenght and fatigue resistance.
Table 2.6.1. provides an overview of avail-
able bellows materials and their suitability
for corrugation and diaphragm bellows
production.
The standard material for metal bellows
is the Ti-stabilized austenitc stainless steel
1.4571. It features a high corrosion resist-
ance, a high yield and fatigue strength, an
excellent workability and weldability as
well as a favourable material price.
In the case of metal bellows, because of
the method used, Ti(CN)-precipitations
discharges which are typical for titanium-
stabilised materials are configured parallel
to the bellows surface, so that they do not
impair the performance of the bellows
either as a mechanical notch or possible
diffusion path.
Stainless steel 1.4404 or 1.4441, which
often are not titanium-stabilised, are used
in food, medical and vacuum technology
applications. These materials feature
higher degrees of cleanliness as compared
to 1.4571, as well as slightly reduced yield
strenght, minimally reduced fatigue resist-
ance and higher tendency for heat frac-
tures during welding.
2.6 | Bellows materials 2.6 | Bellows materials
Table 2.6.1.
Available bellows materials, standard materials are indicated in bold
Material
number
Material type/
Trade name
Suitability for Comment
1.4541
Titanium-stabilised austenitic
stainless steel
++ ++
1.4571 ++ ++ Standard material
1.4404
Titanium-free austenitic
stainless steel
++ ++ Food and vacuum technology
1.4441 ++ ++ On request
1.4828 Scale-resistant stainless steel + +
1.4876 Incoloy 800 H ++ ++ Suitable for temperatures over 550 C
1.4564
17-7 PH ++ +
Hardened stainless steel 1.4568
AM 350 + +
2.4816 Inconel 600 + + On request
2.4856 Inconel 625 ++ ++
Standard materials for high pressures,
temperatures and/or increased corrosion
requirements
2.4819 Hastelloy C-276 ++ ++
2.4610 Hastelloy C-4 + High degree of acid resistance
2.4617 Hastelloy B-2 +
3.7025 Pure titanium, Grade 1 + +
3.7035 Pure titanium, Grade 2 + +
2.4360 Monel + On request
2.4060 Pure nickel +
2.1020 Bronze CuSn6 ++
2.1030 Bronze CuSn8 ++
Corrugated Diaphragm
bellows bellows
Compre-
hensive
know-how
20
22 23
In the valve area, bellows made of nickel-
based alloys are used with higher corro-
sion requirements as well as at high pres-
sures and temperatures. Standard materi-
als include 2.4819 and 2.4856. Based on
their higher yield strenght, bellows made
of these nickel-based alloys are also more
pressure resistant than similar bellows
made of austenitic stainless steel.
The service life of bellows made of nickel-
based alloys at room temperature is
shown in figure 4.8.1. as compared to the
service life of austenitic stainless steel
bellows. The use of nickel-based alloys is
advantageous for up to approx. 50,000
load cycles. In contrast, once the number
of load cycles increases, the fatigue
resistance of austenitic stainless steels is
higher.
In the high-temperature range, the serv-
ice life of nickel-based alloys is generally
higher than that of stainless steels.
For special applications, hardened
stainless steel or hardened nickel-based
alloys may also be used.
These materials are subjected to heat
treatment following the bellows
formation, which results in a consider-
able increase in yield strenght and fatigue
resistance. These features are countered
by reduced corrosion resistance, higher
material costs as well as the extra heat
treatment process during production.
2.6 | Bellows materials 2.6 | Bellows materials
Figure 2.6.2.: 50% S-N-curve at room temperature for metal bellows made of austenitic stainless steel,
nickel-based alloys and hardened stainless steel in comparison.
Hardened stainless steel
Load cycles N
D
a
m
a
g
e

p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

P

(
M
P
a
)
Nickel-based alloys
Austenitic
stainless steel
24 25
The bellows cuffs are used to connect the
bellows with their connecting parts. This
connection must meet the same require-
ments as the bellows with regard to tight-
ness, temperature and media resistance,
pressure resistance and service life. For
this reason the connection must be select-
ed and executed carefully. It is mainly
governed by the connection type and the
stress on the bellows.
The following standard cuffs are available:
Bellows without machined cuffs
Bellows with these cuffs can be supplied
in all types on short notice.
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts 2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
Figure 2.7.1.: Bellows cut off at inside lip (left) and cut off at outside lip (right)
B-cuff
This type is simple and cost-effective to
produce from a bellows corrugation, either
by punching or turning. The connecting
part geometries are simple. The B-cuff
is suitable for laser, microplasma or arc
welding. Bellows with up to 1 mm total
wall thickness are welded without, where-
as bellows with larger total wall thickness
are welded with additional materials.
A disadvantage of the B-cuff is the notch
effect of the round seam and its position-
ing in a mechanically stressed zone. For
this reason this type of connection is not
recommended if large load cycles are
required, or in the case of (pulsating)
inside pressure loads. On the other hand,
the B-seam is well suited for valve shaft
bellows with high outside pressure loads,
since in this case the effect of the outside
pressure is to close the notch and hence
increase the service life. Other advantages
of the B-cuff include the low produc-
tion length and the gap-free connection
between bellows and connection part on
the outside of the bellows. The latter is
particularly important for bellows applica-
tions in the food industry and vacuum
technology.
S-cuff / Ja-cuff
The S-cuff is formed through rolling from a
bellows corrugation. In this case the weld
seam is positioned in such a way that only
very little mechanical stress occurs. The
S-cuff is recommended for dynamic and
highly-stressed components. This type is
suitable for welding, soldering and glue
joints.
The design of the connection parts is more
elaborate than for B-cuffs, since the bel-
lows must be placed on the connecting
part in a manner that is nearly gap-free, to
ensure a high-quality weld.

Figure 2.7.2.: Metal bellows with B-cuff and
connecting part
Perfect fit
27
For glue-based or solder connections, the
connecting part should be fitted with a slot
that corresponds with the cuff (compare
also figure 2.7.1.). For larger series, the
S-cuff can be produced hydraulically by
expanding the J-cuff (Ja-cuff).
J-cuff
The J-cuff is an easy-to-manufacture cylin-
drical cuff with the diameter of the outgo-
ing tube. Similar to the S-cuff, it is suitable
for weld, solder and glue connections. A
J-cuff connection can be done gap-free,
and is frequently used for vacuum valves.
The gap-free joining of the J-cuff to the
connecting part is more elaborate than
pressing the S-cuff, hence it has only lim-
ited suitability for large series.
V-cuff
The V-cuff enables the detachable joining
of bellows with tubes or other bellows
using V-cuff clamps. This connection is
also used for high-temperature applica-
tions, such as exhaust lines in large
engines. The V-cuff is a special unit which
is made with a special tool kit.
Geometry of the connecting parts
The geometry of the connecting parts
must be adapted to the selected cuff form
and joining method. For thermal joining
methods, care must be taken to ensure
consistent heat input into the thin-walled
bellows and the thick-walled connecting
part, using weld lips, among others. They
are targeted cross-section reductions at
the connecting part, which reduce heat
outflow from the weld zone.
Advantages and disadvantages of the
individual cuff forms are illustrated in
Table 2.7.1. The preferred connecting part
geometries and dimensions for standard
cuffs of HYDRA metal and diaphragm
bellows are listed in section 6.
Figure 2.7.3.: Metal bellows with S-cuff and connecting part
Figure 2.7.5. Metal bellows with V-cuff, V-cuff-clamp
and connecting part
Figure 2.7.4.: Metal bellows with J-cuff and connecting part without (left) and with head ring (right)
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts 2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
28 29
B-cuff Ja- / S-cuff J-cuff V-cuff
Producibility for
thin-walled bellows ++ + ++
1)
thick-walled bellows ++
1)
+
1)
Fatigue resistance + ++ ++ +
Pressure resistance under
inside pressure + ++ ++
2)
outside pressure ++ ++ +
2)
Tightness ++ ++ ++
2)
Detachability ++
2)
Suitability for
welding ++ ++ +
soldering ++ ++
gluing ++ ++
clamping ++
Table 2.7.1.
1) Requires special tools
2) Clamp connection
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
Bellows and connecting parts made of
steel, stainless steel, nickel or nitrogen-
based alloys, titan or the respective
material combinations are usually welded
together. This technology, in connection
with proper weld seam preparation and
the appropriate design of the weld lip, rep-
resents the ideal integration of the
bellows into its functional system. For
commonly-used material combinations
the welding procedures are certified acc. to
AD data sheet H1.
Welding methods available at Witzenmann
include arc welding with and without
additional materials, microplasma weld-
ing, electric resistance welding as well as
continuous and pulsating laser welding
methods. The latter are especially suited
for welding round seams with minimal
heat input and are free of temper colours.
Another advantage of laser welding is its
minimal effect on the structure of the base
materials, as heat is applied on a very lim-
ited area. At the same time, laser welding
requires more mechanical preparation of
the joining area and finer tolerances for
the connecting parts.
In welding, the material combination bel-
lows / connecting part has a great influ-
ence on the quality of the weld seam.
Optimal welding results are obtained with
the use of titanium-stabilised stainless
steels 1.4541 or 1.4571 as connecting mate-
rials. This applies both to bellows made of
austenitic stainless steel 1.4541 or 1.4571
as well as bellows made of nitrogen-based
alloys, such as 2.4819 (Hastelloy C 276)
or 2.4856 (Inconel 625). Bellows made of
1.4541 or 1.4571 with connecting parts
made of stainless steel 1.4306, 1.4307 or
unalloyed quality steels, e.g. 1.0305 are
also very suitable for welding. The material
combination 1.4404 / 1.4404 is more
difficult to weld due to heat fracture
100 %
Perfection
2.8 | Joining technology
Advantages and disadvantages of individual cuff forms
30 31
tendencies in the case of a non ferritic
primary solidification.
Soldering is the most commonly used
joining method for non-ferrous metals or
connecting parts. Application examples
include bellows for circuit breakers or
actuator bellows for thermostat valves
in heaters. Bronze bellows are usually
soft soldered with the usual tin solder. In
addition, there are also special soft solders
for temperatures up to approx. 220 C. To
prevent bellows cuffs from annealing dur-
ing open-flame soldering, we recommend
slot soldering. Hard soldering is not rec-
ommended for non-ferrous metals, since
the high soldering temperatures glow out
the cuff corrugations and hence signifi-
cantly reduce service life.
Prerequisite for all soldering methods
is ensuring the bellows is thoroughly
wetted with the solder, which requires a
very clean bellows surface.
Glue-based or force-fit connections are
of minor importance. Worthy of mention
is the cost-effective flange connection for
bellows with loose, i.e. rotating flanges.
Figure 2.8.1.: Example of a solder or glued connection
Figure 2.8.2.: Metal bellows with rotating flanges
Witzenmann's quality assurance system
not only ensures that our products meet
the high quality requirements, but also
guarantees the highest degree of service
quality for its customers. Our quality
assurance system is audited on a regular
basis.
Quality assurance is organised in two lev-
els. Central quality assurance has respon-
sibility over superordinate organisational
and technical quality assurance measures.
The quality agencies of our product areas
assume quality planning, quality direction
and quality inspection as part of order
processing.
The quality assurance department is inde-
pendent from production on an organisa-
tional level. It may issue instructions to all
employees who carry out tasks which have
an influence on quality.
Precise controls of suppliers
We only work with suppliers with whom
we have concluded a quality assurance
agreement, and who are certified accord-
ing to ISO 9001, at minimum.
For semi-finished products such as bands,
sheet metal, tubes and wires we require
test certificates which are aligned accord-
ing to the purpose of the component.
Incoming inspections conducted at receiv-
ing and material laboratories ensure that
deliveries conform with our order and
approval specifications. In this vein, we
sometimes additionally restrict and define
in more detail ranges for materials which
are permissible according to DIN or other
data sheets.
2.9 | Quality management 2.8 | Joining technology
32 33
Production monitoring and traceability
Operational monitoring which forms a
part of the production process is tasked
with the responsibility of monitoring and
maintaining production equipment, as
well as ensuring proper production as per
the prescribed manufacturing documents.
Our PPS system and archived production
papers guarantee that all products can be
fully tracked.
We have on hand approval reports as per
EN 10204 - 3.1. for all bellows materials.
Complete monitoring of welding methods
Welding work is regulated by written
instructions. Welders are certified as per
EN 287-1 (EN ISO 9601-1) / EN ISO 9606-
4. The most important and most com-
monly used welding methods are verified
through process inspections. The supervi-
sion of welding activities corresponds with
the corresponding requirements according
to the AD Data Sheet HP3.
Monitoring of measuring and test facilities
All measuring and test facilities are regu-
larly checked for accuracy and reliability.
Calibration dates are confirmed with
monitoring indicators.
Approval tests
Prior to delivery, all products are subject
to measurement and visual testing, i.e. a
visual inspection of bellows, weld seams
and connecting parts as well as an inspec-
tion of installation and connecting dimen-
sions.
In addition, other approval testing as per
customer specifications may also be car-
ried out, including
Leakage testing,
Spring rate measurements,
Pressure resistance testing at room
temperature,
Pressure resistance testing at operating
temperature,
Load cycle testing in a non-pressurised
environment at room temperature,
Load cycle testing in near-operating
conditions.
The type and scope of the tests is coordi-
nated with the customer. The testing can
be monitored by a Witzenmann repre-
sentative authorised to provide approvals,
by an authorised representative of the
customer, or an external certified agency.
Series components are tested for re-quali-
fication as per ISO TS 16949.
Test certificates
Test certificates for the material used can
be requested; band material which is usu-
ally in stock can be confirmed by way of
test certificate 3.1. or 3.2. as per DIN EN
10204.
Possible certificates related to the testing
undertaken are listed in DIN EN 10204 (see
Table 2.9.1.)
2.9 | Quality management 2.9 | Quality management
34 35
Description Test
certificate
Type Content of certificate Conditions Confirmation of certificate
2.1 Plant certificate non-specific Confirmation of con-
formity with order.
As per the delivery
conditions in the
order or - if required
- in accordance with
official regulations
and also applicable
technical rules
by manufacturer
2.2 Test report Confirmation of
conformity with
order with informa-
tion on results of
non-specific testing.
3.1 Inspection
certificate 3.1
specific Confirmation of
conformity with
order with informa-
tion of results of
specific testing.
by manufacturer's
representative in
charge of approvals
who is independent
of the production
department.
3.2 Inspection
certificate 3.2
Confirmation of
conformity with
order with informa-
tion of results of
specific testing.
In accordance with
official regulations
and also applicable
technical rules.
by manufacturer's
representative in
charge of approvals
who is independent
of the production
department, and by
representative in
charge of approvals
as authorised by the
ordering party, or
the representative in
charge of approvals
named in official
regulations.
Table 2.9.1.
Test certificate as per DIN EN 10204
2.9 | Quality management
Test certificate as per DIN EN 10204
In 1994, Witzenmann was the first company
in the industry to be certified according to
DIN ISO 9001. Today, Witzenmann GmbH
possesses the following general quality
and environmental certifications:
ISO TS 16949:2002
DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
ISO 14001:2004
EN 9100:2003
Pressure equipment directive
AD2000 Data sheet W0/TRD100
AD2000 Data sheet HP0 and
DIN EN 729-2
KTA 1401 and AVS D100/50
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals
Worldwide
leader
Shipping
LRS
Lloyds Register of Shipping UK
Other
BAM
Federal Agency for Material Research and Testing Germany
VDE
Association of Electrical Engineering, Electronics Germany
VdS
German Association of Property Insurers Germany
FM
Factory Mutual Research USA
LPCB Loss Prevention
Certification Board UK
RTN RosTechNadzor
Federal Supervisory Authority for Ecology,
Technology and Nuclear Energy Russia
36 37
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals 2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals
Specific approvals (selection)
Gas/Water
DVGW
German Gas and Water Association Germany
VGW
Austrian Association for Gas and Water Austria
SVGW
Swiss Association for Gas and Water Switzerland
AFNOR
Gas Association Franaise de Normalisation France
Shipping
GL
Germanischer Lloyd Germany
ABS
American Bureau of Shipping USA
BV
Bureau Veritas France
DNV
DET NORSKE VERITAS Norway
38
3 | Typical bellows applications
39
3.1 | Valve shaft bellows 40
3.2 | Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 42
3.3 | Vacuum applications 42
3.4 | Expansion joints 43
3.5 | Solar applications 44
3.6 | Sliding ring seals 46
3.7 | Sensors and actuators 46
3.8 | Metal bellows accumulator 47
3.9 | Bellows couplings 48
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines 49
41
Metal bellows are used for the gland-free
sealing of high-quality valves. This type of
valve design features absolute tightness,
high pressure-, temperature-, media-,
wear-resistance. In this case the metal bel-
lows is used as a flexible, pressure-bearing
seal, and compensates the relative move-
ments between the valve plate and hous-
ing when the valve opens or closes (Figure
3.1.1. / 3.1.2.). Valve shaft bellows are usu-
ally multi-layered in order to
achieve short production lengths.
Pressure is hence distributed over multiple
thin layers. The bellows corrugations are
mainly stressed during bending, so that
corrugations that are made up of many
thin layers are able to tolerate larger
deformations than those which consist of
one or fewer thicker layers (compare Fig-
ure 3.1.3.). Accordingly, permissible move-
Multi-layer
structure
3.1 | Valve shaft bellows 3.1 | Valve shaft bellows
Figure 3.1.1.: Valve with metal bellows as shaft sealing
ment increases with the same production
length, and pressure resistance increases
as the number of layers increase.
The bellows material is determined by the
ambient medium and operating tempera-
ture. The preferred material for tempera-
tures up to 550 C is austenitic stainless
steel 1.4571. For higher temperatures or
with very aggressive media, nitrogen-
based alloys, such as 2.4819 (Hastelloy C
276) or 2.4856 (Inconel 625) are also
available. In addition to increased corro-
sion resistance, nickel-based alloys also
feature higher strength and heat resistance
values than austenitic stainless steel, and
are therefore more pressure and tempera-
ture resistant. The layer structure of the
bellows (number of layers and thickness
of individual layers) is determined by the
operating pressure. To prevent the bellows
from buckling, outside pressure should
always be applied to valve shaft bellows.
The number of corrugations and hence
production length of the bellows is deter-
mined by the stroke and the required
service life. A typical load cycle number
for blocking valves is 10,000 operations.
Larger load cycle numbers with reduced
stroke are required for bellows for regula-
tor valves, among others.
Figure 3.1.3.: Stress distribution in one- or two-layer beams
ep
e
p
/2
e
p
/2
40
42
Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power
plants are sized according to the same
technical configuration criteria as con-
ventional valve shaft bellows. However,
most of the time only 85% of the permis-
sible pressure resistance is utilised. More
documentation and testing are required in
this case, and are determined by the rules
of the Nuclear Committee (KTA) and the
respective specifications of nuclear power
plant operators on a case-by-case basis,
and are governed by the requirement level
at which the bellows was classified. Typical
requirements include:
testing and confirmation of calculation
for pressure resistance and service life
of the bellows by an independent
individual in charge of approvals,
certification of materials and production
methods as per KTA, EN 9001
and AD 2000; which also includes special
approvals for welding methods and
welding personnel,
tensile testing, hot tensile testing,
grain size determination and testing
of corrosion resistance of the strip steel,
X-ray and dye penetration testing
on weld seams, as well as
leak testing, pressure and load cycle
testing on bellows.
3.2 | Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 3.3 | Vacuum applications
Metal bellows are also used in vacuum
technology as flexible sealing elements.
The main areas of application include shaft
seals in vacuum valves as well as the seal-
ing of circuit breakers (compare figure
3.3.1.). These are used in the medium-volt-
age range, hence in grids ranging from 1 kV
to 72 kV. They shut off power through the
mechanically driven separation of two cop-
per contacts in a vacuum area, and are con-
figured for a high switching frequency with
a high degree of freedom of maintenance.
Based on the small differential pressures,
vacuum bellows feature a single wall, and
usually have a bellows profile with a high
flexibility. This means narrow and high
corrugations. Design criteria include the
required stroke and associated service life,
which usually ranges between 1,000,000
and 10,000,000 load cycles. Often a low
spring rate for the bellows is also required,
in order to achieve high switching speeds.

Bellows for
vacuum valves are
welded with their
connecting parts. A
gap-free design of
the weld seams are
preferred to allow
for a safe
evacuation proc-
ess, leading to
a preferred use
of J- or B-cuffs. Bellows for high-voltage
switches are soldered into the connecting
parts. A process-safe soldering procedure is
dependent on a bellows surface that is free
of oxides and organic residues, necessitat-
ing the integration of corresponding clean-
ing processes into the production process.
Figure 3.3.1.:
High-voltage circuit
breaker with metal
bellows seal
43
Absolutely
safe
Absolutely
tight
44 45
Expansion joints are used to compensate
for thermal expansion and mounting mis-
alignments in piping systems, as well as to
absorb tube movements. The metal bellows
forms the heart of each expansion joint,
as it guarantees flexibility, tightness and
pressure resistance. The main loads placed
on axial expansion joint in plant settings
generally involve the start-up and shutting
down of equipment. For this reason, the
required service life is usually only 1,000
load cycles. Significantly higher load cycle
demands are placed on expansion joints
which are used to compensate for thermal
expansions in the exhaust equipment of
large engines. In addition to start/stop
processes, these applications generally
also result in vibration loads, which must
be tolerated on a permanent basis. Axial
expansion joints can be used for smaller
nominal diameters and/or low pressures.
A typical building design one bellows
with two rotating flanges which are
attached with angular rings is shown in
Figure 3.4.1.. Bellows with weld cuffs are
also often used as expansion joints. An
example of such an application can be seen
in Figure 2.1.1. In case of larger nominal
diameters or higher operating pressures,
expansion joints designs capable of
absorbing reaction forces are preferred.
These include lateral or pressure-released
expansion joints. Comprehensive informa-
tion on this topic, as well as our expansion
joint product range can be found in the
Witzenmann handbook of expansion joint
technology.
3.4 | Expansion joints
Figure 3.4.1.: Axial expansion joint with rotating flanges
3.5 | Solar applications
Solar thermal is becoming a increasingly
significant factor in energy generation;
both for solar power plants as well as
building technology. Combining materials
with different thermal expansion coef-
ficients results in thermal expansions that
must be compensated at all solar thermal
facilities. In liquid closed loops, this is
achieved with metal bellows.
Innovative
connections
Universal
applications
46 47
3.5 | Solar applications
Figure 3.5.1.: Flexible collector connection for building technology
3.6 | Sliding ring seals
Sliding ring seals are dynamic seals for
rotating shafts. The main components
are a spring-supported sliding ring and a
counter ring, whose gliding surfaces are
pressed against each other by spring force.
One of the rings rotates with the shaft,
while the other one is permanently
mounted on the housing. When the
medium enters into the small seal gap
between the sliding surfaces, a grease
film is produced and a sealing effect is
obtained. Sliding materials used for this
purpose include graphite, resin-bound
carbon, metal or ceramic.
To press the sliding rings, as well as to
achieve secondary sealing between sliding
ring and corrugation, or sliding ring and
housing, metal bellows or diaphragm bel-
lows are used in high-quality sliding ring
seals. The latter is preferred for its shorter
production length. Figure 3.6.1. shows an
example of a sliding ring holder with a
HYDRA diaphragm bellows.
Bellows for sliding ring seals must be pres-
sure- and temperature-resistant, and also
resistant against the transported media.
In addition, the pre-load of the sliding
ring seal may not relax during operation,
which is why hardened bellows materials
are often used for this purpose. Typical
hardened materials for HYDRA diaphragm
bellows include AM 350 or Inconel 718
(2.4668) for higher demands on corrosion-
resistance.
Figure 3.6.1.: Sliding ring holder with HYDRA dia-
phragm bellows
Examples include collector tubes for solar
power plants, or collector connections
in building technology. Collector tubes
are the heart of parabolic-trough power
plants. They are configured along the
focal line of parabolic mirrors; thermo-
oil which is heated by thermal radiation
passes through them. The heated thermo-
oil is then used to generate steam for a
conventional power plant. The collector
itself consists of an outer sheathing tube
made of layered and highly-transparent
borosilicate glass, and an inner absorber
tube made of specially-coated steel. The
space inbetween is evacuated to prevent
heat loss. Metal bellows at both cuffs of
the collectors compensate for the differ-
ent thermal expansions of glass and steel,
and ensure a vacuum-tight connection of
both tubes. Similarly, solar collector fields
used in building technology also involve
the compensation of thermal expansion at
the connection points of individual collec-
tors, using flexible collector connections.
Figure 3.5.1. shows a metal bellows design
which can be attached on the copper pip-
ing of the collectors. Hydraulically formed
O-ring grooves and flanges are integrated
for attachment purposes at the cuff of the
bellows.
Flexible
sealing
48 49
Similar to a piston, metal bellows can con-
vert pressure into force or movement and
vice versa. For this reason they can be used
as sensors and actuators, whose charac-
teristic is defined by the spring rate and
hydraulic cross-section of the bellows.
The main demands placed on sensors and
actuators are that they are free of hyster-
esis and feature a constant characteristic
curve, so that here too hardened bellows
materials can be used to their advantage.
Examples include the pressure-force con-
3.7 | Sensors and actuators
verter used to make fine adjustments to
optical systems which is shown in figure
3.7.1 or sensors for gas-insulated switch-
ing cabinets. These switching cabinets are
filled with SF
6
under positive pressure.
In the case of a leak, pressure on the inside
of the cabinet decreases. A gas-filled and
hermetically sealed metal bellows is used
as a sensor for the pressure in the
switching cabinet.
Its length always adjusts as to create a
force equilibrium of the spring force of
the bellows and the pressure resulting
from the bellows interior, and the pres-
sure in the switching cabinet. A decrease
in switching cabinet pressure results in an
enlargement of bellows lengths and can
thus be detected.
Other application examples of a metal
bellows actuator are regulators for heater
thermostats (Figure 3.7.2.). To this cuff,
bronze bellows filled with alcohol are
used. The alcohol enclosed in the bellows
expands as temperatures rise, and as a
result the bellows lengthens in an axial
direction. The lengthening of the bellows
is used to throttle the valve, and the
capacity of the heater decreases. If room
temperature decreases, the bellows
becomes shorter again. This further opens
the regulator valve and heating capacity
increases again.
Figure 3.7. 1.: Metal bellows actuators
3.7 | Sensors and actuators
Hysteresis-
free
Figure 3.7.2.: Bronze bellows for radiator thermostats
50 51
Gas-loaded accumulators are used as
energy storage in hydraulic systems. They
consist of a gas and liquid space which
are separated by a flexible diaphragm.
The more liquid is pumped into the accu-
mulator, the more the gas volume is com-
pressed and storage pressure increases.
Alternatively, liquid may be withdrawn,
decreasing the storage pressure.
Multi-layer diaphragms or rubber bubbles
are often used as media separators.
They are not however completely
diffusion-tight and are subject to ageing.
For example, if the diffusion of storage
gases in brake systems is not permitted,
or the accumulator must be guaranteed
to be maintenance-free for long periods
of time, the plastic diaphragm may be
replaced by a metal or diaphragm bellows.
To enable large working volumes,
storage bellows feature thin walls, high
flexibility and low pressure resistance.
These features are not critical during the
storage operation, since the only pressure
differential between the gas and liquid is
caused by the spring rate of the bellows. To
protect the metal bellows from damages,
care must be taken to ensure that there are
enough valves to prevent a complete emp-
tying of the metal bellows storage cham-
ber, and hence
always maintain
the pressure bal-
ance between the
gas and liquid
side.
3.8 | Metal bellows accumulator
Figure 3.8.1.: Section-
al model of a metal
bellows accumulator
3.9 | Metal bellows couplings
Metal bellows are flexible and torsion-
resistant. For this reason they are well
suited for use as maintenance-free
corrugated couplings (figure 3.9.1.) for
torsional transfer and to compensate for
layer tolerances. Metal bellows couplings
are loaded for torsion and rotating bend.
The latter requires a fatigue-endurable
configuration.
In order to transfer large amounts of tor-
sion and to safely prevent torsional buck-
ling, coupling bellows are often short and
have a large diameter.
Figure 3.9.1.: Metal bellows coupling
Diffusion-
tight
Mainte-
nance-free
52 53
Reductions in fuel consumption through
efficiency increases as well as adherence
to statutorily prescribed emission limits
pose a significant challenge to future com-
bustion engines. One important approach
is to downsize the engines, i.e. reduce
the cylinder capacity while maintaining
capacity. This is made possible by turbo
charging, an increase in injection pres-
sures, improved engine management and
spray-formed combustion processes for
gasoline engines.
HYDRA precision bellows have proven
themselves as reliable, highly flexible,
pressure- and temperature-resistant seal-
ants in piezo injectors, fuel pumps or pres-
sure sensor glow plugs for such modern
engines.
Based on the smallest flow cross-sections
and metallic seals, metal bellows in
high-pressure fuel systems are subject
to a maximum cleanliness requirements,
which are met through production in clean
rooms.
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines
Piezo injector
Spray-form direct injection reduces fuel
consumption of gasoline engines at the
same or even higher engine performance.
Criteria for spray-form combustion consist
of highly exact dosages and fine atomisa-
tion of the injected fuel. These require-
ments can be met with quick switching
piezo injectors and injection pressures
which exceed 200 bar. The key component
of the injector is a piezo actuator, which
extends with voltage and then opens the
injection needle.
Any type of contact with the fuel would
lead to a short circuit and destroy the piezo
actuator. For this reason, a seal which can
resist pulsating pressures of up to 300 bar
and also allows for over 300,000,000 nee-
dle movements is required. HYDRA preci-
sion bellows meet these requirements with
a component failure probability rate of less
than 1 ppm.
Figure 3.10.1.: Injector bellows (Witzenmann) and
piezo injector (Continental Automotive GmbH)
Temperature-
and
corrosion-
resistant
54 55
In contrast to conventional glow plugs,
the plug tip of the pressure sensor glow
plugs is mounted for movement. Forces
from the pressure in the combustion
chamber which is acting on the plug tip
is measured with a piezo-resistive sen-
sor. A HYDRA precision bellows allows
for a friction- and hysteresis-free transfer
of combustion pressure to the piezo sen-
sor. Furthermore it compensates for heat
expansion during the glow operation, and
seals the sensor and electronics from the
combustion chamber.
Besides combustion chamber pressures
and temperatures, this application also
requires the metal bellows to tolerate a
high degree of repeated loads in a man-
ner that secures operations. The repeated
loads are caused by the resonance ini-
tiation of the glow plug tips which are
mounted for movement by way of engine
vibrations.
Fuel pump
High-pressure pumps are required to
supply fuel to direct-injection gasoline
engines. These pumps can be designed
as one- or multiple-piston pumps with
oil-lubricated pistons. HYDRA precision
bellows ensure that the fuel is not con-
taminated by pump oil. For each piston,
a bellows acts as a highly flexible seal
and transfer element for pump move-
ments. The bellows are mainly operated
in pressure-compensated mode and must
execute over 12,000,000,000 pump move-
ments over the life of a vehicle.
Pressure sensor glow plugs
To ensure adherence to statutorily pre-
scribed thresholds for NO
x
and CO
2
emissions, an improved regulation of the
combustion process in diesel engines is
required. By performing an in-situ meas-
urement of the pressure in the combus-
tion chamber, the pressure sensor glow
plug provides an important input signal.
Besides reducing emissions, the optimised
engine control which is achieved with the
assistance of the pressure sensor glow
plugs allows for the utilisation of higher
combustion pressures. This is used to
increase performance or downsize the
engines.
Figure 3.10.2.: Pump bellows (Witzenmann) and high-
pressure fuel pump (Continental Automotive GmbH)
Figure 3.10.3.: Metal bellows (Witzenmann) and
pressure sensor glow plug (PSG, Beru AG)
56 57 56
4 | Bellows calculation and characteristics
57
4.1 | Stress analysis for metal bellows 58
4.2 | Loading stresses 60
4.3 | Pressure and buckling resistance 62
4.4 | Fatigue life 67
4.5 | Angular and lateral deformation 71
4.6 | Torsion and torsional buckling 73
4.7 | Bellows spring rate 75
4.8 | Reaction forces and hydraulic diameter 76
58 59
4.1 | Stress analysis for metal bellows
The main requirements for
metal bellows are
(1) media and corrosion resistance,
(2) temperature resistance,
(3) tightness,
(4) pressure resistance,
(5) flexibility and service life.
Corrosion and temperature resistance can
be achieved by selecting the appropri-
ate bellows material. The tightness of the
bellows is guaranteed by the production
process. Pressure resistance and service
life on the other hand are ensured by the
appropriate bellows design, and can be
verified by calculation.
The principal procedure for preparing a
stress analysis for metal bellows is shown
in figure 4.1.1. The stresses which occur in
the bellows are determined on the basis
of the bellows geometry and operating
loads these are pressure, torsion and
deformation. Suitable stress parameters
can be derived from these stresses, and
compared against the corresponding
strength of the component. The com-
parison provides the safety factors for the
respective load status.
An essential ingredient in a reliable stress
analysis is knowing exactly how strong
the component is. For this purpose,
Witzenmann has performed more than
1,300 pressure resistance tests and more
than 1,600 load cycle tests, of which
approximately 250 are conducted under
operating pressure and at high tempera-
tures; this database is continuously
updated and expanded.
Stress calculation and stress analyses for
HYDRA corrugated bellows are illustrated
below. However, the same principle can
be also applied to configure HYDRA dia-
phragm bellows, HYDRA diaphragm discs
or HYDRA load cells.
4.1 | Stress analysis for metal bellows
Figure 4.1.1.: Principal procedure for the strength by calculation analysis for metal bellows
Configuration
know-how
Operating loads
Component geometry
Loading stresses
Damage parameter P
Load resistance B
Material
Production method
Safety factor S = B / P
60 61
4.2 | Loading stresses
Abandoning the membrane stresses,
which are small as compared to the
bending stresses, the following applies to
meridional stress from axial movement ():
(4.2.1.)
E is the modules of elasticity of the bel-
lows material, s is the ply thickness of
the individual layer, nw is the number of
corrugations and h is the height of the cor-
rugation. Cd is a dimension-less correction
factor (Anderson factor) which depends on
the geometry of the bellows corrugation.
Equation 4.2.1. shows that the permissible
movement of a bellows corrugation
(flexibility) increases as wall thickness (s)
decreases and corrugation height (h)
increases. Increasing the number of
corrugations (nw) also increases the
bellows' range of movement since loads
on single corrugations are reduced.
For this reason narrow corrugation profiles
are often used for highly flexible bellows,
as they allow for the maximisation of the
number of corrugations in a given installa-
tion space.
Not considering the membrane stresses,
the following also applies to meridional
stresses resulting from pressure (p):
(4.2.2.)
whereby nL is the number of bellows
layers, CP is again a dimension-less and
geometry dependent correction factor
(Anderson factor).
In accordance with equation 4.2.2.,
pressure-resistant profiles feature a large
ply thickness (s) and/or large number of
layers (nL), as well as a low corrugation
height (h).
4.2 | Loading stresses
Figure 4.2.1.: Meridional stress on a two-layer
metal bellows at axial tension (left)
and outside pressure (right)
Loading stresses are caused by pressure
as well as displacements or rotations of
the connecting cross sections of the bel-
lows towards each other. The following
section discusses the stresses resulting
from pressure and axial deformation, since
these are the most significant loads for
bellows.
Lateral and angular deformations can
be converted into equivalent axial defor-
mations (Section 4.5) torsion will be
discussed separately in Section 4.6. In
the case of typical bellows geometries,
the largest stress component is always
the meridional stress. It is oriented in the
longitudinal direction of the bellows, paral-
lel to its surface. Both pressure as well as
axial movement result in bending stress
conditions with defined stress maxima in
the area of the crests. Figure 4.2.1. shows
this by way of example for a two-layer
metal bellows. The position of the stress
maxima corresponds with the typical frac-
ture positions of fatigue fractures. Since
similar stress conditions always exist,
stress from pressure and movement may
be superimposed by way of addition to
analyse the combined loads.
h
2

2 nL s
2
Cp p B,meridional (p)
5 E s
3 nw h
2
Cd
B,meridional ()
Optimised
geometries
62 63
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
The volume displaced by the deformation
of bellows corrugations is outlined as a
function of the pressure in the form shown
in figure 4.3.2. The pressure-volume curve
thus obtained corresponds to a stress-
strain-curve in the tensile test, and is
analysed in analogueous matter. The
nominal presure (PN) of the bellows is that
pressure which at initial loading results
in a 1% permanent change to the volume
enclosed in the bellows corrugations
(profile volume).
Figure 4.3.1.: Corrugation
buckling of a metal bellows
under outside pressure
Figure 4.3.2.: Pressure-volume characteristic of a metal bellows and nominal pressure
determination as per the Witzenmann method
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
change of the profile volume [%]
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
b
a
r
]
proof pressure p
T
= 1,3 P
N
nominal pressure P
N
1% change of the profile volume
When subjected to outside overpressure,
metal bellows usually fail by way of cor-
rugation buckling which is preceded by
a plastic deformation at the inner crests
(figure 4.3.1.). For bellows with very mini-
mal corrugation height, as compared to
the diameter, ovalisation under outside
pressure is also possible. However, the
corrugation height of the bellows profiles
listed in the technical tables is always large
enough that this type of failure does not
occur.
The typical type of failure associated with
inside pressure loads is column buckling
(figure 4.3.3.). Corrugation buckling may
also occur under inside pressure with very
short bellows; for flat and thick-walled bel-
lows profile, bursting with fractures that
run parallel to the bellows axis may also
occur.
The pressure resistance of metal bellows is
dependent on the yield strenght of the bel-
lows material, so that the use of a higher-
strength material with the same profile can
achieve an increase in pressure resistance.
Pressure resistance decreases with
increasing temperatures in accordance
with the reduction in the yield strenght.
Plastic flow and corrugation buckling
Figure 4.3.1. shows the damage profile for
corrugation buckling. Damage begins with
a plastic deformation of the inner crest
through a global exceedance of the yield
limit; subsequently the profile collapses.
For this reason, sufficient protection
against incipient global plastic deformation
at the inner crest is required to prevent
corrugation buckling.

The verification may be done by calcula-
tion or on experimental basis. For an
experimental recording of the pressure-
volume characteristic, the bellows is fixed
axially and increasing pressure is applied.
F + E
64 65
Nominal pressure must be equal to or
larger than the maximum operating
pressure at room temperature (design
pressure (pRT)). With higher operating
temperatures TS, the maximum permissi-
ble operating pressure (PS) decreases
in proportion to the reduction in the yield
strength of the bellows material.
(4.3.1.)
Pressure capacity
(4.3.2.)
is described as the ratio of design pres-
sure to nominal pressure.
For short time periods, it is possible to
obtain a proof pressure (pT) of 130% of
nominal pressure. Higher proof pressures

may damage the bellows profile and are
therefore not permitted.
For systems in which the proof pressure
exceeds 130% of operating pressure at
room temperature, the nominal pressure
of the bellows is determined in accord-
ance with equation 4.3.3. by way of the
proof pressure. In this case, the nominal
pressure is higher than the permissible
operating pressure at room temperature.
(4.3.3.)
When using valves, a bellows whose
nominal pressure corresponds with the
maximum operating pressure at room
temperature may also be used. In that
case, pressure testing of the valve must be
carried out when the bellows is removed.
The configuration criteria to determine the
nominal pressure of metal bellows by cal-
culation consist of the maximum meridi-
onal stress in the bellows crests as well as
circumferential stress averaged over the
bellows profile, whereby conditions 4.3.4.
and 4.3.5. must be met. In this vein, Cm
describes the increase in material strength
as compared to the value determined for
the strip steel by way of hardening,
support effects and stress transfers.
(4.3.4.)
(4.3.5.)
Using a bellows configuration correspond-
ing to standard, e.g. EJMA, AD2000,
EN13445 or EN14917, the values for Cm as
indicated in the respective standard are
used. These deviate from each other and
are usually smaller than the value resulting
from the experimental pressure resistance
determination. One exception is the ASME
standard, which explicitly allows for an
experimental determination of pressure
resistance (ASME 2007, Section III,
NB 3228.2) The recommended method
(ASME 2007, Section III, II-1430) results in
only minimally higher nominal pressures
than the Witzenmann method.
Column buckling
With the exception of very short bellows,
the permissible inside pressure of metal
bellows is limited by column buckling
(figure 4.3.3.). Since the buckling pres-
sure is usually significantly lower than the
pressure resistance of the bellows profile,
metal bellows should be configured with
outside pressure loads.
If this is not possible, buckling may also be
prevented by an inner or outer guidance
of the bellows corrugations. The column
buckling of bellows can be calculated as
Eulerian buckling, whereby the sum of the
reaction force of the bellows' inside pres-
sure and the spring rate of the bellows
acts as the buckling force. The following
applies to buckling pressure under these
conditions:
(4.3.6.)
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance 4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
PS = pRT
RP1.0(TS)
RP1.0(20 C)
RP1,0(20 C)
RP1,0(TS)
pRT
pN
PS
pN
P = = 1
um
RP1,0(T) / 1.5
Rm(T) / 3
min

max
meridional
RP1,0(T) / 1.5
Rm(T) / 3
Cm min

cax
2
E
2
(lf + )
4 cax

dhyd
2
pK = +
pT
1.3
pN
66 67
whereby dhyd is the hydraulically effective
diameter of the bellows (cp. Section 4.7.)
and
(4.3.7.)
the flexible bellows lengths. For a bellows
firmly clamped on both sides the follow-
ing applies: E = 0.5.
Protection against buckling should be
carried out with a safety factor S > 2.5.
Analogous to the spring rate, the buck-
ling pressure decreases as temperature
increases. The decrease is proportional to
the reduction in the modules of elasticity
of the bellows material.
Bursting
The bursting of bellows is usually pre-
ceded by a large degree of plastic defor-
mation, so that resistance to bursting is
already provided by the protection against
plastic flow (equation 4.3.5.). For applica-
tions which explicitly require a minimum
bursting pressure for the bellows, verifi-
cation using a burst pressure test under
near-operating installation conditions is
recommended.
Experimental protection against bursting
pressure is also useful for high-strength
materials with an elastic limit RP01/Rm
near 1.
nw lw
lf =
Figure 4.3.3.: Column buckling of a metal bellows
under inside pressure (schematic)
4.4 | Fatigue life
The main damage mechanism which limits
the service life of bellows is fatigue under
cyclical loads. Bellows may be subjected
to cyclical loads in the form of a recur-
ring deformation, pulsating pressure or
a combination of both. Stresses induced
by such loads which occur at different
times result in the formation and growth
of fatigue cracks in the material and finally
to failure by way of fatigue fractures. Only
very high pulsating pressure causes a
different damage presentation failure
through cyclic creeping and subsequent
corrugation buckling. Fatigue fractures in
the inner crest running in the direction of
the circumference or at the transition of
the inner crest to the flank corrugation are
typical for metal bellows. In these cases
the fracture is always located at the bel-
lows side with the larger bend. Fractures
at the outer crest only occur with strongly
non-symmetrical bellows profiles or a
characteristic load combination of pulsat-
ing pressure and movement. Figure 4.4.1.
on page 68 shows fatigue fractures on the
inner crest of a bellows on the left side. In
the metallographic cut (right), the fracture
progression originating from the bellows
surface with the more pronounced bend
can be seen clearly.
Crack formation and growth are subject
to statistical influencing factors. For this
reason load cycle test results feature a
spread.
R + D
68 69
The dependence of the fatigue life on the
load is described by using S-N-curves. Fig-
ure 4.4.2. shows the Witzenmann
S-N-curve for metal bellows made
of austenitic steel. The diagram also
contains the test results for metal
bellows. They are distributed in the
form of a statistical spread around the
S-N-curve.
Besides the actual cyclical load (recurring
deformation and/or pulsating pressure),
the fatigue life is also affected by
primary and secondary mean stress,
internal stress resulting from bellows
production, micro support effects,
pressure capacity or failure mode (fatigue
fracture of all layers or layers facing
pressure and subsequent corrugation
buckling under excessive pressure). The
life calculation for a general load cycle
can be done by Witzenmann at request.
4.4 | Fatigue life 4.4 | Fatigue life
Figure 4.4.2.: Witzenmann S-N-curve for austenitic stainless steel metal bellows. Tests marked with an arrow
were suspended without failure of the bellows
Figure 4.4.1.: Fatigue fracture at inner crest of a metal bellows in top view (left) and as a metallographic cut (right)
70 71
In the special case of a static pressure
loaded bellows, load cycles (N) may be
estimated as a function of stroke() and
pressure capacity (
P
) using the tables
indicated in Section 6.1.
Where bellows are stressed at several load
levels, overall damage or a damage-equiv-
alent load cycle number for a constant
amplitude load can be determined using
a damage accumulation calculation. This
is done by assuming that the damages
for each load level accumulate. An overall
damage of 100% correlates with a failure
probability of 50%:
(4.4.3.)
Damage accumulation with load cycle
numbers in the fatigue limit
(N50% > 1 million), which are derived from
the S-N-curve for a constant amplitude
load, is not conservative, since e.g. prior
damage from large loads is not taken into
account.
A more conservative estimate is provided
by the elementary Miner rule. It also deter-
mines the load cycle numbers N50% for the
fatigue limit using the extended S-N-curve
from the fatigue strength area.
4.4 | Fatigue life
Nrequired
N 50%
Load level
D =
4.5 | Angular and lateral deformation
Metal bellows may also deform perpen-
dicularly to the bellows axis. The basic
movement forms displacement of bel-
lows cuffs perpendicular to bellows axis
(lateral deformation) without an incline,
or an incline and displacement of bellows
cuffs along with a constant bending of the
bellows (angular deformation) is shown
by figure 4.5.1. This type of angular or
lateral deformation frequency occurs with
expansion joints, for example. Generally,
it is possible to illustrate any torsion-free
bellows deformation as a combination of
axial (), lateral () and angular () defor-
mation.
Subject to the conditions of elementary
bending theory, equivalent axial deflec-
tions (q) can be derived for lateral () and
angular deformations (). These are theo-
retical axial deflections which lead to the
same stress or load cycles as the original
lateral or angular deflection. The following
applies to angular loads:
(4.5.1.)
Figure 4.5.1.: Axial, angular and lateral bellows deformation
axial angular lateral
Design
know-how
Dm
2
q = a
73
The following applies to lateral deflection:
(4.5.2.)
The denominator of equation 4.5.2. con-
tains the corrugation quantity, i.e. in the
case of a laterally-loaded bellows, the
equivalent axial deflection decreases as
the number of corrugations increase.
Since the tolerable axial deformation of
the bellows also increases proportionally
with the number of corrugations (equation
4.2.1.), the permissible lateral deformation
is not linear, but rather dependent on the
square of the number of corrugations.
It is also possible to calculate composite
deformations. It is important to note the
prefixes of lateral and angular deflection, as
well as taking into account that the angular
deflection shown in figure 4.5.1. always
contains a displacement of the bellows cuffs
with the amount:
(4.5.3.)
As a result, the following applies to a
combined deformation, which is described
by a displacement () and incline () of the
bellows cuffs to each other:
(4.5.4.)
These calculations accurately apply to
long bellows not subject to pressure
loads. For laterally loaded short bellows
(lf Dm), the lateral shear acts to diffuse
the load. The equivalent axial deflection
as per equation 4.5.4. then represents a
conservative estimate.
High outside or inside pressure loads
(p > 0.25 pK) change the bending line
particularly for angular deflected bellows,
so that local bending maxima occur.
These can reduce the service life. An
exact calculation of the load for these
cases goes beyond the scope of this
handbook, however, more information
may be obtained from Witzenmann.
4.5 | Angular and lateral deformation
lf
2
*
= a
3Dm
lf
3Dm
nw lw
q = =
4.6 | Torsion and torsional buckling
Metal bellows are flexible and torsion-
resistant. For this reason, as coupling
bellows they are well suited to transfer
torque (M
T
) and compensate load
tolerances. In this application case, the
torsion resistance and protection against
torsional buckling must be verified in
addition to service life under lateral and/
or angular loads. A verification of torsion
resistance for metal bellows is done using
critical shear stresses. These appear at the
inside crest and may be determined as per
(4.6.1.)
d
i
is the inside diameter of the bellows.
Using the shear stress hypothesis, one
obtains the safety factor S
F
against plastic
deformation:
(4.6.2.)
In addition to protection against plastic
flow, protection against torsional buckling
must also be verified. Once the critical
torsional moment (MT,c) is exceeded, the
bellows changes from its straight configu-
ration into a configuration with a curved
helical line shape. The following applies to
the critical torsional buckling moment of
a bellows that is firmly clamped on both
sides:
(4.6.3.)
2MT
(di + nL s)
2
nL s
=
RP 1,0
2
RP 1,0
(di + nL s)
2
nL s
4MT
SF = =
1.12 cax D
2
m
MT,C =
73
Design
know-how
3Dm
lf
Dm
lf
3Dm
lF
q = = (
*
) 2Dm a a
74 75
Dm is the average bellows diameter, i.e.
the arithmetic average from the bellows
inside and outside diameter. Equation
4.6.3. provides protection against torsional
buckling of
(4.6.4.)
whereby significantly higher safety
(SK 3) is required against buckling than
against plastic flow (SF 1.3).
Since the axial spring rate of a bellows
decreases as the number of corrugations
increase, the torsional buckling moment
also decreases as the number of corruga-
tions or bellows length increases. For this
reason coupling bellows are usually quite
short and only have few corrugations.
4.6 | Torsion and torsional buckling
MT,c
MT
1.12 cax D
2
m
MT
SK = =
4.7 | Bellows spring rates
An important characteristic of a bellows is
its spring rate under axial, angular or lat-
eral deformation.
The axial spring rate of a metal bellows
may be calculated in accordance with:
(4.7.1.)
C
f
is a dimension-less correction factor
which is dependent on the geometry of the
bellows corrugation (Anderson factor).
The spring rate is stronger dependent on
wall thickness(s) and corrugation height (h)
than the stresses (cp. 4.2.1. and 4.2.2.) and
therefore reacts more sensitively to small
changes in bellows geometry. For this rea-
son, the spring rate for standard bellows is
defined at a tolerance of 30%.
The lateral and angular bellows spring rate
may be derived from the axial spring rate:
(4.7.2.)
and
(4.7.3.)
At higher temperatures the bellows spring
rate decreases in proportion to the elastic-
ity module of the bellows material.
E
2 (1
2
)
Dm s
3
h
3
nL
nw
1
Cf
cax
3
2
Dm
lf
clat = cax
2

D
2
m
8
cang = cax
better
with more
layers
76 77
4.8 | Reaction force and hydraulic diameter
In contrast to a rigid pipe, the flexibility
of the bellows results in reaction forces
which act on subsequent pipelines or com-
ponents. It is possible to accurately deter-
mine the hydraulic diameter (dhyd) of the
bellows on a numerical or experimental
basis. As a very good approximate value
the average diameter (Dm) can be used. For
closed bellows, the reaction force is
(4.8.1.)
For bellows with connecting parts, the
amount and direction of the reaction
force depend on the ratio of the pressure-
applied diameter at the connecting parts
(DAT) to the hydraulic diameter:
(4.8.2.)
Figure 4.8.1. illustrates these linkages.
If the pressure-applied diameter of the
connecting part corresponds with the
hydraulic diameter of the bellows, no
reaction forces will occur in the
connection.
(d
2
hyd D
2
AT)
4
(D
2
m D
2
AT)
4
F = p p
d
2
hyd
4
D
2
m
4
F = p p
Figure 4.8.1.: Reaction forces on a bellows connection under inside pressure.
4.8 | Reaction force and hydraulic diameter
Configura-
tion know-
how
78 78
5 | Product testing at Witzenmann
79
5.1 | Testing and analysis options 80
5.2 | Typical testing of metal bellows 82
80 81
5.1 | Overview of testing and analysis options
Witzenmann has a comprehensive set of
testing and analysis options at its disposal
to determine and test product characteris-
tics at an experimental level. The test field
includes, among others:
Movement test stands for axial load cycle
testing, also under pressure and/or high
temperatures,
Multiple axis test stands to represent
complex movements,
Electro-dynamic shakers,
One pressure impulse stand,
Test stands for pressure testing
as well as
Leakage test stands.
Furthermore, Witzenmann has a material
laboratory for mechanical, technological
and metallographic testing as well as for
welding-related method and approval

testing. The laboratory equipment includes
the following:
Tension and impact-bend test machines,
Comprehensive preparation technology
for metallographic grinding,
Raster electronic microscope with
integrated X-ray spectrography
Clean cabinet,
Corrosion test stands, as well as
X-ray radiography equipment.
The following procedures may be carried
out or produced:
Testing of mechanical characteristics as
well as corrosion resistance for bellows
and connecting part materials at room
temperature or at elevated temperatures,
Macro grindings to evaluate geometry
of bellows and weld seams,
Micro grindings to analyse structure,
determine grain size and ferrite.
Hardness measurements,
Analyses of material composition and
local element distribution,
Fracture surface and inclusion analyses
and
Cleanliness analyses.

Other tasks of the metallographic labora-
tory include assessments of bellows which
failed at the customer or during testing, as
well as an analysis of the damage cause.
Our material laboratory is recognised
by the main approval and classification
companies as a production-independent
testing authority for destructive and non-
destructive material testing, and is also
approved to issue approval certificates.
5.1 | Overview of testing and analysis options
Figure 5.1.1.: Surface (above), structure (centre) and
non metallic inclusions (below) analysis on precision
band made of 1.4571 material.
Development
partners
82 83
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Tightness test
All bellows equipped with connecting parts
that are suitable for sealing purposes are
subjected to a tightness test with nitrogen
or air under water at room temperature.
Inside positive pressure is 0.5 - 2 bar, the
rest period is 20 - 60 seconds. No visible
bubble formation may be detected.
This test detects leak rates exceeding
approximately 10
-4
mbar l/sec.
For more stringent tightness requirements
as well as to test diaphragm bellows, the
helium leak test is used as a standard test.
The vacuum method employed by the heli-
um leak test consists of a high-resolution
tightness test. The component to be tested
is evacuated and the surface not exposed
to the vacuum is subjected to a helium
atmosphere. Using a mass spectrometer,
helium atoms entering the vacuum can be
detected.
The sensitivity of the measurement
increases with the duration of the test
period. The verification limit is approxi-
mately 10
-10
mbar l/sec. Leak rates of 10
-6

mbar l/sec can be well shown in practice;
this represents a volume flow of approx.
0.03 l/year under normal conditions.
Table 5.2.1. provides an overview of leak
sizes and associated volume flows under
normal conditions for other leak rates.
Testing of weld seams
An X-ray radiography test is used to exam-
ine the longitudinal butt weld of bellows
cylinders prior to deformation. Connecting
seams are subjected to a dye penetration
test using the colour penetration method.
This inspection is done visually; the red-
white method during daylight, and the
fluorescent method under UV lighting.

If an X-ray test of bellows connection
seams is required, bellows and connecting
part must feature a particular design. The
usual weld geometries are not suited to
radiography testing.
Proof pressure testing
Figure 5.2.1. shows a proof pressure test
under inside pressure. As part of the test,
the metal bellows is axially positioned,
and inside or outside pressure is applied in
accordance with the operating conditions.
The reaction forces must be absorbed by
the axial positioning.
The standard test pressure is 1.3 times the
operation pressure. No measurable plastic
deformations may occur, and the bellows
must retain its functionality. Usually the
test is done at room temperature, but can
also be carried out at high temperatures.
If required, the test may be continued until
the bellows bursts.
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Leak rate
[mbar l / sec]
Leak diameter
[m]
Volume flow
[l / sec]
Volume flow
[l/ year]
Notes
(under normal conditions)
10
-10
0.001 10
-13
3.15 x 10
-6
verification limit
10
-8
0.01 10
-11
3.15 x 10
-4
highly vacuum-tight*
10
-7
0.03 10
-10
3.15 x 10
-3
gas-tight*
10
-6
0.1 10
-9
0.032
10
-5
0.33 10
-8
0.315
10
-4
1 10
-7
3.15 vapour-tight*
10
-3
3.3 10
-6
31.5 water-tight*
one air bubble ( 1 mm) per sec
10
0
100 10
-3
31500 leaky tap
Table 5.2.1. / *Non-standard representation, no exact definition for a leak rate
Leak rates and associated volume flows for helium leak test
comprehen-
sive testing
facility
85
Load cycle testing
Proof of service life for metal bellows can
be carried out by calculation or as part of
a test. A service life in the range of finite
life time may be confirmed by experiment
with very little effort.
On the other hand, experiment-related
requirements and duration of tests
increase significantly with high numbers
of load cycles and/or small permissible
failure probabilities. In these cases it is
often simpler to calculate the service life
and use experiments only to prove that
the tested bellows do not significantly
deviate from the population of all bellows.
For statistical reasons, load cycle testing
should always be carried out on several
test objects. The standard number of test
objects at Witzenmann is 6 test objects
per load level.
Load cycle testing may be carried out for
design approval, as tests for approval
purposes, such as for metal bellows for
nuclear application, material batch approv-
al or as a regular re-qualification test for
components subject to VDA 6.1.
The axial movement test in a non-pressure
state at room temperature shown in 5.2.2.
is the basic fatigue test for metal bellows.
However, also complex deformations may
be applied during load cycle testing or
load cycle tests may be performed under
operating pressure and temperature.
Characterisation of components
Experiments may also be used to deter-
mine component characteristics, which
are then confirmed with a test certificate;
this includes the following:
optical measurement of bellows
geometry,
measurement of bellows spring rate,
measurement of reaction force
and determination of hydraulic
diameter,
recording pressure-volume
curves (compare Figure 2.4.2. and 4.3.2.),
determining natural frequencies as well
as characterisation of dynamic
behaviour of bellows
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows 5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Figure 5.2.2.: Axial load cycle test.
Figure 5.2.1.: Pressure resistance testing on a
metal bellows.
86
6 | Technical tables
87
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual 88
6.2 | Bellows selection with Flexperte 94
6.3 | HYDRA stainless steel metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
(preferred dimensions) 95
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows) for ANSI valves 116
6.5 | HYDRA bronze metal bellows (corrugated bellows) (preferred dimensions) 126
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows, standard profile (preferred dimensions) 131
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows, narrow profile (preferred dimensions) 144
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows 154
6.9 | HYDRA load cells 162
6.10 | HYDRA precision tubes 164
88 89
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
When selecting a bellows from the techni-
cal tables, the bellows profile is initially set
using the diameter and required pressure
resistance. For this purpose, the bellows in
the tables are listed according to ascending
reference diameters and ascending nominal
pressure. The required corrugation number
and installation length then results from the
required movement and associated number
of load cycles.
Pressure resistance for outside
pressure loads
The crucial factors in determining nominal
pressure are design pressure (pRT) and
proof pressure (pT):
(6.1.1.)
For temperatures TS > 20 C, the pressure
reduction factor takes into account
(6.1.2.)
the reduction in the bellows' pressure
resistance. Values for KP are indicated in
Table 6.1.1. for bellows materials 1.4571
(austenitic stainless steel) and 2.1020
(bronze).
Pressure resistance with inside
pressure loads
The buckling pressure for metal bellows
listed in this handbook is usually signifi-
cantly lower than the pressure resistance
of the bellows profile. For this reason they
should preferably be configured with an
outside pressure load.
For the configuration of expansion joints,
please refer to the handbook for expansion
joints technology.
PN max
{
pRT = PS/Kp
pT / 1.3
PS
pRT
Rp1.0 (TS)
Rp1.0 (20 C)
Kp = =
Reduction factors for pressure K
P

In the event of inside pressure loads,

(6.1.1.)
buckling resistance under inside pressure
must be checked in addition to condition

(6.1.3.)
witch results in safety factor S 3 against
column buckling. The spring rate per
corrugation (c
) and corrugation length (lW)

are indicated in the bellows tables.
Where sufficient buckling resistance does
not exist, buckling must be prevented by
inside or outside guidance of bellows cor-
rugations.
Load cycles and distribution of movement
A load cycle (2) consists of the entire
movement of the bellows from any starting
position to the extreme value on one side,
back to the extreme value of the other side
over the starting position, and then back to
the starting position.
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
Table 6.1.1
Temperature
[C]
Reduction factor KP Temperature
[C]
Pressure reduction factor KP
austenitic
stainless steel
1.4571
bronze
2.1020
austenitic
stainless steel
1.4571
bronze
2.1020
20 1.00 1.00 300 0.69
50 0.92 0.95 350 0.66
100 0.85 0.90 400 0.64
150 0.81 0.80 450 0.63
200 0.77 0.75 500 0.62
250 0.73 0.70 550 0.62
Technology
leader
PN max
{
pRT = PS/Kp
pT / 1.3
PRT 2
c
n
2
W lW
90 91
A symmetrical distribution of movement
(50% compression / 50% expansion) is pre-
ferred for metal bellows. Deviating move-
ment distributions only have little effect on
the service life, as long as the corrugations
do not come into contact during the com-
pression phase.
Diaphragm bellows require a movement
distribution of 80% compression / 20%
expansion. Larger expansion may damage
the bellows. Movements which deviate
from this distribution require that the bel-
lows is installed pre-stressed.
Range of movement per corrugation
The bellows tables include the nominal
deflections per corrugation (2n,0, 2n,0,
2n,0) for axial, lateral and angular deform-
ing. It relates to a service life of at least
10,000 load cycles at room temperature
and nominal pressure.
Depending on the required load cycles and
pressure capacity, the permissible deflec-
tion per corrugation (2n, 2n, 2n) from

the nominal deflection per corrugation
(2n,0, 2n,0, 2n,0) and correcting factors
KN and KP for the load cycles and pres-
sure result in the following:
Axial load:
2 n = KN KP 2n,0 = K 2n,0 (6.1.4.a)
Lateral load:
2 n = KN KP 2n,0 = K 2n,0 (6.1.4.b)
Angular load:
2 n = KN KP 2n,0 = K 2n,0 (6.1.4.c)
Influence of load cycles on impulse
Influence of pressure capacity on impulse
If less than 10,000 load cycles are
required, the deflection per corrugation
(2n, 2n, 2n) may exceed the nominal
deflection per corrugation (2n,0, 2n,0,
2n,0); on the other hand, to obtain larger
load cycle figures, loads must be reduced
below nominal deflection. The corre-
sponding influencing factor KN is shown
in Table 6.1.2.
Reduction in pressure capacity
(4.3.2.)
increases the permissible impulse in
accordance with Table 6.2.3.
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual 6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
Figure 6.1.1.
Table 6.1.2
Load cycles Correction factor
KN
KN
KN
1,000 1.6 25,000 0.8 800,000 0.3
1,700 1.4 50,000 0.7 2,000,000 0.2
4,000 1.2 100,000 0.6 5,000,000 0.1
10,000 1.0 200,000 0.5 10,000,000 0.05
14,000 0.9 400,000 0.4
Table 6.1.3
pressure capacity P 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
Influencing factor KP 1.0 1.03 1.07 1.1 1.13 1.15
pRT
PN
P =
92 93
Pressure pulsations
Pressure pulsations or pulsating loads on
top of static pressure can reduce the serv-
ice life of the bellows. The effect of these
factors can be determined by calculation,
and depends on the degree of pulsating
loads and their frequency. For pulsating
loads p > 0,25 P
N
we recommend an
additional safety confirmation.
Determination of corrugation quantities
The required number of corrugations
results from the required deflection of the
bellows (2, 2, 2) and the permissible
deflection per corrugation (2
n
, 2
n
, 2
n
):
axial loads: (6.1.5.s)
lateral load: (6.1.5.b)
angular load: (6.1.5.c)
axial and angular load: (6.1.5.d)
axial and lateral load: (6.1.5.e)
Bellows spring rate
The bellows tables contain the spring rate
per corrugation (c
, c
, c
). The following
applies to the spring rate of a bellows
with corrugations nW:
Axial load: (6.1.6.a)
Angular load: (6.1.6.b)
Lateral load: (6.1.6.c)
Reduction factors KC for the
Bellows spring rate
At higher temperatures the bellows spring
rate decreases proportionately with the
elasticity module of the bellows material.
The corresponding reduction factors are
contained in Table 6.1.4.
(6.2.7.)
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual 6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
2
2n
nW
2a
2an
nW
c
nW
cax =
ca
nW
cang =
2l
2ln
nW
2
2n
2a
2an
nW +
2
2 2n
2
2 2n
nW + +
2l
2ln
2

cl
nW
clat =
3
Table 6.1.4
Temp.
(C)
Material
1.4571
20 1.00
100 0.97
200 0.93
300 0.90
400 0.86
500 0.83
c(T) = c (20 C) KC = c (20 C)
E(T)
E (20 C)
94 95
6.2 | Bellows selection with Flexperte
Flexperte is a configuration software for
flexible metallic elements. It is a specially
developed software which selects the
appropriate products for each case as per
current configuration rules from standard
production series. In addition to metal
bellows, the program can also be used to
configure expansion joints, metal hoses
and pipe supports.

Upon entering the operating conditions,
the program provides a selection of suit-
able products along with all necessary
information and drawings for direct further
processing in the form of an inquiry or an
order.
A fully functional version of the
program for direct use is available at
www.flexperte.de.
Knowledge by Witzenmann
6.3 | HYDRA stainless steel bellows
HYDRA metal bellows feature a high
degree of flexibility and pressure resist-
ance with minimal installation length.
The standard material for metal bellows
made of a longitudinally welded tube is
1.4571. Other materials are available on
request. Bellows with a small diameter
are made from seamless tubes made with
1.4541 material.
Bellows description
The bellows description describes the
bellows profile, i.e. diameter, number of
layers and thickness of individual lay-
ers, corrugations and material used. The
first letters indicate whether the bellows
described concerns a bellows without con-
necting parts (BAO) or a bellows with con-
necting parts (BAT).
BAT:
Bellows with
connecting
parts
Inside
diameter
di = 60 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 82 mm
15 corruga-
tions
acc. to
Section 6.1
Single
layer
thickness
s = 0.3 mm
Number of
single
layers
nL = 6
Material
1.4571
Bellows description (example):
BAT 60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.3 15W 1.4571
Knowledge
by
Witzenmann

Preferred
dimensions
96
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellows
Preferred dimensions
97
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation
( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
** seamless tube 1.4571 or 1.4541
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
400
90
65
100
150
200
500
55
26
68
115
150
22
55
90
250
16
38
60
90
130
13
3.35 x 4.7 x 2 x 0.06
4.06 x 6.0 x 1 x 0.07
5.3 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.08
5.3 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.10
5.3 x 8.5 x 1 x 0.15
5.3 x 8.5 x 1 x 0.20
5.3 x 8.5 x 2 x 0.20
6.2 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.10
8.0 x 13.0 x 1 x 0.10
8.0 x 13.0 x 2 x 0.10
8.0 x 13.0 x 3 x 0.10
8.0 x 13.5 x 4 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.5 x 1 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.5 x 2 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.5 x 3 x 0.10
9.0 x 13.0 x 4 x 0.10
10.0 x 16.5 x 1 x 0.10
10.0 x 16.5 x 2 x 0.10
10.0 x 17.0 x 3 x 0.10
10.0 x 17.0 x 4 x 0.10
10.0 x 17.0 x 5 x 0.10
12.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.10
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4541**
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.00
0.80
0.95
0.85
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1.35
1.75
1.85
1.50
1.65
1.90
2.00
2.40
2.70
1.90
10
37
63
70
45
41
42
63
235
277
242
150
234
233
198
258
189
216
208
125
111
168
0.1/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
5.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.5
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
13.4
13.0
13.0
13.0
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
18.0
4.2
8.5
11.6
11.6
11.6
13.1
13.1
13.1
14.3
14.3
15.1
16.8
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
4.06
5.34
5.30
5.30
5.30
5.30
6.30
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
12.0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.025
0.040
0.065
0.045
0.035
0.025
0.017
0.090
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.07
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.30
0.50
0.70
1.10
0.75
0.55
0.40
0.20
1.00
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.60
1.40
1.30
0.50
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.30
1.10
1.70
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.003
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.008
0.007
0.010
1475
260
180
420
830
1850
6300
160
120
245
385
460
75
160
260
1230
60
120
170
250
310
65
0.052
0.016
0.020
0.050
0.080
0.19
0.65
0.022
0.028
0.058
0.092
0.116
0.022
0.048
0.080
0.32
0.023
0.045
0.070
0.10
0.12
0.038
15500
13500
11100
10500
15800
19700
19900
8500
10600
15000
98000
5800
8700
11600
11900
11600
6300
0.12
0.21
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.51
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.91
1.08
1.08
1.08
0.94
1.38
1.38
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.89
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.19
0.07
0.13
0.26
0.39
0.44
0.17
0.34
0.52
0.43
0.22
0.44
0.66
0.88
1.10
0.30
98
99
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
12
13
14
16
26
40
60
90
260
360
385
20
45
110
165
17
30
55
110
150
220
280
14
28
70
110
12.0 x 20.0 x 2 x 0.10
12.0 x 20.0 x 3 x 0.10
12.0 x 20.0 x 2 x 0.15
12.0 x 20.0 x 3 x 0.15
12.4 x 18.5 x 4 x 0.15
12.8 x 18.5 x 5 x 0.15
12.4 x 19.0 x 6 x 0.15
13.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.10
13.0 x 19.0 x 2 x 0.10
13.2 x 19.0 x 2 x 0.15
13.2 x 19.0 x 3 x 0.15
14.6 x 21.0 x 1 x 0.10
14.6 x 22.0 x 2 x 0.10
14.2 x 22.0 x 2 x 0.15
14.6 x 22.0 x 3 x 0.15
14.2 x 22.0 x 4 x 0.15
14.2 x 21.2 x 5 x 0.15
14.2 x 22.0 x 6 x 0.15
16.6 x 24.0 x 1 x 0.10
16.6 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.10
16.8 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.15
16.4 x 24.0 x 3 x 0.15
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
2.10
2.45
2.40
2.40
2.50
2.50
3.00
1.80
1.85
2.15
2.20
1.90
2.15
2.30
2.75
2.80
2.80
3.40
2.00
2.00
2.30
2.50
178
163
166
166
144
155
137
153
204
186
155
145
196
170
151
142
149
88
138
179
155
160
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
19.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
18.5
20.0
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
17.6
17.6
17.6
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
18.3
18.3
18.8
21.1
21.1
21.1
21.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.4
12.8
12.4
13.0
13.0
13.2
13.2
14.6
14.6
14.2
14.6
14.2
14.2
14.2
16.6
16.6
16.8
16.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0.33
0.30
0.24
0.20
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.26
0.24
0.17
0.13
0.28
0.30
0.22
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.33
0.32
0.20
0.20
1.70
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
0.65
0.55
1.60
1.50
1.20
1.00
1.40
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.70
0.60
0.50
1.60
1.50
1.00
1.00
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.009
95
135
300
560
1745
3400
4000
74
160
600
900
85
130
330
720
800
1300
1500
60
126
420
680
0.053
0.075
0.17
0.32
0.90
1.80
2.15
0.040
0.090
0.34
0.51
0.065
0.093
0.24
0.55
0.57
0.88
1.070
0.05
0.11
0.38
0.60
7500
8600
20000
37000
100000
199900
164000
8800
18000
50500
72000
11200
14100
30600
48000
50000
77900
63800
9000
19200
49600
66600
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.86
1.92
1.94
2.01
2.01
2.04
2.04
2.51
2.63
2.57
2.63
2.57
2.46
2.57
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.20
0.60
0.90
0.92
1.39
1.39
1.73
2.20
0.24
0.48
0.72
1.10
0.30
0.66
1.01
1.35
1.70
2.00
2.50
0.37
0.73
1.10
1.70
100
101
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
16
18
20
21
185
250
300
370
16
38
70
75
105
125
200
260
375
450
14
50
90
165
190
315
410
15
16.4 x 24.0 x 4 x 0.15
16.4 x 24.0 x 5 x 0.15
16.0 x 24.5 x 4 x 0.20
16.0 x 24.5 x 5 x 0.20
18.0 x 28.0 x 1 x 0.15
18.0 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.15
18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.15
18.0 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.20
18.0 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.15
18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.20
18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.25
18.0 x 28.5 x 4 x 0.25
18.0 x 26.5 x 4 x 0.25
18.0 x 27.0 x 5 x 0.25
19.7 x 30.0 x 1 x 0.15
19.8 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.15
19.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.15
19.0 x 27.0 x 4 x 0.15
19.3 x 29.0 x 3 x 0.25
19.3 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.25
19.1 x 28.0 x 5 x 0.25
21.0 x 31.5 x 1 x 0.15
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
3.00
3.50
3.80
4.10
2.40
2.70
3.20
3.10
3.50
3.50
3.80
4.00
3.40
4.00
2.40
2.60
3.30
2.90
3.50
3.40
3.80
2.70
140
85
105
73
130
143
137
137
118
120
115
100
115
75
119
153
125
137
114
107
80
102
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.5/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
23.5
22.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
29.0
25.2
25.2
25.2
25.2
25.2
26.0
25.0
25.0
27.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
16.4
16.4
16.0
16.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
19.7
19.8
19.0
19.0
19.3
19.3
19.3
21.0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
8
0.18
0.16
0.13
0.12
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.28
0.27
0.24
0.17
0.16
0.11
0.09
0.40
0.30
0.28
0.18
0.16
0.11
0.09
0.42
0.80
0.70
0.50
0.40
1.50
1.30
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
1.50
1.20
0.90
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
1.60
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.013
0.012
0.009
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.012
0.010
0.013
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.014
1000
1420
2150
2800
90
185
310
600
485
1000
1700
2400
4580
5400
120
430
650
1100
2000
4600
6500
116
0.89
1.26
1.92
2.50
0.11
0.21
0.36
0.69
0.56
1.15
1.96
2.83
4.92
6.00
0.16
0.53
0.78
1.27
2.54
5.60
7.93
0.18
68000
71000
91600
102500
12400
20100
24000
49500
31400
64800
93400
121600
293000
256300
19200
54500
49400
103800
142800
332000
377000
16500
3.20
3.20
3.22
3.22
4.10
4.05
4.15
4.15
4.15
4.15
4.15
4.15
3.87
3.98
4.85
4.41
4.35
4.15
4.58
4.39
4.39
5.40
2.36
2.80
3.30
3.80
0.83
1.73
2.63
2.40
3.52
3.50
4.30
6.00
4.50
5.90
1.20
1.65
2.40
2.80
4.30
4.90
5.90
1.02
102
103
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
21
22
24
27
32
11
25
45
75
125
150
250
320
11
25
40
65
110
180
220
320
7
20
32
50
60
21.0 x 31.5 x 2 x 0.15
22.0 x 34.0 x 1 x 0.15
22.0 x 34.0 x 2 x 0.15
22.0 x 34.0 x 2 x 0.20
22.0 x 34.0 x 3 x 0.20
22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.20
22.0 x 35.0 x 4 x 0.25
22.0 x 35.0 x 4 x 0.30
22.0 x 35.0 x 5 x 0.30
24.2 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.15
24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.15
24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.20
24.0 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.25
24.0 x 36.5 x 3 x 0.25
24.0 x 36.5 x 4 x 0.25
24.0 x 36.5 x 5 x 0.25
24.0 x 36.5 x 6 x 0.25
27.0 x 41.0 x 1 x 0.15
27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.15
27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.20
27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.25
27.0 x 41.0 x 3 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.50
3.60
4.20
4.60
5.00
4.85
3.40
3.15
3.20
3.30
4.00
4.60
4.90
5.30
3.10
3.40
3.70
4.10
4.30
138
111
118
117
116
96
96
82
61
81
118
118
111
98
86
61
80
99
100
100
99
100
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
29.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
33.0
33.0
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
27.9
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.2
32.7
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
37.2
37.2
37.2
36.0
37.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
21.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0.37
0.52
0.46
0.38
0.33
0.32
0.25
0.20
0.17
0.52
0.48
0.38
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.19
0.65
0.60
0.46
0.36
0.40
1.40
1.65
1.55
1.30
1.15
1.05
1.00
0.70
0.60
1.65
1.50
1.30
1.20
1.00
0.90
0.75
0.60
1.60
1.50
1.30
1.00
1.00
0.012
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.015
0.013
0.010
0.009
0.018
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.019
0.019
0.016
0.014
0.013
214
84
170
390
600
900
1415
2500
3400
70
150
360
590
860
1200
2200
3700
52
110
260
520
430
0.32
0.14
0.30
0.66
1.02
1.54
2.50
4.43
6.02
0.14
0.30
0.72
1.17
1.72
2.40
4.40
7.39
0.13
0.27
0.65
1.31
1.10
30000
12600
23000
37400
54500
60000
81200
121800
176000
8700
20800
48600
74400
73800
77800
126000
180800
9400
16500
32900
53600
40300
5.40
6.16
6.16
6.16
6.16
6.16
6.36
6.38
6.38
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.15
7.15
7.15
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
1.98
1.21
2.42
3.30
4.90
6.60
8.70
10.90
13.70
1.3
2.6
4.0
4.8
7.2
9.0
11.4
13.6
1.7
3.5
5.2
7.0
7.0
104
105
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
27
29
30
34
70
90
110
160
10
18
36
50
90
140
180
240
280
350
10
20
6
11
25
40
55
100
27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.30
27.0 x 40.0 x 4 x 0.20
27.0 x 41.0 x 3 x 0.30
27.0 x 41.0 x 4 x 0.30
29.5 x 42.0 x 1 x 0.15
29.0 x 43.0 x 1 x 0.25
29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.20
29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.25
29.0 x 43.0 x 3 x 0.25
29.0 x 43.0 x 4 x 0.25
29.0 x 44.0 x 4 x 0.30
29.0 x 44.0 x 6 x 0.25
29.0 x 44.5 x 7 x 0.25
29.0 x 44.5 x 7 x 0.30
30.2 x 43.5 x 1 x 0.15
30.2 x 43.5 x 2 x 0.15
34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15
34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.20
34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.20
34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.25
34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.30
34.0 x 50.0 x 3 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
3.55
4.30
4.40
5.20
3.10
3.70
3.80
4.20
4.70
5.00
5.50
6.20
6.80
6.00
3.60
3.70
3.40
3.50
4.20
4.40
4.60
5.10
99
93
90
76
97
73
101
101
94
88
73
70
61
50
111
101
74
74
73
73
73
72
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.1
0.4/+0.1
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
37.5
36.5
37.5
37.5
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
39.0
39.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
46.0
36.0
36.0
38.5
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
45.3
45.3
45.3
45.3
45.3
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
29.5
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
30.2
30.2
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.30
0.32
0.26
0.23
0.55
0.48
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.26
0.24
0.17
0.65
0.55
0.80
0.65
0.63
0.53
0.46
0.40
0.90
0.80
0.80
0.70
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.75
0.60
0.50
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.50
1.45
1.25
1.00
1.00
0.011
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.031
0.011
0.020
0.018
0.022
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.016
0.016
900
700
1500
2200
70
210
260
510
920
1360
2100
2320
2900
5200
55
135
46
95
200
390
700
1200
2.26
1.71
3.80
5.54
0.19
0.61
0.74
1.44
2.60
3.85
6.10
6.80
8.50
15.30
0.16
0.40
0.18
0.36
0.77
1.50
2.70
4.57
123800
63700
134000
141100
14000
29800
35000
56200
81000
106000
138000
122000
127000
293000
8600
20000
10500
20500
30000
53300
87500
122000
9.10
8.80
9.10
9.10
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.5
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
13.9
13.9
13.9
13.9
13.9
13.9
8.0
8.7
12.0
16.0
2.0
3.2
4.9
6.3
9.5
12.6
17.0
19.6
23.5
29.0
2.2
4.4
2.5
3.4
6.9
8.6
10.0
16.0
106
107
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
34
38
42
130
250
260
300
370
8
22
35
50
70
120
170
215
320
360
9
25
32
40
70
115
140
34.0 x 51.0 x 4 x 0.30
34.0 x 48.0 x 5 x 0.30
34.0 x 50.0 x 6 x 0.30
34.0 x 51.0 x 7 x 0.30
34.0 x 51.0 x 8 x 0.30
38.8 x 56.0 x 1 x 0.20
38.8 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.20
38.8 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.25
39.0 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.30
38.2 x 56.0 x 3 x 0.30
38.2 x 56.0 x 4 x 0.30
38.2 x 56.0 x 5 x 0.30
38.2 x 56.0 x 6 x 0.30
38.2 x 54.0 x 7 x 0.30
38.2 x 54.0 x 8 x 0.30
42.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.20
42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.20
42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.25
42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.30
42.0 x 60.0 x 3 x 0.30
42.0 x 60.0 x 4 x 0.30
42.0 x 61.0 x 5 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
5.50
5.60
6.50
7.40
8.00
4.00
4.50
5.00
4.80
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.60
6.90
7.10
4.25
5.25
5.00
5.10
5.70
6.20
7.00
72
72
46
40
37
68
66
65
69
67
54
50
45
43
42
61
62
63
65
67
67
42
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.4/+0.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
46.0
46.0
46.0
45.0
45.0
47/52.5
47/52.5
47/52.5
52.5
47/52.5
49.0
49.0
49.0
49.0
49.0
50.5/57
50.5/57
50.5/57
57.0
50.5/57
50.5/57
55.0
51.3
51.3
51.3
51.3
56.3
56.0
56.0
56.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
38.8
38.8
38.8
39.0
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.2
38.2
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.38
0.28
0.30
0.26
0.22
0.80
0.70
0.62
0.50
0.47
0.41
0.38
0.34
0.23
0.22
0.75
0.75
0.67
0.56
0.48
0.45
0.42
0.95
0.75
0.75
0.60
0.50
1.50
1.40
1.25
1.05
1.00
0.90
0.65
0.58
0.50
0.45
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.05
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.022
0.022
0.020
0.012
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.011
0.009
0.019
0.024
0.021
0.018
0.017
0.018
0.018
1500
3500
3300
4400
6000
80
170
330
615
980
1400
2050
3100
5300
6300
90
180
380
520
1000
1500
2000
5.90
12.80
12.70
17.30
23.60
0.39
0.83
1.60
3.00
4.74
6.80
9.80
15.00
24.50
29.20
0.52
1.10
2.20
3.30
5.60
8.50
11.60
134400
281400
206700
217700
254000
16900
28300
44500
91000
130400
154000
189500
237000
355000
398400
19300
25400
59300
78000
120000
152000
162400
14.2
13.2
13.9
14.2
14.2
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.7
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
16.7
16.7
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.8
21.8
28.5
34.0
38.0
44.0
3.9
7.9
9.9
11.8
16.0
21.0
26.0
32.0
36.5
42.0
4.2
8.5
10.7
12.7
20.0
26.0
34.0
108
109
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
42
47
51
56
165
210
290
8
17
28
40
65
95
130
200
270
10
22
32
50
75
110
145
9
22
30
42.0 x 62.0 x 6 x 0.30
42.0 x 62.5 x 7 x 0.30
42.0 x 61.0 x 8 x 0.30
47.6 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.20
47.6 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.20
47.8 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.25
47.4 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.30
47.4 x 66.0 x 3 x 0.30
47.4 x 66.0 x 4 x 0.30
47.4 x 66.0 x 5 x 0.30
47.4 x 64.0 x 6 x 0.30
47.4 x 64.0 x 8 x 0.30
51.4 x 71.0 x 1 x 0.25
51.4 x 71.0 x 2 x 0.25
51.4 x 71.0 x 2 x 0.30
51.4 x 71.0 x 3 x 0.30
51.4 x 71.0 x 4 x 0.30
51.4 x 71.5 x 5 x 0.30
51.4 x 72.0 x 6 x 0.30
56.1 x 77.0 x 1 x 0.25
56.1 x 77.0 x 2 x 0.25
56.1 x 77.0 x 2 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
7.60
8.20
8.40
4.30
4.70
5.10
5.20
5.70
6.60
6.70
7.10
7.70
4.20
4.90
5.20
5.80
6.50
7.30
7.70
4.90
5.70
5.80
39
36
35
62
62
63
63
52
45
44
42
38
59
58
60
58
61
41
38
55
53
55
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.3/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
55.0
55.0
55.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
57.0
57.0
57.0
61.0
67.5
67.5
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
68/73
68/73
68/73
61.3
61.0
61.0
61.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
72.3
72.3
72.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
47.6
47.6
47.8
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
51.4
51.4
51.4
51.4
51.4
51.4
51.4
56.1
56.1
56.2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.40
0.38
0.30
0.80
0.77
0.70
0.56
0.51
0.48
0.44
0.32
0.22
0.80
0.75
0.66
0.60
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.95
0.90
0.72
0.85
0.80
0.65
1.50
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.40
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
1.40
1.35
1.20
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.017
0.017
0.015
0.015
0.013
0.010
0.018
0.020
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.014
0.023
0.025
0.021
2200
2600
4000
86
178
320
610
1240
1850
2550
4400
7000
160
330
530
950
1270
1630
2100
140
270
480
13.00
15.50
23.20
0.65
1.40
2.30
4.40
8.60
12.90
17.80
29.80
47.00
1.30
2.70
4.30
7.80
10.00
13.50
17.50
1.35
2.70
4.60
154500
158400
225500
22500
39000
59800
108800
184000
204000
274000
406200
549400
51000
77200
110100
158500
168900
173300
202300
38800
55200
94800
21.2
21.4
20.8
25.3
25.3
25.4
25.2
25.2
25.2
25.2
24.3
24.3
29.4
29.4
29.4
29.4
29.4
29.6
29.9
34.8
34.8
34.8
43.0
51.0
58.0
4.9
9.9
12.5
14.9
22.4
30.8
38.0
42.0
57.0
7.9
15.3
18.8
27.6
31.7
46.5
56.0
8.5
16.8
20.3
110
111
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
56
60
66
70
77
50
65
83
8
18
22
42
65
110
220
6
15
20
32
55
90
165
7
18
45
60
7
56.1 x 77.0 x 3 x 0.30
56.1 x 77.0 x 4 x 0.30
56.1 x 77.0 x 5 x 0.30
60.0 x 82.0 x 1 x 0.25
60.0 x 82.0 x 2 x 0.25
60.0 x 82.0 x 2 x 0.30
60.0 x 82.0 x 3 x 0.30
60.0 x 82.0 x 4 x 0.30
60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.30
60.8 x 79.0 x 7 x 0.30
65.5 x 90.0 x 1 x 0.25
65.5 x 90.0 x 2 x 0.25
65.4 x 90.0 x 2 x 0.30
65.4 x 90.0 x 3 x 0.30
65.4 x 86.0 x 3 x 0.30
65.4 x 90.0 x 6 x 0.30
65.4 x 85.0 x 6 x 0.30
72.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.25
70.5 x 95.0 x 2 x 0.30
70.5 x 92.0 x 3 x 0.30
70.5 x 92.0 x 4 x 0.30
77.5 x 101.0 x 1 x 0.25
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
6.20
6.70
7.20
5.20
5.90
6.00
6.00
6.70
7.70
7.20
5.30
6.00
6.10
6.60
6.40
8.20
7.10
4.50
5.90
6.10
7.00
5.50
56
58
41
52
52
52
54
59
38
41
47
48
51
60
63
36
36
52
46
55
53
48
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.1
0.6/+0.2
0.5/+0.3
0.5/+0.3
0.6/+0.2
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
68/73
73.0
73.0
78.0
78.0
78.0
78.0
78.0
76.0
73.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
82.0
78.0
82.0
78.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
95.0
77.3
77.3
77.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
95.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
56.2
56.2
56.2
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.8
65.5
65.5
65.4
65.4
65.4
65.4
65.4
72.0
70.5
70.5
70.5
77.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.65
0.62
0.57
1.10
1.00
0.80
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.35
1.10
1.00
0.95
0.85
0.60
0.65
0.40
1.00
1.00
0.70
0.67
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
1.50
1.40
1.10
0.90
0.80
0.65
0.60
1.40
1.35
1.20
1.10
0.85
0.80
0.60
1.35
1.35
0.90
0.80
1.30
0.020
0.015
0.013
0.025
0.025
0.022
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.016
0.018
0.012
0.017
0.023
0.017
0.012
0.024
880
1200
1600
125
250
440
700
1100
1800
4000
90
190
330
540
1075
1400
3300
150
360
900
1800
120
8.50
11.50
15.50
1.40
2.80
4.70
7.60
12.10
19.80
42.50
1.20
2.50
4.50
7.20
13.40
18.00
41.00
2.30
5.40
12.80
26.00
2.10
152300
178000
205000
35000
54300
92400
147000
185300
229600
565500
29100
47900
80300
112300
225300
188500
554500
77500
106000
239500
363000
47400
34.7
34.7
34.7
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
38.4
47.5
47.5
47.4
47.4
44.9
47.4
44.4
54.8
53.8
51.8
51.8
62.5
30.5
40.6
51.5
9.1
18.2
22.0
33.0
44.0
44.0
64.0
11.2
22.4
26.9
40.4
35.8
81.0
65.2
19
28
37
50
13
112
113
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g

Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion
length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0

lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
77
85
93
96
105
110
16
20
30
3
8
25
45
65
80
18
8
12
18
30
45
5
8
16
25
5
12
25
77.5 x 101.0 x 2 x 0.25
77.4 x 101.0 x 2 x 0.30
76.5 x 101.0 x 3 x 0.30
85.0 x 114.5 x 1 x 0.20
85.0 x 110.0 x 1 x 0.30
85.0 x 106.0 x 2 x 0.30
85.0 x 106.0 x 3 x 0.30
85.0 x 106.0 x 4 x 0.30
85.0 x 108.0 x 5 x 0.30
93.0 x 120.0 x 2 x 0.30
96.0 x 122.0 x 1 x 0.30
96.0 x 122.0 x 2 x 0.25
96.0 x 122.0 x 2 x 0.30
96.0 x 122.0 x 3 x 0.30
96.0 x 122.0 x 4 x 0.30
105.3 x 132.0 x 1 x 0.25
105.2 x 132.0 x 1 x 0.30
105,2 x 132.0 x 2 x 0.30
105.2 x 132.0 x 3 x 0.30
110.3 x 138.0 x 1 x 0.25
110.2 x 130.0 x 1 x 0.30
110.2 x 130.0 x 2 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
6.30
6.40
7.20
7.00
6.60
6.00
6.50
6.90
7.60
9.00
7.10
6.50
6.70
7.40
7.80
6.80
6.30
7.30
8.00
7.20
5.50
6.20
49
48
48
38
45
54
54
52
52
40
43
45
44
45
43
42
42
50
46
52
55
50
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.5/+0.3
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.6/+0.2
0.5/+0.3
0.5/+0.3
0.5/+0.3
0.6/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.7/+0.3
0.7/+0.3
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
0.8/+0.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
95.0
95.0
95.0
104.0
104.0
101.0
101.0
101.0
101.0
110.0
113.0
113.0
113.0
113.0
113.0
126.0
126.0
126.0
126.0
132.0
125.0
125.0
95.3
95.3
103.5
99.0
113.0
115.4
115.4
115.4
115.4
124.0
124.0
124.0
124.0
132.4
124.4
124.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
77.5
77.4
76.5
85.1
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
93.0
96.0
96.0
96.0
96.0
96.0
105.3
105.2
104.9
105.2
110.3
110.2
110.2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1.10
0.95
0.90
1.90
1.20
0.90
0.70
0.60
0.55
1.40
1.20
1.25
1.00
0.90
0.90
1.50
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.70
0.75
0.75
1.20
1.10
0.95
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.70
0.60
1.00
1.10
1.05
0.90
0.80
0.80
1.30
1.10
1.00
0.90
1.30
0.80
0.70
0.025
0.023
0.022
0.030
0.027
0.021
0.020
0.017
0.012
0.035
0.026
0.024
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.028
0.021
0.024
0.024
0.032
0.013
0.012
250
425
610
45
200
710
1150
1600
1700
360
180
220
385
620
1100
150
240
465
760
140
460
950
4.60
7.40
11.50
1.00
4.10
14.00
22.50
32.00
34.50
9.00
4.70
5.70
10.00
16.00
28.50
4.60
7.40
14.20
23.20
4.70
14.70
30.00
75300
123800
139000
13800
65500
268500
370000
460000
411000
75600
63600
92800
152800
202000
322000
68500
127500
183600
250500
62400
329000
535000
62.5
62.5
61.7
78.2
74.6
71.3
71.1
71.6
73.0
89.0
93.3
93.3
93.3
93.3
93.3
111
111
110
111
121
113
113
26
31
46
10
10
34
51
68
85
50
23
37
45
66
86
21
25
50
75
23
18
37
114
115
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion length
Max.
number of
corruga-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective
cross-
section
Weight
per cor-
rugation
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A

110
115
135
164
214
40
60
70
10
18
40
10
18
32
55
10
16
25
40
8
12
20
32
110.2 x 130.0 x 3 x 0.30
110.2 x 132.0 x 4 x 0.30
110.2 x 134.0 x 5 x 0.30
115.0 x 140.0 x 1 x 0.30
115.0 x 133.0 x 1 x 0.30
115.0 x 133.0 x 2 x 0.30
135.0 x 174.0 x 2 x 0.30
135.0 x 171.0 x 3 x 0.30
135.0 x 172.0 x 5 x 0.30
135.0 x 174.0 x 8 x 0.30
164.0 x 203.0 x 2 x 0.30
164.0 x 202.0 x 3 x 0.30
164.0 x 203.0 x 5 x 0.30
164.0 x 205.0 x 8 x 0.30
214.0 x 255.0 x 2 x 0.30
214.0 x 256.0 x 3 x 0.30
214.0 x 257.0 x 5 x 0.30
214.0 x 260.0 x 8 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
7.00
7.50
8.00
6.80
5.10
5.30
13.00
14.00
14.00
16.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
48
42
40
38
52
40
42
39
39
34
42
39
36
34
36
34
32
30
0.7/+0.3
0.7/+0.3
0.7/+0.3
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
0.5/+1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
1.5/+0.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
132.0
127.5
127.5
158.0
157.0
157.0
158.0
110.2
110.2
110.2
115.0
115.0
115.0
135.0
135.0
135.0
135.0
164.0
164.0
164.0
164.0
214.0
214.0
214.0
214.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.4
16.7
16.6
16.3
17
17.2
17.2
16.8
0.70
0.65
0.60
1.00
0.50
0.45
3.00
2.20
2.00
1.70
3.00
2.60
2.40
2.10
3.30
3.10
3.00
2.80
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.80
0.40
0.40
2.00
1.50
1.40
1.20
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.30
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.017
0.006
0.006
0.080
0.065
0.060
0.055
0.070
0.065
0.065
0.060
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
1600
2050
2200
330
780
1550
210
440
725
2500
250
425
750
1210
275
415
685
1075
50.00
65.00
71.00
11.70
26.20
52.00
11.00
22.50
37.30
130.00
18.40
31.00
33.00
90.00
33.00
50.00
83.00
132.00
706000
802000
769000
174000
692000
1273000
44500
78800
131000
350000
74700
109000
168000
241000
100800
134000
197000
280000
113
115
117
128
121
121
188
184
185
188
265
263
265
267
432
434
436
441
55
72
90
26.0
19.0
37.4
95
131
222
366
114
167
282
466
158
241
407
685
116 117
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
In addition to the reference diameter, the
maximum possible valve shaft diameter
is also indicated for HYDRA metal bellows
which are especially configured for ANSI
standard valves. The bellows are designed
to tolerate a test pressure of 1.5 times the
design pressure (compare Table 6.4.1.).
The correction factors for pressure and
load cycles have already been taken into
account, so that the number of corruga-
tions can be determined pursuant to
(6.1.5.a)

BAO: Bellows without connecting pieces
BAT: Bellows with connecting pieces
2
2n
nW =
Pressure range
(ANSI Class)
Design pressure at room temperature
pRT [bar]
Test pressure at room temperature
pT [bar]
150 25 37.5
300 50 75
600 100 150
800 134 200
900 150 225
1500 250 375
Nominal valve
diameter
ANSI pressure range
Class 800 and below
ANSI pressure range
above Class 800
GATE valve GLOBE valve GATE valve GLOBE valve
smaller than 2" 2.000 5.000 2.000 2.000
2" to 4" 2.000 5.000 1.000 2.000
larger than 4" 1.000 2.000 1.000 1.000
Pressure ranges as per ANSI B16.34
Load cycle numbers as per MSS SP-117
BAT:
Bellows with
connecting
pieces
Inside
diameter
di = 60 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 82 mm
15 corrugations
acc. to
Section 6.1.5.a
Individual
layers
thickness
s = 0.3 mm
Number
of single
layers
nL = 6
Material
1.4571
BAT 60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.3 15W 1.4571
Table 6.4.1.
Table 6.4.2.
Optimised
for ANSI
valves
118 119
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring
rate per cor-
rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions ( 30%)
mm mm bar mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
rate per cor-
rugation
di
Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000
Load cycles
2n, 1000
2,000
Load cycles
2n, 2000
5,000
Load cycles
2n, 5000
9
16
18
22
24
7.5
14.5
16.5
20.5
22.5
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
235
214
220
191
258
104
106
104
103
89
97
93
75
75
82
73
77
77
59
65
71
63
1.30
1.75
1.75
2.00
1.50
2.00
2.30
2.50
3.00
3.80
2.70
2.60
3.50
3.80
3.50
2.80
3.20
3.30
4.30
4.50
3.10
3.30
-0.4/+0.1
-0.4/+0.1
-0.4/+0.1
-0.4/+0.1
-0.5/+0.1
-0.4/+0.1
-0.4/+0.1
-0.5/+0.1
-0.5/+0.1
-0.5/+0.1
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
12.5
13.0
12.5
12.5
11.7
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
24.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
30.0
30.0
34.0
34.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
16.6
16.8
16.4
16.4
16.0
18.2
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
24.2
24.2
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0.26
0.32
0.22
0.22
0.13
0.47
0.35
0.35
0.31
0.22
0.61
0.43
0.40
0.35
0.25
0.63
0.45
0.38
0.38
0.29
0.75
0.51
0.23
0.28
0.19
0.19
0.11
0.41
0.30
0.30
0.27
0.19
0.54
0.38
0.35
0.30
0.22
0.55
0.39
0.33
0.33
0.26
0.66
0.45
0.19
0.23
0.16
0.16
0.09
0.34
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.16
0.44
0.31
0.29
0.25
0.18
0.45
0.32
0.27
0.27
0.21
0.54
0.37
115
160
450
760
1230
126
420
680
1000
2150
154
405
1000
1700
2840
217
660
1020
1900
3600
200
590
9.0 x 14.0 x 1 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.5 x 2 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.0 x 3 x 0.10
9.0 x 14.0 x 4 x 0.10
9.0 x 13.0 x 4 x 0.10
16.6 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.10
16.8 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.15
16.4 x 24.0 x 3 x 0.15
16.4 x 24.0 x 4 x 0.15
16.0 x 24.5 x 4 x 0.20
18.2 x 26.0 x 2 x 0.10
18.0 x 26.0 x 2 x 0.15
18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.20
18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.25
18.0 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.25
22.0 x 32.5 x 2 x 0.15
22.0 x 32.0 x 2 x 0.20
22.0 x 32.0 x 3 x 0.20
22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.25
22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.30
24.2 x 35.5 x 2 x 0.15
24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.25
120 121
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
rate per cor-
rugation
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
rate per cor-
rugation
di
Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000
Load cycles
2n, 1000
2,000
Load cycles
2n, 2000
5,000
Load cycles
2n, 5000
24
27
29
34
38
25.0
27.0
32.0
36.2
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
62
64
66
111
88
93
87
83
88
82
88
70
73
73
75
78
70
83
73
70
67
54
4.00
4.60
4.80
2.80
4.00
4.00
5.20
3.80
3.80
5.00
4.80
5.80
4.20
4.60
5.10
5.20
5.60
4.50
4.40
5.50
6.00
6.40
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.5
37.5
36.5
37.5
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
45.0
45.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
47.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
38.8
39.0
38.2
38.2
38.2
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.49
0.39
0.31
0.67
0.56
0.45
0.36
0.83
0.63
0.56
0.49
0.42
1.00
0.74
0.61
0.49
0.40
0.97
0.67
0.65
0.58
0.45
0.43
0.34
0.27
0.58
0.49
0.39
0.32
0.73
0.55
0.49
0.43
0.37
0.88
0.65
0.54
0.43
0.35
0.85
0.58
0.57
0.51
0.39
0.35
0.28
0.22
0.48
0.40
0.32
0.26
0.60
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.72
0.53
0.44
0.35
0.29
0.70
0.48
0.47
0.42
0.32
860
2060
3650
220
660
1250
2200
260
690
1360
2100
4020
270
700
1560
2850
3500
310
1000
1400
2050
4550
24.0 x 36.5 x 3 x 0.25
24.0 x 36.0 x 4 x 0.25
24.0 x 35.5 x 5 x 0.25
27.0 x 38.0 x 2 x 0.15
27.0 x 40.0 x 2 x 0.25
27.0 x 39.5 x 3 x 0.25
27.0 x 41.0 x 4 x 0.30
29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.20
29.0 x 42.0 x 2 x 0.25
29.0 x 43.0 x 4 x 0.25
29.0 x 41.5 x 4 x 0.25
29.0 x 43.0 x 5 x 0.30
34.0 x 49.0 x 2 x 0.20
34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.30
34.0 x 49.0 x 3 x 0.30
34.0 x 48.0 x 4 x 0.30
34.0 x 48.0 x 5 x 0.30
38.8 x 53.5 x 2 x 0.20
39.0 x 54.0 x 2 x 0.30
38.2 x 56.0 x 4 x 0.30
38.2 x 55.0 x 5 x 0.30
38.2 x 54.0 x 6 x 0.30
122 123
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
rate per cor-
rugation
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
rate per cor-
rugation
di
Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000
Load cycles
2n, 1000
2,000
Load cycles
2n, 2000
5,000
Load cycles
2n, 5000
42
47
53
56
60
66
70
85
40.0
45.4
51.0
54.0
58.0
63.4
68.5
83.0
150
300
600
800/900
1500
150
300
600
800/900
1500
1500
150
300
600
800/900
150
300
600
800/900
150
300
150
25
50
100
150
250
25
50
100
150
250
250
25
50
100
150
25
50
100
150
25
50
25
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
63
73
67
59
53
63
78
61
58
51
51
60
56
55
52
52
56
53
54
53
61
54
5.00
4.80
6.20
7.40
8.00
5.10
5.00
6.30
7.10
7.70
7.70
5.40
6.10
7.20
7.50
5.80
6.40
8.10
7.10
6.00
5.50
6.00
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.4/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
57.0
50.5
50.5
55.0
55.0
62.5
56.5
57.0
57.0
57.0
64.0
68.0
68.0
73.0
73.0
75.0
82.0
82.0
80.0
85.0
85.0
101.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
47.8
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.7
53.0
56.1
56.2
56.2
60.0
65.4
65.4
65.4
65.4
70.5
70.5
85.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1.14
0.75
0.72
0.61
0.46
1.21
0.72
0.70
0.51
0.36
0.45
1.25
1.00
0.90
0.58
1.25
0.97
1.04
0.63
1.25
0.97
1.39
1.00
0.66
0.63
0.54
0.40
1.06
0.63
0.61
0.45
0.32
0.39
1.10
0.88
0.79
0.51
1.10
0.85
0.91
0.55
1.10
0.85
1.22
0.82
0.54
0.52
0.44
0.33
0.87
0.52
0.50
0.37
0.26
0.32
0.90
0.72
0.65
0.42
0.90
0.70
0.75
0.45
0.90
0.70
1.00
380
880
1500
2900
4830
320
1025
1850
4400
7000
7700
425
990
1600
3300
530
985
2010
3300
565
1220
710
42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.25
42.0 x 58.0 x 2 x 0.30
42.0 x 60.0 x 4 x 0.30
42.0 x 61.0 x 6 x 0.30
42.0 x 60.0 x 7 x 0.30
47.8 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.25
47.4 x 63.0 x 2 x 0.30
47.4 x 65.0 x 4 x 0.30
47.4 x 64.0 x 6 x 0.30
47.4 x 64.0 x 8 x 0.30
53.0 x 70.0 x 8 x 0.30
56.1 x 74.5 x 2 x 0.25
56.2 x 76.0 x 3 x 0.30
56.2 x 77.0 x 5 x 0.30
60.0 x 79.0 x 6 x 0.30
65.4 x 87.0 x 2 x 0.30
65.4 x 86.0 x 3 x 0.30
65.4 x 88.0 x 6 x 0.30
65.4 x 85.0 x 6 x 0.30
70.5 x 92.0 x 2 x 0.30
70.5 x 90.0 x 3 x 0.30
85.0 x 106.0 x 2 x 0.30
124 125
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference
diameter
Max. shaft
diam.
ANSI
Class
Nominal
pressure
rugation
length
Max.
no. of
corruga-
tions
rate per cor-
rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw ( 30%)
di
Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000
Load cycles
2n, 1000
2,000
Load cycles
2n, 2000
5,000
Load cycles
2n, 5000
85
96
110
83.0
94.0
108.2
300
600
800/900
150
300
50
100
150
25
30
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
1.4541 / 1.4571
58
51
44
50
58
6.20
7.20
8.20
6.20
7.00
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.6/+0.2
-0.8/+0.2
-0.8/+0.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
101.0
101.0
108.0
125.0
125.0
85.0
85.0
96.0
110.2
110.2
10
10
10
10
10
1.04
0.92
0.68
1.20
0.99
0.91
0.80
0.60
1.05
0.86
0.75
0.66
0.49
0.86
0.71
1300
2590
6100
950
1875
85.0 x 105.0 x 3 x 0.30
85.0 x 105.0 x 5 x 0.30
96.0 x 116.0 x 8 x 0.30
110.2 x 130.0 x 2 x 0.30
110.2 x 129.0 x 3 x 0.30
127
6.5 | HYDRA bronze bellows
Bronze bellows for measurement and
control technology
Based on their small spring rates, bronze
bellows are especially suited for measure-
ment and control technology applications.
They are manufactured with seamless
sleeves made of materials 2.1020 (CuSn6)
or 2.1030 (CuSn8).
BAO: Bellows without connecting parts
BAT: Bellows with connecting parts
BAO:
Bellows without
connecting part
Inside
diameter
di = 6,3 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 9,7 mm
8 corruga-
tions
acc. to
Section 6.1
Individual
layers
thickness s
= 0.1 mm
Number
of single
layers
nL = 1
Material
2.1020
BAO 6.3 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.1 8W 2.1020
Preferred
dimensions
129 128
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
tion length
Max.
number
of corru-
Tolerances B-
cuff

( 30%)
Effective Weight
per cor-
rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw gations di Da d4
2
g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2
Axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
Axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c A
4
5
6
8
9
12
14
16
18
22
27
34
30
20
12
20
8
6
5
5
5
4
3
3
2
4.06 x 6.0 x 1 x 0.070
5.34 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.080
6.24 x 10.0 x 1 x 0.080
6.30 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.10
8.0 x 12.5 x 1 x 0.080
9.0 x 14.0 x 1 x 0.080
12.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.090
14.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10
16.0 x 24.0 x 1 x 0.11
18.0 x 28.0 x 1 x 0.11
22.0 x 34.0 x 1 x 0.12
27.0 x 39.0 x 1 x 0.13
34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
2.1020 / 2.1030
0.70
0.95
1.25
1.25
1.30
1.45
1.80
2.20
1.95
2.20
2.80
2.90
3.60
57
53
48
48
231
207
167
136
154
136
125
138
111
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
-0.3/+0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
5.5
7.0
8.5
8.5
11.7
13.0
18.0
18.5
21.5
25.0
30.0
37.5
47.0

12.3
16.8
19.3
21.1
25.2
30.2
37.2
45.3
2
2.5
3.5
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.06
5.34
6.24
6.30
8.0
9.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
22.0
27.0
34.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.60
0.65
0.80
1.00
1.25
1.75
1.20
1.75
2.10
2.10
2.00
1.60
2.10
2.00
1.90
2.00
2
4
8
4
8
11
14
14
11
11
20
19
22
207
120
51
105
47
40
28
52
49
27
25
41
34
0.011
0.012
0.007
0.015
0.011
0.012
0.015
0.037
0.043
0.031
0.064
0.097
0.131
32000
17700
6500
12900
8800
7500
6200
10400
15400
8800
7500
16000
13800
0.20
0.35
0.53
0.51
0.85
1.04
1.92
2.63
3.18
4.34
6.20
8.60
14.2
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.24
0.38
0.45
0.62
1.00
1.32
2.53

131
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with normal profile
Flexibility for small installation spaces
HYDRA diaphragm bellows with normal
profiles have a very high range of move-
ment.
They are particularly suited for applica-
tions in which large movements must
be implemented in very little installation
space. Standard material is 1.4571. Bellows
which are subject to high loads can also be
made of the hardening material AM 350.
Axial loads require a movement distribu-
tion of 80% compression and 20% stretch-
ing.
MO: Bellows without connecting parts
MM: Bellows with connecting parts
MO:
Diaphragm
bellows without
connecting
parts
Inside
diameter
di = 26 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 57 mm
8 diaphragm
pairs
Individual
layers
thickness
s = 0.1 mm
Number
of single
layers
nL = 1
Material
1.4571
MO 26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.1 8MP 1.4571
Preferred
dimensions
132 133
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
Bellows profile Material Length per
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
PN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm
2
g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces
** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profile
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
11
12
17
21
26
5.0
8.0
4.0
6.0
2.5
5.2
8.0
12.0
2.1
3.6
1.3
2.8
5.2
1.0
2.2
4.0
2.0
3.0
0.8
1.8
3.2
11.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10
11.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.15
11.0 x 27.0 x 1 x 0.10
11.0 x 27.0 x 1 x 0.15
11.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.10
11.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.15
12.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10
12.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.15
17.0 x 37.0 x 1 x 0.10
17.0 x 37.0 x 1 x 0.15
21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.10
21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.15
21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.20
21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.10
21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.15
21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.20
25.5 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.10
25.5 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15
26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.10
26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.15
26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.2
1.0
1.0
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
3.1
3.1
1.9
1.9
3.6
3.7
3.5
120
120
100
95
65
65
145
145
67
67
140
140
140
45
45
45
145
145
75
75
80
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
1.00 = + 0.20 / 0.80
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
1.20 = + 0.24 / 0.96
1.00 = + 0.20 / 0.80
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
1.70 = + 0.34 / 1.36
1.40 = + 0.28 / 1.12
1.60 = + 0.32 / 1.28
1.50 = + 0.30 / 1.20
1.40 = + 0.28 / 1.12
2.40 = + 0.48 / 1.92
2.20 = + 0.44 / 1.76
2.00 = + 0.40 / 1.60
1.00 = + 0.20 / 0.80
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
2.70 = + 0.54 / 2.16
2.50 = + 0.50 / 2.00
2.30 = + 0.46 / 1.84
1.11
0.97
1.21
0.96
1.31
1.09
0.94
0.81
1.44
1.19
1.15
1.08
1.01
1.57
1.44
1.31
0.61
0.55
1.49
1.38
1.27
0.0038
0.0033
0.0049
0.0042
0.0083
0.0069
0.0027
0.0023
0.0088
0.0072
0.0067
0.0062
0.0058
0.0146
0.0129
0.0118
0.0033
0.0030
0.0156
0.0148
0.0129
100
210
77
160
52
107
180
390
60
110
50
90
136
35
64
106
40
95
34
66
101
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.13
0.05
0.10
0.11
0.25
0.10
0.17
0.11
0.20
0.30
0.09
0.17
0.28
0.12
0.30
0.13
0.25
0.38
28000
59000
21000
38000
7100
15000
78000
169000
15000
27000
19000
34000
51400
6300
12200
20300
23700
56000
6800
12400
21300
2.2
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.7
2.0
2.0
6.0
6.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
11.6
11.6
14.2
14.2
14.2
0.46
0.68
0.76
1.15
1.06
1.58
0.32
0.48
1.36
2.04
1.72
2.57
3.43
2.46
3.69
4.93
2.32
3.49
3.23
4.85
6.47
134 135
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
29
33
36
38
42
44
47
0.7
1.6
2.9
0.6
1.4
2.6
0.5
1.3
2.4
0.7
1.6
3.0
0.5
1.1
1.9
0.4
1.0
1.8
0.4
1.0
1.8
29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.10
29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.15
29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.20
33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.10
33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.15
33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.20
36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.10
36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.15
36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.20
38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.10
38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.15
38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.20
42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.10
42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.15
42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.20
44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.10
44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.15
44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.20
47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.10
47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15
47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.8
4.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
4.1
4.0
4.4
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.3
72
75
75
75
75
75
72
72
70
110
105
100
42
45
40
35
35
35
32
32
34
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
2.90 = + 0.58 / 2.32
2.70 = + 0.54 / 2.16
2.50 = + 0.50 / 2.00
3.10 = + 0.62 / 2.48
2.90 = + 0.58 / 2.32
2.70 = + 0.54 / 2.16
3.30 = + 0.66 / 2.64
3.10 = + 0.62 / 2.48
2.90 = + 0.58 / 2.32
2.70 = + 0.54 / 2.16
2.50 = + 0.50 / 2.00
2.30 = + 0.46 / 1.84
3.60 = + 0.72 / 2.88
3.40 = + 0.68 / 2.72
3.20 = + 0.64 / 2.56
3.70 = + 0.74 / 2.96
3.50 = + 0.70 / 2.80
3.20 = + 0.64 / 2.56
3.80 = + 0.76 / 3.04
3.60 = + 0.72 / 2.88
3.30 = + 0.66 / 2.64
1.48
1.38
1.27
1.42
1.33
1.24
1.40
1.32
1.23
1.19
1.10
1.01
1.34
1.27
1.19
1.32
1.25
1.15
1.29
1.22
1.12
0.0163
0.0148
0.0133
0.0152
0.0143
0.0133
0.0154
0.0145
0.0143
0.0086
0.0083
0.0079
0.0160
0.0147
0.0152
0.0161
0.0153
0.0140
0.0165
0.0156
0.0140
32
58
95
30
55
94
29
51
89
35
60
100
27
48
75
26
47
75
26
47
78
0.14
0.26
0.42
0.16
0.30
0.51
0.18
0.32
0.57
0.21
0.35
0.59
0.22
0.40
0.62
0.23
0.42
0.67
0.26
0.47
0.78
6700
12900
22300
8200
15100
25700
8800
15500
24300
22700
36000
55600
9100
17000
22000
9100
16400
26000
9200
16600
28800
16.6
16.6
16.6
20.4
20.4
20.4
23.8
23.8
23.8
21.8
21.8
21.8
30.7
30.7
30.7
33.2
33.2
33.2
36.9
36.9
36.9
3.62
5.43
7.24
4.27
6.41
8.55
4.89
7.33
9.77
3.66
5.49
7.32
6.03
9.04
12.1
6.43
9.65
12.9
6.96
10.4
13.9
136 137
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
52
57
62
67
72
1.0
2.1
4.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
0.7
1.4
2.1
0.7
1.2
1.9
1.0
1.8
3.0
0.6
1.1
1.8
0.6
1.0
52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.10
52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.15
52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.20
52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.10
52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.15
52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.20
57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.15
57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.20
57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.25
62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.15
62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.20
62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.25
67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.15
67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.20
67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.25
67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.15
67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.20
67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.25
72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.15
72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.8
4.8
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.7
5.1
5.3
5.3
45
45
45
38
40
38
32
32
32
32
32
32
36
36
36
32
32
30
250
250
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
2.40 = + 0.48 / 1.92
2.20 = + 0.44 / 1.76
2.00 = + 0.40 / 1.60
4.00 = + 0.80 / 3.20
3.80 = + 0.76 / 3.04
3.50 = + 0.70 / 2.80
4.10 = + 0.82 / 3.28
3.90 = + 0.78 / 3.12
3.60 = + 0.72 / 2.88
4.30 = + 0.86 / 3.44
4.10 = + 0.82 / 3.28
3.80 = + 0.76 / 3.04
3.00 = + 0.60 / 2.40
2.50 = + 0.50 / 2.00
2.10 = + 0.42 / 1.68
4.50 = + 0.90 / 3.60
4.30 = + 0.86 / 3.44
4.00 = + 0.80 / 3.20
4.70 = + 0.94 / 3.76
4.50 = + 0.90 / 3.60
0.83
0.76
0.69
1.25
1.18
1.09
1.18
1.12
1.04
1.15
1.10
1.02
0.81
0.68
0.57
1.13
1.08
1.00
1.10
1.06
0.0077
0.0071
0.0064
0.0166
0.0155
0.0146
0.0165
0.0156
0.0150
0.0164
0.0156
0.0145
0.0106
0.0088
0.0074
0.0160
0.0147
0.0148
0.0170
0.0163
70
128
212
24
50
70
42
65
91
43
61
89
69
123
192
40
59
88
43
54
0.67
1.22
2.01
0.28
0.59
0.83
0.58
0.90
1.25
0.69
0.97
1.42
1.07
1.92
2.99
0.73
1.08
1.61
0.89
1.12
44700
82000
135000
9200
20000
26800
17300
26700
34500
19700
27900
40600
36500
65000
101500
21000
33500
42500
22000
27400
34.0
34.0
34.0
43.6
43.6
43.6
51.0
51.0
51.0
58.9
58.9
58.9
56.9
56.9
56.9
67.3
67.3
67.3
76.4
76.4
4.64
6.97
9.29
7.94
11.9
15.9
13.5
18.0
22.5
15.1
20.2
25.2
11.1
14.9
18.6
16.9
22.5
28.2
18.7
25.0
138 139
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
72
82
87
92
97
1.6
0.7
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
0.9
1.4
0.8
1.3
1.9
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.9
0.8
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.7
3.9
0.8
72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.25
77.0 x 107 x 1 x 0.10
77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.15
77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.20
77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.25
82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.15
82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.20
82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.25
87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.20
87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.25
87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.30
92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.15
92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.20
92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.25
92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.30
92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.20
92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.25
92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.30
97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.20
97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.25
97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.30
97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
5.2
3.4
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.2
6.0
6.2
6.2
4.0
4.2
4.2
6.0
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
4.20 = + 0.84 / 3.36
2.70 = + 0.54 / 2.16
4.90 = + 0.98 / 3.92
4.70 = + 0.94 / 3.76
4.40 = + 0.88 / 3.52
5.00 = + 1.00 / 4.00
4.80 = + 0.96 / 3.84
4.50 = + 0.90 / 3.60
5.20 = + 1.04 / 4.16
5.00 = + 1.00 / 4.00
4.70 = + 0.94 / 3.76
3.90 = + 0.78 / 3.12
3.20 = + 0.64 / 2.56
3.00 = + 0.60 / 2.40
2.80 = + 0.56 / 2.24
5.30 = + 1.06 / 4.24
5.10 = + 1.02 / 4.08
4.80 = + 0.96 / 3.84
2.80 = + 0.56 / 2.24
2.40 = + 0.48 / 1.92
2.20 = + 0.44 / 1.76
5.50 = + 1.10 / 4.40
0.99
0.67
1.09
1.04
0.97
1.05
1.01
0.95
1.04
1.00
0.94
0.79
0.65
0.61
0.57
1.01
0.97
0.91
0.56
0.48
0.44
1.00
0.0149
0.0066
0.0164
0.0160
0.0153
0.0165
0.0164
0.0156
0.0171
0.0168
0.0160
0.0092
0.0077
0.0072
0.0069
0.0175
0.0174
0.0164
0.0064
0.0058
0.0053
0.0173
76
52
38
52
75
38
52
74
54
75
101
46
32
45
62
56
77
102
142
221
318
59
1.58
0.96
0.89
1.22
1.75
0.98
1.35
1.92
1.56
2.16
2.91
1.28
0.89
1.25
1.73
1.77
2.44
3.23
4.13
6.43
9.26
2.06
40000
57000
22500
30000
41300
23200
30000
40600
33000
44200
57600
55000
36400
51200
67300
33900
43600
57800
178000
251000
361000
39300
76.4
67.1
86.0
86.0
86.0
95.2
95.2
95.2
106
106
106
101
101
101
101
116
116
116
106
106
106
128
31.2
6.9
20.7
27.6
34.5
22.2
29.6
37.0
32.4
40.5
48.6
17.9
23.9
29.8
35.8
34.5
43.2
51.8
21.5
26.9
32.2
37.5
140 141
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
97
102
112
121
127
152
1.1
1.7
0.7
1.1
1.6
0.6
1.0
1.4
0.9
1.4
2.0
0.7
0.9
1.3
1.6
0.5
0.9
1.2
0.5
0.7
1.0
97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.25
97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.30
102 x 163 x 1 x 0.20
102 x 163 x 1 x 0.25
102 x 163 x 1 x 0.30
112 x 173 x 1 x 0.20
112 x 173 x 1 x 0.25
112 x 173 x 1 x 0.30
121 x 173 x 1 x 0.20
121 x 173 x 1 x 0.25
121 x 173 x 1 x 0.30
127 x 185 x 1 x 0.15
127 x 185 x 1 x 0.20
127 x 185 x 1 x 0.25
127 x 185 x 1 x 0.30
127 x 195 x 1 x 0.20
127 x 195 x 1 x 0.25
127 x 195 x 1 x 0.30
152 x 226 x 1 x 0.20
152 x 226 x 1 x 0.25
152 x 226 x 1 x 0.30

1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.0
6.2
6.2
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.0
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.5
7.9
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
5.30 = + 1.06 / 4.24
5.00 = + 1.00 / 4.00
5.70 = + 1.14 / 4.56
5.50 = + 1.10 / 4.40
5.20 = + 1.04 / 4.16
5.60 = + 1.12 / 4.48
5.30 = + 1.06 / 4.24
5.00 = + 1.00 / 4.00
5.20 = + 1.04 / 4.16
4.80 = + 0.96 / 3.84
4.50 = + 0.90 / 3.60
4.90 = + 0.98 / 3.92
4.80 = + 0.96 / 3.84
4.60 = + 0.92 / 3.68
4.40 = + 0.88 / 3.52
6.10 = + 1.22 / 4.88
5.80 = + 1.16 / 4.64
5.40 = + 1.08 / 4.32
6.70 = + 1.34 / 5.36
6.40 = + 1.28 / 5.12
6.10 = + 1.22 / 4.88
0.96
0.91
0.99
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.81
0.75
0.70
0.72
0.71
0.68
0.65
0.87
0.83
0.77
0.81
0.78
0.74
0.0173
0.0163
0.0172
0.0179
0.0170
0.0162
0.0158
0.0149
0.0141
0.0134
0.0126
0.0117
0.0114
0.0110
0.0112
0.0169
0.0163
0.0154
0.0160
0.0146
0.0169
76
103
50
77
103
40
61
81
65
101
146
40
60
78
96
42
64
90
38
60
80
2.65
3.60
1.92
2.95
3.95
1.77
2.70
3.59
3.06
4.76
6.88
2.12
3.19
4.14
5.10
2.38
3.62
5.09
2.96
4.68
6.23
47500
64300
36500
48000
64200
31600
45400
60200
58000
85200
123000
46500
70000
91000
97000
36400
54000
73500
44000
76000
67000
128
128
140
140
140
162
162
162
172
172
172
192
192
192
192
207
207
207
284
284
284
46.9
56.3
40.6
50.8
60.9
43.7
54.6
65.5
38.4
48.0
57.6
34.1
45.5
56.9
68.2
55.0
68.8
82.5
70.3
87.9
105
143 142 143
Normal profile 1 Normal profile 2
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
177
202
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.8
177 x 257 x 1 x 0.20
177 x 257 x 1 x 0.25
177 x 257 x 1 x 0.30
202 x 287 x 1 x 0.20
202 x 287 x 1 x 0.25
202 x 287 x 1 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
8.9
8.9
7.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
250
250
250
250
250
250
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
7.20 = + 1.44 / 5.76
6.80 = + 1.36 / 5.44
6.30 = + 1.26 / 5.04
7.80 = + 1.56 / 6.24
7.40 = + 1.48 / 5.92
6.90 = + 1.38 / 5.52
0.76
0.72
0.67
0.73
0.69
0.65
0.0196
0.0185
0.0145
0.0180
0.0173
0.0161
34
56
75
30
52
70
3.49
5.75
7.70
3.91
6.78
9.13
30300
50000
94000
37200
63000
85000
374
374
374
474
474
474
87.3
109
131
104
131
157
145
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profiles
Diaphragm bellows with increased
pressure resistance
HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow
profiles are more pressure resistant and
also have a higher spring rate than
diaphragm bellows with standard profiles.
The range of movement is somewhat
smaller. For this reason they are well
suited for static applications, such as
sliding ring seals, for example. The
standard material is of 1.4571.
Bellows which are subject to high
loads can also be made of the hardening
material AM 350. Axial loads require
a movement distribution of 80% com-
pression and 20% expansion.
MO: Bellows without connecting parts
MM: Bellows with connecting parts
MO:
Diaphragm
bellows without
connecting parts
Inside
diameter
di = 25.5 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 36.5 mm
8 diaphragm
pairs
Individual
layers
thickness
s = 0.1 mm
Number
of single
layers
nL = 1
Material
1.4571
MO 25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.1 8MP 1.4571
Preferred
dimensions
146
147
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
12
17
25
29
34
36
37
39
42
44
8.0
12.0
3.5
6.0
8.0
12.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
12.0 x 20.0 x 1 x 0.10
12.0 x 20.0 x 1 x 0.15
17.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.10
17.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.15
25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.10
25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.15
29.5 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.10
29.5 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.15
33.5 x 46.5 x 1 x 0.10
33.5 x 46.5 x 1 x 0.15
34.5 x 47.5 x 1 x 0.10
34.5 x 47.5 x 1 x 0.15
36.0 x 53.0 x 1 x 0.10
36.0 x 53.0 x 1 x 0.15
37.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.10
37.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15
39.5 x 52.5 x 1 x 0.10
39.5 x 52.5 x 1 x 0.15
42.5 x 55.5 x 1 x 0.10
42.5 x 55.5 x 1 x 0.15
44.5 x 57.5 x 1 x 0.10
44.5 x 57.5 x 1 x 0.15
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
145
145
95
95
230
230
200
200
200
185
215
200
145
145
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
175
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.50 = + 0.10 / 0.40
0.40 = + 0.08 / 0.32
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.50 = + 0.10 / 0.40
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.72
0.57
0.86
0.76
0.44
0.37
0.45
0.38
0.40
0.34
0.39
0.34
0.41
0.36
0.37
0.32
0.35
0.30
0.33
0.28
0.31
0.27
0.0021
0.0017
0.0038
0.0033
0.0015
0.0013
0.0018
0.0016
0.0016
0.0015
0.0015
0.0014
0.0023
0.0020
0.0016
0.0014
0.0015
0.0013
0.0014
0.0012
0.0014
0.0013
200
500
100
190
105
280
110
265
105
247
100
250
70
150
103
310
97
300
92
310
100
250
0.11
0.28
0.13
0.24
0.22
0.59
0.31
0.75
0.37
0.86
0.37
0.92
0.30
0.65
0.43
1.28
0.45
1.38
0.48
1.62
0.57
1.42
76800
192000
38400
72900
105000
280000
109000
263000
129000
263000
149000
322000
57600
123000
130000
391000
137000
423000
147000
497000
173000
381000
2.1
2.1
4.65
4.65
7.6
7.6
10.3
10.3
12.7
12.7
13.3
13.3
15.6
15.6
15.0
15.0
16.7
16.7
19.0
19.0
20.5
20.5
0.42
0.63
0.84
1.27
0.85
1.27
1.16
1.74
1.29
1.94
1.32
1.98
1.88
2.82
1.40
2.11
1.48
2.23
1.58
2.37
1.65
2.47
148
149
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
47
52
57
62
67
72
77
82
84
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
1.0
2.0
2.5
9.0
12.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
47.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.10
47.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.15
52.5 x 65.5 x 1 x 0.10
52.5 x 65.5 x 1 x 0.15
57.0 x 70.0 x 1 x 0.10
57.0 x 70.0 x 1 x 0.15
62.5 x 75.5 x 1 x 0.10
62.5 x 75.5 x 1 x 0.15
62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15
62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20
62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.25
67.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.15
67.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.20
67.0 x 83.0 x 1 x 0.15
67.0 x 83.0 x 1 x 0.20
72.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15
72.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20
77.0 x 93.0 x 1 x 0.15
77.0 x 93.0 x 1 x 0.20
82.0 x 98.0 x 1 x 0.15
82.0 x 98.0 x 1 x 0.20
84.0 x 100 x 1 x 0.15
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
175
160
175
160
165
145
95
95
75
75
95
90
90
90
85
110
105
110
105
95
90
95
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
1.50 = + 0.3 / 1.2
1.40 = + 0.28 / 1.12
1.30 = + 0.26 / 1.04
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.30
0.26
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.22
0.23
0.20
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.22
0.19
0.24
0.21
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.19
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0025
0.0024
0.0022
0.0010
0.0009
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
100
250
108
286
102
270
100
260
148
248
380
200
500
225
560
190
530
200
540
213
550
220
0.62
1.56
0.82
2.17
0.90
2.38
1.04
2.70
1.82
3.04
4.66
2.36
5.89
2.76
6.87
2.65
7.40
3.15
8.51
3.76
9.72
4.06
168000
371000
220000
517000
241000
565000
318000
825000
346000
579000
888000
720000
1583000
74000
1635000
712500
1760000
847000
2025000
1011000
2312000
1091000
22.6
22.6
27.4
27.4
31.8
31.8
37.5
37.5
44.0
44.0
44.0
42.0
42.0
44.3
44.3
50.4
50.4
56.9
56.9
63.8
63.8
66.6
1.73
2.59
1.90
2.86
2.05
3.07
2.23
3.34
7.35
9.80
12.25
3.56
4.74
4.47
5.96
4.77
6.35
5.06
6.75
5.36
7.15
5.48
150
151
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
84
87
92
97
102
106
112
127
142
147
158
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
4.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
84.0 x 100 x 1 x 0.20
87.0 x 103 x 1 x 0.15
87.0 x 103 x 1 x 0.20
92.0 x 108 x 1 x 0.15
92.0 x 108 x 1 x 0.20
97.0 x 113 x 1 x 0.15
97.0 x 113 x 1 x 0.20
102 x 118 x 1 x 0.15
102 x 118 x 1 x 0.20
106 x 122 x 1 x 0.15
106 x 122 x 1 x 0.20
112 x 128 x 1 x 0.15
112 x 128 x 1 x 0.20
127 x 143 x 1 x 0.15
127 x 143 x 1 x 0.20
142 x 158 x 1 x 0.15
142 x 158 x 1 x 0.20
142 x 168 x 1 x 0.15
142 x 168 x 1 x 0.20
147 x 167 x 1 x 0.15
147 x 167 x 1 x 0.20
158 x 178 x 1 x 0.20
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.8
3.0
1.8
2.0
1.8
90
95
90
110
95
95
90
100
90
100
95
95
90
95
90
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
1.00 = + 0.2 / 0.8
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.15
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.0009
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0012
0.0010
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
560
245
710
315
730
320
740
330
750
330
750
340
760
350
770
350
770
220
570
450
850
870
10.3
4.82
13.98
6.87
15.9
7.70
17.8
8.71
19.8
9.36
21.3
10.7
23.9
13.9
30.6
17.2
37.8
11.5
29.9
24.2
45.7
53.3
2460000
1300000
3325000
2410000
4277000
2070000
4234000
2660000
4710000
2859000
5710000
2870000
5680000
3740000
7280000
3650000
7200000
1010000
2280000
5130000
7860000
11300000
66.6
71.0
71.0
78.1
78.1
86.8
86.8
95.2
95.2
102.2
102.2
110.0
110.0
143.0
143.0
177.0
177.0
189.0
189.0
192.0
192.0
221.0
7.31
5.66
7.55
5.96
7.94
6.25
8.34
6.55
8.74
6.79
9.05
7.15
9.53
8.04
10.72
8.94
11.91
15.00
20.00
11.69
15.59
16.63
152
153
Refer-
ence
diameter
Nominal
pressure
diaphragm
pair
Max. number
of diaphragm
pairs*
( 30%)
Effective
cross
section
Weight per
diaphragm
pair
2
g
axial
2n,0
angular
2n,0
lateral
2n,0
axial
c
angular
c
lateral
c
158
168
176
186
191
205
223
240
250
268
280
12.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
12.0
3.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
5.0
7.0
158 x 178 x 1 x 0.25
168 x 188 x 1 x 0.15
168 x 188 x 1 x 0.20
176 x 196 x 1 x 0.25
176 x 196 x 1 x 0.30
186 x 212 x 1 x 0.15
191 x 211 x 1 x 0.20
191 x 211 x 1 x 0.25
205 x 225 x 1 x 0.25
205 x 225 x 1 x 0.30
223 x 243 x 1 x 0.25
223 x 243 x 1 x 0.30
240 x 260 x 1 x 0.25
240 x 260 x 1 x 0.30
250 x 275 x 1 x 0.25
250 x 275 x 1 x 0.30
268 x 292 x 1 x 0.25
268 x 292 x 1 x 0.30
280 x 300 x 1 x 0.25
280 x 300 x 1 x 0.30
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
1.4571
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
1.20 = + 0.24 / 0.96
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.90 = + 0.18 / 0.72
0.80 = + 0.16 / 0.64
0.70 = + 0.14 / 0.56
0.60 = + 0.12 / 0.48
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.14
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0012
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0006
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
1370
520
930
1530
2200
280
1050
1650
1800
2900
1850
2950
1900
3000
1400
2200
1600
2500
2000
3100
83.9
35.9
64.3
115
166
24.2
92.5
145
182
292
219
349
259
409
210
331
274
428
367
569
14400000
5600000
9130000
18000000
23600000
1850000
15900000
22600000
28300000
41500000
34160000
49630000
40390000
58100000
21400000
31200000
27800000
40300000
37300000
53600000
221.0
249.0
249.0
272.0
272.0
311.0
315.0
315.0
363.0
363.0
427.0
427.0
488.0
488.0
537.0
537.0
611.0
611.0
656.0
656.0
20.79
13.25
17.67
23.08
27.70
19.26
19.96
24.94
26.68
32.02
28.92
34.70
31.03
37.23
40.72
48.86
41.70
50.04
35.99
43.19
155
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Metal bellows with B-cuff
The design of the weld area for the con-
necting parts and the selection of the weld-
ing method are determined by the total
wall thickness of the bellows, i.e. multiply
wall thickness by the number of layers. The
dimensions for d
4
, n
L
and s can be found in
the bellows tables 6.3 or 6.4.
Geometry designs in the weld seam area
Overview
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Figure 6.8.1.
Table 6.8.1.
Figure 6.8.2. (values a and b in accordance with
Table 6.8.1.)
Total wall thickness

Welding method Geometry of
weld lip
Weld diameter Width of weld lip
mm mm mm
n
L
x s 0.10 Laser B III a = d
4
0.05
0.10 < n
L
x s 0.20 Laser B III a = d
4
0.05
0.10 < n
L
x s 0.20 Laser / Microplasma B I, B IV a = d
4
0.05
b = 0,4
+0,1/-0
0.20 < n
L
x s 0.30 Laser / Microplasma B I, B IV a = d
4
0.05
b = (2 x nL x s)
+0,1/-0
0.30 < n
L
x s 0.45 Laser / Microplasma / TIG B I, B IV a = d
4
0.05
b = (2 x nL x s)
+0,1/-0
0.45 < n
L
x s 0.90 Microplasma / TIG B I, B IV a = d
4
0.05
b = (2 x nL x s)
0,1
0.90 < n
L
x s 1.20 TIG with weld accessory B II, B V a = d
4
0.05
b = (2 x nL x s)
0,1
1.20 < n
L
x s TIG with weld accessory B II, B V a = d
4
0.05
b = 2,5
0,1
Design B I
Design B III
Design B V
Design B II (also for intermediate rings)
Design B IV
156 157
Metal bellows with S-cuff
S-cuffs can be made for bellows with a
maximum of 3 layers and a total wall thick-
ness that is less than or equal to 0.9 mm.
The design of the connecting piece is main-
ly determined by the welding method. The
dimensions for d
3
, l
2
, n
L
and s can be found
in the bellows tables 6.3 or 6.4.
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows 6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Table 6.8.2.
* Other dimensions with special tools

Welding method
and position
Process

Cuff diameter Weld
diameter
Width of weld lip Edge
radius
mm mm mm mm mm
n
L
x s 0.4
Laser
pressed on
and welded
through
(6.8.3.a)
S I 35 m d3 75 * a = (d3 + 0.3)
0.05
R = 1.0
n
L
x s 0.45
Laser
welded on
edge
(6.8.3.b)
S II
d3 32
32 < d3 115
115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)
0.05
R = 0.5
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
0.1 < n
L
x s 0.3
Microplasma
welded on
edge
(6.8.3.b)
S III
d3 32
32 < d3 115
115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)
0.05
b = (2 x n
L
x s)
+0.1/-0
R = 0.5
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
0.3 < n
L
x s 0.9
Microplasma
or TIG
welded on
edge
(6.8.3.b)
S III
d3 32
32 < d3 115
115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)
0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)
0.05
b = (2 x n
L
x s)
+0.1/-0
R = 0.5
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
Figure 6.8.3.b Figure 6.8.3.a
Welded through Welded on edge
159
Metal bellows with J-cuff
The welding method determines the con-
nection geometry for J-cuffs (with or with-
out weld lip). The dimensions for d
3
, l2, nL
and s can be found in the bellows tables
6.3 or 6.4.
Figure 6.8.4. (values a, b and R in accordance with
Table 6.8.2., l2 in accordance with Tables 6.3. or 6.4.)
Table 6.8.3.
Design S I
Design S II Design S III

Welding method
and position
Process

Cuff diameter Weld
diameter
Width of weld lip Edge radius
mm mm mm mm mm
n
L
x s 0.45 Laser J I
d3 10
10 < d3 50
50 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x n
L
x s)
+0.2/+0.3
R = 0.35
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
0.1 < n
L
x s 0.3 Microplasma J II
d3 10
10 < d3 50
50 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x n
L
x s)
+0.3/+0.4
R = 0.35
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
0.3 < n
L
x s 0.9
Microplasma
or TIG
J II
d3 10
10 < d3 50
50 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x n
L
x s)
+0.3/+0.4
b = (2 x n
L
x s)
+0.1/-0
R = 0.35
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
0.9 < n
L
x s 2.4
TIG with
additional
work material
J II
d3 10
10 < d3 50
50 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x n
L
x s)
+0.3/+0.4
b = (2 x n
L
x s)
+0.1/-0
R = 0.35
R = 1.0
R = 1.5
Figure 6.8.5.
160 161
Metal bellows
Connecting pieces for diaphragm bellows
may be welded at the outside or inside
diameter with the microplasma welding
method. The dimensions forD
A
, d
i
, and
l
W
are indicated in diaphragm bellows
tables 6.6 or 6.7.
Figure 6.8.6. (values a, b and R in accordance with Table 6.8.3., l2 in accordance with Tables 6.3. or 6.4.) Table 6.8.4.
Figure 6.8.7. Figure 6.8.8. (values a, b and k in accordance with Table 6.8.4., DA in accordance with Tables 6.6. or 6.7.)
Design J I
Connecting piece for inside diameter
Design J II
Connecting piece for outside diameter
Welding position

Bellows inside diameter
Weld
diameter
Width of
weld lip
Edge dimensions
mm mm mm mm
at
inside diameter
d
i
60
60 < d
i
100
100 < d
i
a = d
i
+0.1/-0
a = d
i
+0.15/-0
a = d
i
+0.2/-0
b = 0.4
+0.1/-0
b = 0.5
+0.1/-0
b = 0.6
+0.1/-0
at
outside diameter
DA 80
80 < DA 140
140 < DA
a = (DA - 0.15)
+0.1/-0
a = (DA - 0.15)
+0.15/-0
a = (DA - 0.15)
+0.15/-0.05
b = 0.4
+0.1/-0
b = 0.5
+0.1/-0
b = 0.6
+0.1/-0
k = max

0.9
D
A
- d
i

- 0.2
24
k = max

0.9
D
A
- d
i

- 0.2
24
163
6.9 | HYDRA load cells
Compensating for volume changes
HYDRA load cells are described on the
basis of their installation dimensions,
volume compensation and differential
pressures at which the minimum or maxi-
mum load cell volume is obtained. Nega-
tive differential pressure means outside
positive pressure.
1.4541 is the standard work material used
for load cells; other materials are available
on request.
High
volume com-
pensation
DZ: Load cell Nominal
diameter
dn = 500 mm
Outside
diameter
DA = 515 mm
Wall
thickness
0.5 mm
Material
1.4571
DZ 500 x 515 x 0.5 1.4541
Load cells: Dimensions and Performance
Nominal diameter
dn
Outside diameter
DA
Height
h
Volume compensation
V ( 5%)
Differential pressure
min. / max.
mm mm mm l mbar
260 275 40 1.9 -100 / 240
330 342 36 4.5 -100 / 550
380 390 42 7.5 -350 / 1000
500 515 56 12.5 -100 / 510
162
Table 6.9.1.
6.9 | HYDRA load cells
6.10 | Precision pipes
Thin-walled stainless steel pipes
Standard material: 1.4571
165
Thin-walled
and
precise
HYDRA precision pipes are sorted by
diameter and wall thickness. The maxi-
mum delivery length per pipe is 6,5 m;
any number of shorter lengths are also
available. Tolerances for pipe diameter
and length are in the range of 0.1 mm.
Standard material is 1.4571; other materials
available on request.
Outer Wall thickness
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
7.30 0.10
8.00 0.10
8.20 0.10
8.50 0.10
8.80 0.10
9.10 0.10
9.20 0.10
9.50 0.10
9.80 0.10
10.10 0.10
10.20 0.10
10.40 0.10
10.50 0.10
10.80 0.10
11.10 0.10
11.40 0.10
11.90 0.10
12.00 0.10
12.20 0.10
12.30 0.10
12.40 0.10
12.50 0.10
12.60 0.10
12.80 0.10
13.00 0.10
13.20 0.10
13.50 0.10
14.20 0.10
14.40 0.10
14.80 0.10
14.90 0.10
15.00 0.10
15.05 0.10
15.10 0.10
15.50 0.10
15.90 0.10
16.00 0.10
16.30 0.10
16.40 0.10
16.50 0.10
16.80 0.10
17.10 0.10
17.70 0.10
17.90 0.10
18.20 0.10
18.30 0.10
18.40 0.10
18.70 0.10
19.90 0.10
20.00 0.10
20.35 0.10
20.40 0.10
22.20 0.10
22.40 0.10
22.80 0.10
22.90 0.10
24.20 0.10
25.70 0.10
27.20 0.10
30.50 0.10
32.00 0.10
8.30 0.15
8.70 0.15
9.30 0.15
9.70 0.15
10.00 0.15
10.10 0.15
10.30 0.15
10.40 0.15
10.90 0.15
12.00 0.15
12.10 0.15
12.30 0.15
12.40 0.15
12.50 0.15
12.70 0.15
13.10 0.15
13.50 0.15
13.80 0.15
13.90 0.15
14.30 0.15
14.50 0.15
14.70 0.15
14.90 0.15
15.30 0.15
15.50 0.15
15.70 0.15
15.90 0.15
16.00 0.15
16.10 0.15
16.30 0.15
16.50 0.15
HWE:
Precision pipe
Outside
diameter
DA = 35.8 mm
Wall thickness
0.2 mm
Length
300 mm
Material:
1.4571
HWE 35.8 x 0.2 x 300 1.4571
164
166
167
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
16.70 0.15
16.90 0.15
17.10 0.15
17.50 0.15
17.90 0.15
18.00 0.15
18.30 0.15
18.50 0.15
18.70 0.15
18.90 0.15
19.10 0.15
19.30 0.15
19.50 0.15
19.70 0.15
20.00 0.15
20.10 0.15
20.50 0.15
20.90 0.15
21.30 0.15
21.70 0.15
22.10 0.15
22.30 0.15
22.50 0.15
22.70 0.15
22.80 0.15
22.90 0.15
23.00 0.15
23.30 0.15
23.50 0.15
24.20 0.15
24.40 0.15
24.50 0.15
24.60 0.15
24.90 0.15
25.40 0.15
25.70 0.15
25.80 0.15
26.00 0.15
26.30 0.15
26.50 0.15
27.00 0.15
27.30 0.15
27.70 0.15
28.30 0.15
28.80 0.15
30.00 0.15
30.50 0.15
30.80 0.15
31.00 0.15
32.00 0.15
32.50 0.15
33.00 0.15
33.50 0.15
34.50 0.15
35.00 0.15
35.80 0.15
36.20 0.15
37.50 0.15
39.20 0.15
41.00 0.15
44.20 0.15
45.30 0.15
45.80 0.15
46.50 0.15
47.00 0.15
47.50 0.15
47.90 0.15
50.40 0.15
51.00 0.15
51.70 0.15
54.20 0.15
8.40 0.20
9.10 0.20
9.40 0.20
10.00 0.20
10.10 0.20
10.40 0.20
12.40 0.20
13.60 0.20
14.10 0.20
15.00 0.20
15.60 0.20
16.00 0.20
16.10 0.20
16.40 0.20
16.70 0.20
16.95 0.20
17.50 0.20
18.05 0.20
18.10 0.20
18.20 0.20
18.40 0.20
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
18.60 0.20
18.70 0.20
18.90 0.20
19.40 0.20
19.90 0.20
20.10 0.20
20.20 0.20
20.40 0.20
20.70 0.20
20.90 0.20
21.00 0.20
22.40 0.20

22.60 0.20
22.90 0.20
23.10 0.20
23.20 0.20
23.40 0.20
23.90 0.20
24.00 0.20
24.40 0.20
24.50 0.20
24.60 0.20
24.90 0.20
25.10 0.20
25.40 0.20
26.10 0.20
26.70 0.20
27.20 0.20
27.40 0.20
27.90 0.20
28.40 0.20
28.90 0.20
29.40 0.20
29.90 0.20
30.10 0.20
30.40 0.20
30.70 0.20
30.90 0.20
31.30 0.20
32.00 0.20
33.10 0.20
33.60 0.20
33.70 0.20
34.40 0.20
34.60 0.20
34.90 0.20
35.20 0.20
35.60 0.20
35.80 0.20
35.90 0.20
36.10 0.20
36.40 0.20
37.30 0.20
37.50 0.20
39.20 0.20
39.75 0.20
41.00 0.20
41.60 0.20
42.20 0.20
42.40 0.20
42.80 0.20
43.20 0.20
43.40 0.20
43.75 0.20
44.30 0.20
45.60 0.20
45.80 0.20
46.20 0.20
46.50 0.20
46.80 0.20
46.90 0.20
47.10 0.20
47.60 0.20
48.00 0.20
48.60 0.20
51.00 0.20
51.60 0.20
51.80 0.20
52.40 0.20
52.60 0.20
53.50 0.20
53.65 0.20
54.30 0.20
56.50 0.20
57.10 0.20
10.50 0.25
11.20 0.25
12.50 0.25
13.10 0.25
13.80 0.25
14.70 0.25
15.90 0.25

168
169
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
16.20 0.25
16.90 0.25
17.00 0.25
17.60 0.25
18.50 0.25
19.15 0.25
19.80 0.25
20.45 0.25
21.10 0.25
21.75 0.25
22.40 0.25
22.50 0.25
22.70 0.25
23.10 0.25
23.70 0.25
24.30 0.25
24.50 0.25
25.10 0.25
25.40 0.25
25.70 0.25
26.30 0.25
26.90 0.25
27.50 0.25
28.00 0.25
28.15 0.25
28.30 0.25
28.80 0.25
29.50 0.25
30.10 0.25
30.70 0.25
31.30 0.25
31.90 0.25
32.50 0.25
33.20 0.25
33.90 0.25
34.50 0.25
35.00 0.25
35.10 0.25
35.70 0.25
36.30 0.25
36.90 0.25
37.50 0.25
38.20 0.25
38.90 0.25
39.30 0.25
39.95 0.25
41.10 0.25
41.80 0.25
42.50 0.25
43.20 0.25
43.30 0.25
43.50 0.25
43.95 0.25
44.50 0.25
45.20 0.25
45.70 0.25
45.80 0.25
46.40 0.25
46.60 0.25
46.90 0.25
47.05 0.25
47.30 0.25
47.60 0.25
47.70 0.25
48.30 0.25
49.00 0.25
49.70 0.25
50.00 0.25
50.05 0.25
50.40 0.25
50.70 0.25
51.10 0.25
51.50 0.25
51.80 0.25
51.90 0.25
52.20 0.25
52.60 0.25
53.30 0.25
54.00 0.25
54.10 0.25
54.70 0.25
54.80 0.25
54.90 0.25
55.50 0.25
56.60 0.25
57.30 0.25
59.10 0.25
59.40 0.25
59.80 0.25
60.10 0.25
60.40 0.25
60.50 0.25
61.20 0.25
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
61.60 0.25
65.90 0.25
66.00 0.25
66.70 0.25
68.90 0.25
69.60 0.25
69.70 0.25
70.50 0.25
70.90 0.25
71.00 0.25
71.70 0.25
72.50 0.25
72.60 0.25
77.90 0.25
78.00 0.25
78.70 0.25
78.80 0.25
87.90 0.25
88.00 0.25
88.80 0.25
89.70 0.25
96.50 0.25
97.20 0.25
99.90 0.25
100.00 0.25
100.80 0.25
103.40 0.25
105.80 0.25
107.90 0.25
108.00 0.25
108.70 0.25
108.80 0.25
9.60 0.30
10.00 0.30
12.00 0.30
12.30 0.30
13.40 0.30
14.80 0.30
15.20 0.30
16.30 0.30
16.70 0.30
17.00 0.30
19.30 0.30
21.00 0.30
22.60 0.30
23.00 0.30
23.40 0.30
24.20 0.30
24.60 0.30
25.00 0.30
25.20 0.30
25.40 0.30
25.80 0.30
27.60 0.30
28.30 0.30
28.35 0.30
29.10 0.30
29.60 0.30
30.30 0.30
31.00 0.30
31.70 0.30
32.40 0.30
33.10 0.30
33.60 0.30
34.60 0.30
35.30 0.30
36.00 0.30
36.10 0.30
36.70 0.30
37.40 0.30
37.60 0.30
38.10 0.30
38.85 0.30
39.15 0.30
39.60 0.30
39.95 0.30
40.35 0.30
41.10 0.30
41.20 0.30
41.85 0.30
42.00 0.30
42.60 0.30
43.35 0.30
43.40 0.30
44.10 0.30
44.85 0.30
45.60 0.30
46.35 0.30
46.70 0.30
47.10 0.30
47.50 0.30
47.85 0.30

170
Tools are available for the pipe
sizes listed in the tables. Other
sizes, wall thickness and materials
are available on request.
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
48.00 0.30
48.80 0.30
49.40 0.30
49.60 0.30
50.40 0.30
51.20 0.30
52.00 0.30
52.36 0.30
52.80 0.30
53.60 0.30
54.20 0.30
54.40 0.30
55.00 0.30
55.20 0.30
56.00 0.30
56.70 0.30
56.80 0.30
57.50 0.30
57.60 0.30
58.40 0.30
59.20 0.30
60.00 0.30
60.60 0.30
61.40 0.30
62.20 0.30
63.00 0.30
63.80 0.30
64.60 0.30
65.40 0.30
66.00 0.30
66.10 0.30
66.90 0.30
67.80 0.30
68.70 0.30
69.55 0.30
69.70 0.30
70.40 0.30
71.00 0.30
71.10 0.30
71.25 0.30
71.90 0.30
72.10 0.30
72.95 0.30
73.80 0.30
74.65 0.30
77.10 0.30
77.90 0.30
78.00 0.30
78.10 0.30
78.90 0.30
85.60 0.30
86.50 0.30
87.40 0.30
88.00 0.30
88.10 0.30
88.20 0.30
88.30 0.30
88.90 0.30
89.20 0.30
89.70 0.30
93.60 0.30
94.50 0.30
95.40 0.30
96.30 0.30
96.60 0.30
97.50 0.30
98.40 0.30
99.30 0.30
100.00 0.30
100.10 0.30
100.20 0.30
100.90 0.30
101.10 0.30
101.30 0.30
102.00 0.30
102.80 0.30
102.90 0.30
103.60 0.30
105.80 0.30
106.70 0.30
108.00 0.30
108.10 0.30
108.90 0.30
109.00 0.30
109.70 0.30
109.90 0.30
110.80 0.30
111.70 0.30
7 | Data Sheets
7.1 | Material data sheets 174
7.2 | Corrosion resistance 200
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols 239

7.4 | Inquiry specifications 252

7.5 | Documentation for other products 251
173 172
174 175
7.1 | Material data sheets
Designations, available types, temperature limits
Strength values at room temperature (RT)
(guaranteed values
1)
)

Short name
to
DIN EN 10 027
P235TR1
P235TR2
C22G1
S235JRG2
E295
S355J2G3
C22G2
P235GH
P265GH
P295GH
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10CrMo9-10
P235G1TH
P355N
P355NH
P355NL1
P355NL2
Short name
to
DIN
(old)
St 37.0
St 37.4
C 22.3
RSt 37-2
St 50-2
St 52-3
C 22.8
HI
HII
17 Mn 4
15 Mo 3
13 CrMo 4 4
10 CrMo 9 10
St 35.8
StE 355
WStE 355
TStE 355
EStE 355
Semi-finished
product
Welded tube
Seamless tube
Welded tube
Seamless tube
Flanges
Steel bar, flat
products, wire rod,
profiles
Flanges
Sheet
Seamless tube
Sheet
Sheet
Seamless tube
Sheet
Seamless tube
Sheet
Seamless tube
Sheet
Seamless tube
Seamless tube
Sheet
Strip
Steel bar
Documentation
DIN EN 10217-1
DIN EN 10216-1
DIN EN 10217-1
DIN EN 10216-1
VdTV-W 364
DIN EN 10025
AD W1
VdTV W 350
DIN EN 10028
DIN EN 10216
DIN EN 10028
DIN EN 10028
DIN 17175
DIN EN 10028
DIN 17175
DIN EN 10028
DIN 17175
DIN EN 10028
DIN 17175
DIN 17175
DIN EN 10028
Documenta-
tion old
DIN 1626
DIN 1629
DIN 17155
DIN 17155
DIN 17155
DIN 17155
DIN 17155
DIN 17155
DIN 17102
Upper
temp.
limit C
300
350
300

450
480
450
480
500
530
570
600
480
400
(-50)
1)
(-60)
1)
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481

1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
Material
group
Unalloyed
steel
Common
structural
steel
Heat
resistant
unalloyed
steel
Heat
resistant
steel
Fine-grained
structural
steel
Standard
heat resist.
cold resist.
special
1) Cold resistant limit

Tensile strength
R
m
N/mm
2
360-500
360-500
410-540
340-470
470-610
490-630
410-540
360-480
360-500
410-530
460-580
440-590
440-600
480-630
360-480
490-630
A
5
%
23
23
20 (transverse)
21-26
1)
16-20
1)
18-22
1)
20
25
23
23
22
24
20
18
23
22
A
80
%
17-21
3)
12-16
3)
14-18
3)
Notched bar
impact strength
min. A
V
(KV
2)
)
J
at 0 C: 27
at RT: 31
at RT: 27
at -20 C: 27
at RT: 31
at 0 C: 27
at 0 C: 27
at 0 C: 27
at 0 C: 27
at RT: 31
at RT: 31
at RT: 31
at RT: 34
at 0 C: 47
at 0 C: 47
at 0 C: 55
at 0 C: 90
Remarks
s 16
s 16
s 70
3 s 100 (R
m
)
10 s 150 (KV)
s < 16 (R
eH
)
s 70
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
s 16
Yield point
min. R
eH
N/mm
2
235
235
240
235
295
355
240
235
235
265
295
270
275
270
300
290
310
280
235
355
1) Smallest value of longitudinal or transverse test
2) New designation to DIN EN 10045; average of 3 specimens in DIN EN standards
3) Dependent on product thickness
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481

1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
Breaking elongation, min.
176 177
(guaranteed values
3)
)

Short name
to
DIN EN 10 027
X3CrNb17
X2CrTi12
X5CrNi18-10
X2CrNi19-11
X6CrNiTi18-10
X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2
X2CrNiMo17-12-2
X2CrNiMo18-14-3
X2CrNiMnMoNbN25-18-5-4
X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5
X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7
X6CrNi18-10
X6CrNiMo17-13
X5NiCrAlTi31-20
Semi-finished product
Strip
Strip
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip
Strip Sheet
Strip, Strip Sheet
Strip Sheet, Strip
Seamless tube
Strip Sheet, Strip
Seamless tube
Strip Sheet
strip Forgin
Seamless tube
Sheet, strip, bar
Forging
Seamless tube
Sheet, strip, bar
Forging
Seamless tube
Documentation
DIN EN 10088
VdTV-W422
DIN EN 10088
SEW 400
DIN EN 10088
DIN EN 10088
DIN EN 10088
DIN EN 10088
DIN EN 10088

DIN EN 10088

SEW 400 / 97
DIN EN 10088
VdTV-W421
DIN EN 10088
VdTV-W 502
DIN EN 10028-7
DIN EN 10222-5
DIN 17459
DIN 17460
DIN 17459
DIN 17460
DIN 17459
Documentation
old
DIN 17441
2)
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
DIN 17441/97
DIN 17440/96
SEW 400 / 91
DIN 17460
DIN 17460
Upper
temp.
limit C
200
nach VdTV
350
550 / 300
1)
550 / 350
1)
550 / 400
1)
550 / 400
1)
550 / 400
1)

550 / 400
1)

550 / 400
1)
550 / 400
1)
400
400

600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1.4511
1.4512

1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539

1.4529
1.4948

1.4919
1.4958
Material
group
Stainless
ferritic steel
Stainless
austenitic
steel
Austenitic
steel of
high heat
resistance
1) Temperature limit where risk of intercrystalline corrosion
2) Earlier standard DIN 17441 7/85

230
210
230
215
220
205
220
205
240
225
240
225
240
225
420
240
225
220
300
285
300
230
195
185
205
205
170
170
260
245
250
235
250
235
270
255
270
255
270
255
460
270
255
250
340
325
340
260
230
225
245
245
200
200
Tensile strength
R
m
N/mm
2
420-600
380-560
540-750

520-670
520-720

540-690
530-680
550-700
800-1000
530-730
520-720
650-850
600-800
530-740
490-690
500-700
490-690
490-690
500-750
500-750
Notched bar
impact strength
> 10 mm thickness,
transverse min. KV in J
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 55
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 84
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 60
at RT: 80
at RT: 80
Remarks
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
s 30
s 6
s 75
s 6
s 250
s 50
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
q
l
q
l

q
q
q
3) Smallest value of longitudinal or transverse test, q = tensile test, transverse, l = tensile test, longitudinal

45
43
45
43
40
38
40
38
40
38
40
38
30
35
33
40
40
38
40
45
35
30
35
30
35
35
> 3 mm < 3 mm
Thickness A
5
Thickness A
80
% %
23
25
45
40
45
40
40
35
40
35
40
35
40
35
25
35
30
40
40
35
40
45
30
30
Yield points min.
R
p0,2
R
p1,0
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1.4511
1.4512

1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539

1.4529
1.4948

1.4919
1.4958
178 179

Short name
to
DIN EN 10 027
X15CrNiSi20-12
X10NiCrAlTi32-21
X10NiCrAlTi32-21 H
NICr21Mo
NiCR15Fe
NiMo16Cr15W
NiCr22Mo9Nb
NiMo16Cr16Ti
NiCu30Fe
Strip Sheet, Strip,
Strip Sheet, Strip
all
Strip Sheet, Strip
all
all
Strip Sheet, Strip
Strip Sheet, Strip
Strip Sheet, Strip
Flat products
Strip Sheet, Strip
Strip Sheet, Strip
Strip Sheet, Strip
Strip, Strip Sheet
Seamless tube
Forging
Documentation
DIN EN 10095
(SEW470)
SEW470
VdTV-W412
VdTV-W434
DIN EN 10095
DIN 17750/02
VdTV-W432
DIN 17744
2)
DIN EN 10095
DIN 17750/02
VdTV-W305
DIN 17742
2)
DIN 17750/02
VdTV-W400
DIN 17744
2)
DIN EN 10095
DIN 17750/02
(VdTV-W499)
DIN 17744
2)
DIN 17750/02
VdTV-W424
DIN 17744
2)
DIN 17750/02
VdTV-W 263
DIN 17743
2)
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1)
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
Material
group
Heat
resistant
steel
Nickel-
based
alloys
1) In the case of nickel-based alloys, DIN 17007 governs the material number
2) Chemical composition
Upper
temp.
limit C
900
600
950
900
450
1000
450
450
900
450
400
425
Trade name
INCOLOY 800
INCOLOY 800 H
INCOLOY 825
INCONEL 600
INCONEL 600 H
HASTELLOY C-276
INCONEL 625
INCONEL 625 H
HASTELLOY-C4
MONEL
4) Value a
k
in J/cm
2

(guaranteed values
3)
)
Material no.
to
DIN EN 10 027
1)
1.4828
1.4876
INCOLOY 800
(1.4876 H)
INCOLOY 800H
2.4858
INCOLOY 825
2.4816
INCONEL 600
INCONEL 600 H
2.4819
HASTELLOY C-276
2.4856
INCONEL 625 H
INCONEL 625

2.4610
HASTELLOY-C4

2.4360
MONEL
230
170
210
170
170
240
235
240
180
200
180
310
310
415
275
400
305
280
175
175
270
210
240
200
210
270
265
210
230
210
330
330
305
440
340
315
205
Remarks
s 3 mm
solution annealed
Soft annealed
solution annealed (AT)
Soft annealed
s 30 mm
Annealed (+A)
solution annealed (F50)
Soft annealed
solution annealed
s 5 mm, solution anne-
aled (F69)
s 3 mm, Annealed (+A)
solution annealed (F69)
s 3 mm; Soft annealed
s 5, solution annealed
5 < s 30
s 50, Soft annealed
Soft annealed

22
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
40
40
30
30
28

28
30
30
30
30
30
Yield points min.
R
p0,2
R
p1,0
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
Tensile strength
R
m
N/mm
2
500-750
450-680
500-750
450 -700
450-680
550
550-750
500-850
550
550-750
500-700
690
730-1000
820-1050
690
830-1000
690
700-900
450
450-600
A
5
A
80
% %
Breaking elongation, min. Notched bar
impact strength
min. KV
J
at RT: 150
4)
at RT: 80
at RT: 150
4)
at RT: 150
4)
at RT: 96
at RT: 100

at RT: 96
at RT: 96
at RT: 120
180 181

Documentation

DIN-EN 1652
AD-W 6/2
DIN-EN 1652
AD-W 6/2
DIN-EN 1652
DIN-EN 1652
DIN-EN 1652
DIN 17670
DIN 17660
Documentation
DIN EN 485-2
DIN EN 575-3
AD-W 6/1
DIN-EN 485-2
DIN-EN 573-3
VdTV-W 345
DIN 17 850
DIN 17 860
VdTV-W 230
VdTV-W382
Documenta-
tion
old
DIN 17664
DIN 17670
DIN 1787
DIN 17670
DIN 17662
DIN 17670
DIN 17660
DIN 17670
DIN 17660
DIN 17670
Documenta-
tion
old
DIN 1745
DIN 1725
DIN 1745
DIN 1725
Upper
temp.
limit C
350
250
Upper
temp.
limit C
150 (AD-W)
600
250
250

DIN EN 1652 (new)
Number Short name
CW354H CuNi30Mn1Fe

CW024A Cu-DHP

CW452K CuSn6

CW503L CuZn20

CW508L CuZn37

DIN EN 485-2 (new)
Number Short Name
EN AW-5754 EN AW-Al Mg3

EN AW-6082 EN AW-AlSi1MgMn

2.4068 LC-Ni 99
3.7025 Ti 1

Ta
Material
group
Copper-
based alloy
Copper
Copper-tin
alloy
1) Trade name

120
100
140
300
150
180
300
80
85
80
180
140
200
105
200
Tensile strength
R
m
N/mm
2
350-420
200-250
220-260
350-420
270-320
300-370
380
Tensile strength
Rm
N/mm
2
190-240
150
340-540
290-410

225
280
Notched bar
impact strength
min. KV
J
KNotched bar
impact strength-
min. KV
J
62
3) Measured length lo = 25 mm
4) State designation to DIN EN 1652 or (--) to DIN
5) To DIN, material not contained in the DIN EN
6) Specification in DIN EN for s > 2.5 mm
7) Breaking elongation A50, specification in
DIN EN for s 2.5 mm
8) A50 for thicknesses 5 mm
A
5
%
35
6)

42
6)
33
7)
/ 42
6)
45
7)
55
6)
38
7)
48
6)
38
7)
48
6)
35
A
5
%
14 (A50)
14 (A50)
40
30 / 24
8)
35
3)
30
3)
Yield points min.
R
p0,2
R
p1,0
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
Material no.
CW354H
2.0882
CW024A
2.0090
CW452K
2.1020
CW503L
2.0250
CW508L
2.0321
2.0402

Material no.
EN AW-5754
3.3535
EN AW-6082
3.2315
2.4068
3.7025
TANTAL - ES
TANTAL - GS
Copper-zinc
alloy
Wrought
aluminium
alloy
Pure nickel
Titanium
Tantalum
Material designation
DIN 17670 (old
Number Short name
2.0882 CuNi30Mn1Fe
CUNIFER 30
1)

2.0090 SF-Cu

2.1020 CuSn6
Bronze
2.0250 CuZn 20

2.0321 CuZn 37
Brass
2.0402 CuZn40Pb2

DIN 1745-1 (old)
Number Short Name
3.3535 AlMg 3

3.2315 AlMgSi 1

LC-Ni 99
Ti 1

Ta
Semi-
finished
product
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Semi-
finished
product
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip, Strip
Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Strip,
Strip Sheet
Remarks
R350 (F35)
4)
0.3 s 15
R200 (F20)
4)
s > 5 mm
R220 (F22)
4)
0.2 s 5 mm
R350 (F35)
4)
0.1 s 5 mm
R270 (F27)
4)
0.2 s 5 mm
R300 (F30)
4)
0.2 s 5 mm
(F38)
5)
0.3 s 5 mm
Remarks

0.5 < s 1.5 mm
State: O / H111
DIN EN-values
0.4 s 1.5 mm
State: O ; DIN EN values
0.4 < s 8 mm
0.1 s 5.0
Electron beam melted Sintered
in vacuum
Yield points min.
R
p0,2
R
p1,0
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
(guaranteed values
2)
)
182 183
Chemical composition
(percentage by mass)

Short name
P235TR1
P235TR2
C22G1
S235JRG2
E295
S355J2G3
C22G2
P235GH
P265GH
P295GH
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10 CrMo9-10
P235G1TH
C
1)
0.16
0.16
0.18 -
0.23
0.17
0.20
0.18 -
0.23
0.16
0.20
0.08 -
0.20
0.12 -
0.20
0.08 -
0.18
0.08 -
0.14
0.17
Si
max.
0.35
0.35
0.15 -
0.35
0.55
0.15 -
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.10 -
0.35
Mn
1.20
1.20
0.40 -
0.90
1.40
1.60
0.40 -
0.90
0.40 -
1.20
0.50
0.90 -
1.50
0.40 -
0.90
0.40 -
1.00
0.40 -
0.80
0.40 -
0.80
P
max.
0.025
0.025
0.035
0.045
0.045
0.035
0.035
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.040
S
max.
0.020
0.020
0.030
0.045
0.045
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.040
Material
no.
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
Material
group
Unalloyed
steel
Common
structural
steel
Heat resist.
unalloyed
steel
Heat
resistant
steel
1) Carbon content dependent on thickness. Values are for a thickness of 16mm.
Cr
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.70 -
1.15
2.00 -
2.50
Mo
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.25 -
0.35
0.40 -
0.60
0.90 -
1.10
Ni
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Other elements
Cu 0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni 0.70
Cu 0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni 0.70
Al
ges
0.02
Al
ges
0.015
N 0.009
N 0.009
Al
ges
0.015
Nb,Ti,V
Al
ges
0.020
Cu 0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni 0.70
Cu 0.3
Cu 0.3
Cu 0.3

Short name
P355N
P355NH
P355NL1
P355NL2
X3CrNb17
X2CrTi12
X5CrNi18-10
X2CrNi19-11
X6CrNiTi18-10
X6CrNiMoTi
17 12 2
X2CrNiMo
17 12 2
X2CrNiMo
18 14 3
X2CrNiMuMo
NbN2518-5-4
X1NiCrMoCu
25-20-5
X2NiCrMoCuN
25-20-7
C
max.
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
Si
max.
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.00
1.00
1.00
0.70
0.50
Mn
0.90 -
1.70
0.90 -
1.70
0.90 -
1.70
0.90 -
1.70
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.50 -
6.50
2.00
1.00
P
max.
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.030
0.030
0.030
S
max.
0.025
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.010
0.010
Material
no.
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
Fine-
grained
structural
steel
Stainless
ferritic
steel
Stainless
austenitic
steel
Cr
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
16.0 -
18.0
10.5 -
12.5
17.0 -
19.5
18.0 -
20.0
17.0 -
19.0
16.5 -
18.5
16.5 -
18.5
17.0 -
19.0
21.0 -
25.0
19.0 -
21.0
19.0 -
21.0
Mo
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
2.0 -
2.5
2.0 -
2.5
2.5 -
3.0
3.0 -
4.5
4.0 -
5.0
6.0 -
7.0
Ni
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
8.00 -
10.50
10.0 -
12.0
9.0 -
12.0
10.5 -
13.5
10.0 -
13.0
12.5 -
15.0
15.0 -
18.0
24.0 -
26.0
24 -
26.0
Other elements
Al
ges
0.020
(s. DIN EN 10028-3)
Cu, N, Nb, Ti, V
Nb + Ti + V 0.12

Nb: 12 x % C
-1,00
Ti: 6 x (C+N) - 0.65
Ti: 5 x % C - 0.7

Ti: 5 x % C - 0.7

N 0.11
Nb 0.30, N: 0.04
- 0.15
Cu,
N: 0.15
Cu: 0.5 - 1
N: 0.15 - 0.25
Material
group
184 185

Short name
Trade name
X6CrNi18-10
X6CrNiMo 17-13
X15CrNiSi 20-12
X10NiCrAlTi32-21
INCOLOY 800H
NiCr21Mo
INCOLOY 825
NiCr15Fe
INCONEL 600
INCONEL 600 H
NiMo16Cr15W
HASTELLOY C-276
NiCr22Mo9Nb
INCONEL 625
INCONEL 625 H
NiMo16Cr16Ti
HASTELLOY C4
NiCu30Fe
MONEL
CuNi 30 Mn1 Fe
CUNIFER 30
Material
no.
1.4948
1.4919
1.4828
1.4876
(DIN EN 10095)
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
2.0882
Material
group
Austenitic
steel of
high heat
resistance
Heat
resistant
steel
Nickel-based
alloy
Copper-
based
alloy
C
0.04 -
0.08
0.04 -
0.08
0.20
0.12
0.025
0.05 -
0.10
0.01
0.03 -
0.10
0.015
0.15
0.05
Si
1.00
0.75
1.50 -
2.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.08
0.50
0.08
0.50
Mn
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.5 -
1.5
P
max.
0.035
0.035
0.045
0.030
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.025
S
max.
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.020
0.050
Cr
17.0 -
19.0
16.0 -
18.0
19.0 -
21.0
19.0 -
23.0
19.5 -
23.5
14.0 -
17.0
14.5 -
16.5
20.0 -
23.0
14.0 -
18.0
Mo
2.0 -
2.5
2.5 -
3.5
15.0 -
17.0
8.0 -
10.0
14.0 -
17.0
Ni
8.0 -
11.0
12.0 -
14.0
11.0 -
13.0
30.0 -
34.0
38.0 -
46.0
> 72
Re-
mainder
> 58
Re-
mainder
> 63
30.0
-32.0
Other elements
N: max 0.11
Al: 0.15 - 0.60
Ti: 0.15 - 0.60
Ti, Cu, Al,
Co 1.0
Ti, Cu, Al
V, Co, Cu, Fe
Ti, Cu, Al
Nb/Ta: 3.15 - 4.15
Co 1,0
Ti, Cu,
Co 2,0
Cu: 28 - 34%
Ti, Al, Co 1.0
Cu: Rest,
Pb, Zn

Short name
Cu DHP
(SF-Cu)
CuSn 6
Bronze
CuZn 20
CuZn 37
Brass
CuZn 40 Pb 2
EN AW-Al
Mg3
EN AW-Al
Si1MgMn
LC-Ni 99
Ti
Ta
Cu
99.9
Rest
79.0 -
81.0
62.0 -
64.0
57.0 -
59.0
0.10
0.10
0.025
Al
0.02
0.05
0.10
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
Zn
0,2
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
0.1
0.2
Sn
5.5 -
7.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
Pb
0.20
0.05
0.10
1.50 -
2.50
Material
no.
CW024A
(2.0090)
CW452K
(2.1020)
CW503L
2.0250
CW508L
(2.0321)
2.0402

EN AW-5754
(3.3535)
EN AW-6082
(3.2315)
2.4068
3.7025
-
Material
group
Copper
Copper-tin
alloy
Copper-zinc
alloy
Wrought
aluminium
alloy
Ni
0.2
0.3
0.4
99
0.01
Ti
0.15
0.1
0.1
Re-
mainder
0.01
Ta
Rem.
Other elements
P: 0.015 - 0.04
P: 0.01 - 0.4
Fe: 0.1
Si, Mn, Mg
Si, Mn, Mg
C 0.02
Mg 0.15
S 0.01
Si 0.2
N 0.05
H 0.013
C 0.06
Fe 0.15
Pure nickel
Titanium
Tantalum
187
Strength values at elevated temperatures
RT
1)
235
235
220
205
315
240
206
234
272
275
200

170
161
226
185
170
195
225
215
230
250

150
143
206
165
150
175
205
200
220
300

130
122
186
145
130
155
185
170
205
350

110
125
120
140
170
160
190
100

210
187
254
230
190
215
250
150

190
210
180
205
235
400

100
136
95
191
132
110
136
95
191
132
115
130
136
95
191
132
115
155
167
118
243
179
157
150
180
450

80
80
49
113
69
80
49
113
69
57
80
49
113
69
57
93
59
143
85
70
145
216
167
298
239
217
170
245
191
370
285
260
500

(53)
(30)
(75)
(42)
(53)
(30)
(75)
(42)
(33)
(53)
(30)
(75)
(42)
(33)
49
29
74
41
30
140
132
73
171
101
84
165
157
98
239
137
115
550

(84)
(36)
(102)
(53)
(45)
(53)
(24)
(76)
(33)
(26)
600 700 800

() = values at 480 C

() = values at
530 C
() = values at
570 C
1) Room temperature values valid up to 50 C

Type of value
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m (VdTV)
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
Material no.
to DIN
1.7380
1.0305
1.0565
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
RT
1)
235
336
230
210
215
205
205
225
225
225
420
460
220
520
300
340
200
245
185
245
205
190
127
157
118
147
157
186
167
196
137
167
137
165
270
310
175
205
400
190
225
250
230
165
226
190
186
118
145
108
137
147
177
157
186
127
157
127
153
255
290
160
190
390
180
215
300
220
140
216
180
180
110
135
100
127
136
167
145
175
118
145
119
145
240
270
145
175
380
170
205
350
210
120
196
165
160
104
129
94
121
130
161
140
169
113
139
113
139
225
255
135
165
370
165
195
Material strength values in N/mm
2
Temperatures in C
100
304
230
200
157
191
147
181
176
208
185
218
166
199
165
200
350
400
205
235
440
230
270
150
284
220
195
142
172
132
162
167
196
177
206
152
181
150
180
310
355
190
220
420
210
245
400
200
110
136
95
191
132
115
167
98
125
89
116
125
156
135
164
108
135
108
135
210
240
125
155
360
160
190
500
180
147
103
196
135
120
(53)
(30)
(75)
(42)
(33)
92
120
81
109
119
149
129
158
100
128
100
128
210
240
110
140
600
44
22
61
34
28
122
74
115
65
700
48
23
45
22
800
(17)
(5)
(17)
(8)
(approx. values to DIN 17441)
550
83
49
108
68
58
90
120
80
108
118
147
127
157
98
127
98
127
200
230
105
135
450
190
240
166
306
221
201
105
80
49
113
69
57
95
122
85
112
121
152
131
160
103
130
103
130
210
240
115
145
(approx. values to DIN 17441)
(values to AD W1)

Material no.
to DIN
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
2
Temperatures in C
Type of value
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
189

Type of value
R
p0,2
R
p1
R
p 0,2
R
p 1/100000
R
m 100000
R
m 1000
R
m 10000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 0,2
R
m
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
K/S
R
p 1
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
K/S
R
p 1
R
m
R
p 2/10000
R
p 2/100000
K/S
K/S
R
p 0,2
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
p 1
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
m
A
30[%]
R
p 0,2
R
m
A
30[%]
Material no.
to DIN
2.4819
VdTV-W 400
2.4856
DIN EN 10095
2.4610
2.4360
CW354H
2.0882
CW024A
2.0090
3.3535
EN-AW 5754
2.4068
Nickel
3.7025
Titan
Tantal
100
280
305
350
285
315
150
420
87
130
93
58
220
58
56
57
63
70
(80)
70
95
290
180
160
145
100
200
160
270
250
132
385
99
94
80
120
99
94
82
145
37
30
36
41
90
110
90
70
160
130
230
300
220
215
300

245
270
130
380
92
86
78
117
92
86
80
60
85
260
150
350
130
375
84
78
75
112
84
78
78
85
400
195
200
280
225
260
130
370
75
55
80
240
75
60
2
Temperatures in C
150
140
400
84
126

87
58
195
53
49
50
56
45
150
150
130
90
185
150
260
200
240
275
320
255
285
135
390
107
102
82
123
107
102
84
170
46
40
43
49
65
90
275
110
130
120
80
175
140
240
450
(130)
(360)
55
40
500
170
50
75
210
35
23
550
19
11
600
250
290
40
65
150
10
6
700
90
135
260
190
800
30
45
107
63
(F 20)
(F 22)
900
10
18
34
20
Permissible tension to AD-W 6/2 fr 10
5
h
RT
310
330
410
305
340
175
450
93
140

65
220
57
67
80
80
105
340
200
220
200
140
225
35
200
280
25
Permissible tension to AD-W 6/2 fr 10
5
h
Electron beam melted
Sintered in vacuum
( S <= 5 )
Manufacturers figures
for Inconel 625 H
Permissible tension to AD-W6/1

Type of value
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
m 200000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
m
R
p 1/1000
R
p 1/10000
R
m 1000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m
R
p 1/1000
R
p 1/10000
R
m 1000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
R
p 0,2
R
p 1
R
m
R
p 0,2
R
m
R
p 0,2
R
m
R
p 1/10000
R
p 1/100000
R
m 1000
R
m 10000
R
m 100000
Material no.
to DIN
1.4948
1.4919
1.4828
DINEN10095
1.4876
DINEN10095
Incoloy 800H
2.4858
2.4816
DINEN10095
100
157
191
440
177
211
332
653
185
205
425
205
235
530
180
520
170
480
250
117
147
385
150
170
175
200
300
108
137
375
127
157
300
600
145
165
390
170
195
500
155
485
150
445
350
103
132
375
165
190
400
98
127
375
118
147
279
550
130
150
380
160
185
490
150
480
150
440
2
Temperatures in C
150
142
172
410
170
190
190
220
200
127
157
390
147
177
318
632
160
180
400
180
205
515
165
500
160
460
450
93
122
370
155
180
485
145
475
145
435
500
88
118
360
147
114
250
192
176
108
137
253
489
125
145
360

153
126
297
215
550
83
113
330
121
96
191
140
125
103
132
180
125
250
175
120
140
600
78
108
300
94
74
132
89
78
98
128
125
85
175
120
218
421
120
80
190
120
65
115
135
300
130
90
200
152
114
91
66
160
138
97
700
35
22
55
28
22
46
25
65
34
50
25
75
36
16
70
40
90
68
48
43
28
96
63
42
800
20
10
35
18
7,5
30
15
45
30
21
18
12
38
29
17
900
8
4
15
8.5
3.0
13
5
20
10
8
8
4
22
13
7
RT
1)
230
260
530
205
245
230
550
170
210
450
235
265
550
200
550
-750
180
500
-700
(Soft annealed)

(solution annealed)
(Manufacturers
figures)
(Manufacturers
figures)
190 191
Material designations according to international specifications

Standard
ASTM A 53-01
ASTM A 106-99
ASTM A 135-01
ASTM A 500-01
ASTM A 694-00
ASTM A 414-01
ASTM A 414-01
ASTM A 414-01
ASTM A 204-99
ASTM A 387-99
ASTM A 387-99
ASTM A 106-99
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.0254
1.0255
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
USA JAPAN
UNS
designation
K02504
A 53
K02501
A 106
K03013
A 135
K03000
A 500

K03014
A 694
K02201
A 414
K02505
A 414
K02704
A 414
K12320
A 204
K11789
A 387
K21590
22 (22L)
K02501
A 106
Standard
JIS G 3445
(1988)
JIS G 3454
(1988)
JIS G 3457
(1988)
JIS G 3455
(1988)
JIS G 3101
(1995)
JIS G 3106
(1999)
JIS G 3106
(1999)
JIS G 3115
(2000)
JIS G 3118
(2000)
JIS G 3118
(2000)
JIS G 3458
(1988)
JIS G 3462
(1988)
JIS G 4109
(1987)
JIS G 3461
(1988)
Designation
STKM 12 A
STPG 370
STPY 400
STS 370
SS 490
SM 490 A
SM 520 B
SPV 450
SGV 480
SGV 410
STPA 12
STBA 22
SCMV 4
STB 340
applications
Tubes
Pipes under pressure
Welded tubes
Pipes subjected to high
pressures
General structural steels
Steels for welded con-
structions
Heavy plate for pressure
vessels
Tubes
Boiler and heat exchanger
pipes
vessels
Boiler and heat exchanger
pipes

Standard
KS D 3583
(1992)

KS D 3503
(1993)
KS D 3517
(1995)
KS D 3521
(1991)
KS D 3521
(1991)
KS D 3572
(1990)
KS D 3572
(1990)
KS D 3543
(1991)
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.0254
1.0255
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
KOREA CHINA
Designation
SPW 400
SS 490
STKM 16C
SPPV 450
SPPV 315
STHA 12
STHA 22
SCMV 4
applications
Welded tubes of
carbon steel
General structural steels
Unalloyed steel tubes for gen-
eral mechanical engineering
Heavy plate for pressure vessels
for mediumapplication temp.
Tubes for boilers and heat
exchangers
Cr-Mo steel for pressure
vessels
Standard

GB T 700
(1988)
GB T 700
(1988)
GB T 713
(1997)
GB T 8164
(1993)
GB 5310
(1995)
YB T 5132
(1993)
GB 5310
(1995)
Designation

Q 235 B;
U12355
Q 275;
U12752
16Mng;
L20162
16Mn;
L20166
15MoG;
A65158
12CrMo;
A30122
12Cr2MoG;
A30138
applications
(unalloyed structural
steels)
Plate for steam boilers
Strip for welded tubes
Seamless tubes for
pressure vessels
Plate of alloyed
structural steels
Seamless tubes for
pressure vessels
applications / title
Welded and seamless
black-oxidized and
galvanized steel tubes
Seamless tubes of high-
temperature unalloyed steel
Electric resistance
welded tubes
Welded and seamless
fittings of cold-formed unal-
loyed steel
Forgings of unalloyed
and alloyed steel for pipe
flanges, fittings, valves and
other parts for high-
pressure drive systems
Sheet of unalloyed steel
for pressure tanks
Sheet of molybdenumalloyed
steel for pressure tanks
Sheet of Cr-Mo alloyed
steel for pressure tanks
Seamless tubes of high-
temperature unalloyed steel
192 193

Standard
ASTM A 299-01
ASTM A 714-99
ASTM A 633-01
ASTM A 724-99
ASTM A 573-00
ASTM A 707-02
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
USA JAPAN
UNS
designation
(AISI)
K02803
A 299
K12609
A 714 (II)
K12037
A633(D)
K12037
A724(C)
K02701
A 573
K12510
A 707 (L3)
Plate of C-Mn-Si steel
for pressure tanks
Welded and seamless
tubes of high-strength
low-alloy steel
Normalized high-strength
low-alloy structural steel
Plate of tempered unal-
loyed steel for welded
pressure tanks of layered
construction
Plate of unalloyed struc-
tural steel with improved
toughness
Forged flanges of alloyed
and unalloyed steel for use
in low temperatures
Standard
JIS G 3106
(1999)
JIS G 3444
(1994)
JIS G 3126
(2000)
JIS G 3444
(1994)
Designation
SM 490
A;B;C;
STK 490
SLA 365
STK 490
applications
structions
structions
vessels (low temperature)
Tubes for general use

Standard
KS D 3541
(1991)
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
KOREA CHINA
Designation
SLA1 360
vessels (low temperature)
Standard
GB T 714
(2000)
GB 6654
(1996)
Designation

Q420q-D;
L14204
16MnR;
L20163
applications
Steels for bridge con-
struction
Heavy plate for
pressure vessels
194 195

Standard
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM B 625-99
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
USA JAPAN
UNS
designation
(AISI)

S40900;
A 240
(409)
S30400;
A 240
(304)
S30403;
A 240
(340L)
S32100
A 240
(321)
S31635
A240
(316Ti)
S31603
A240
(316L)
S31603
A240
(316L)
S34565
A240

N08904
A240
(904L)
N08925
B 625
Sheet and strip of
heatproof stainless
Cr and Cr-Ni steel for
pressure tanks
Sheet and strip of low-
carbon Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu
alloys
Standard
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
JIS G 4305
(1999)
Designation
SUS 430LX
SUS 304
SUS 304L
SUS 321
SUS 316Ti
SUS 316L
SUS 316L
applications
Cold-rolled sheet, heavy
plate and strip
plate and strip

Standard
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
KS D 3698
(1992)
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
KOREA CHINA
Designation
STS 430LX
STS 304
STS 304L
STS 321
STS 316Ti
STS 316L
STS 316L
STS 317J5L
applications
plate and strip
plate and strip
plate and strip
Standard
GB T 4238
(1992)
GB T 3280
(1992)
GB T 3280
(1992)
GB T 3280
(1992)
GB T 3280
(1992)
GB T 4239
(1991)
GB T 3280
(1992)

Designation
0Cr11Ti;
S11168
0Cr18Ni9;
S30408
00Cr19Ni10;
S30403
0Cr18Ni10Ti;
S32168
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2
S31688
00Cr17Ni14Mo2;
S31603
00Cr17Ni14Mo2;
S31603
applications
olled sheet, heavy plate
and strip
Hot-rolled sheet of
heatproof steel, ferritic
plate and strip
196 197

Standard
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM A 167-99
ASTM A 240-02
ASTM B 424-98
ASTM B 168-98
ASTM B 575-99
ASTM B 443-99
ASTM B 575-99
ASTM B 127-98
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
USA JAPAN
UNS
designation
(AISI)
S30409
A240
(304H)
S31609
A240
(316H)
N 08810
A 240
S30900
A 167
(309)
N 08800
A 240
N 08825
B 424
N 06600
B 168
N 10276
B 575
N 06625
B 443
N 06455
B 575
N 04400
B 127
Sheet and strip of heatproof
stainless Cr and Cr-Ni steel
for pressure tanks
Sheet and strip of stainless
heatproof Cr-Ni steel
Sheet and strip of stainless
heatproof Cr and Cr-Ni steel
for pressure tanks
Sheet and strip of low-carbon
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu alloys
(UNS N08825 and N08221)
Ni-Cr-Fe and Ni-Cr-Co-Mo
alloys (UNS N06600 and
N06690)
Ni-Mo-Cr alloys
Sheet and strip of Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb
alloy (UNS N06625)
Ni-Mo-Cr alloys
Sheet and strip of Ni-Cu alloy
(UNS N04400)
Standard
JIS G 4312
(1991)
JIS G 4902
(1991)
JIS G 4902
(1991)
JIS G 4902
(1991)
Designation
SUH 309
NCF 800
NCF 825
NCF 625
applications
Heatproof sheet and
heavy plate
Special alloy in sheet form
Special alloy in sheet form

Standard
KS D 3732
(1993)
KS D 3532
(1992)
KS D 3532
(1992)
KS D 3532
(1992)
Material
no. to
DIN EN
1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
KOREA CHINA
Designation
STR 309
NCF 800
NCF 825
NCF 625
applications
Heatproof sheet and
heavy plate
Special alloys in sheet and
heavy plate form
Special alloys in sheet and
heavy plate form
Standard
GB T 1221
(1992)
GB T 15007
(1994)
GB T 15007
(1994)
GB T 15007
(1994)
GB T 15007
(1994)
GB T 15007
(1994)
GB T 15007
(1994)
Designation
1Cr20Ni14Si2;
S38210
NS 111;
H01110
NS 142;
H01420
NS 312;
H03120
NS 333;
H03330
NS 336;
H03360
NS 335;
H03350
applications
Heatproof steels,
austenitic
Stainless alloys
198
Permissible operating pressures and temperatures
for threaded fittings in malleable cast iron
Threaded fasteners of malleable cast iron are applicable up to the operating pressures
indicated in the table below, depending on type of fluid and operating temperature.
Sealing is to be carried out with special care. The sealing materials are to be selected
according to the operating conditions. Only approved sealing materials must be applied
for sealing of threaded fasteners in drinking water and gas insulations.
Only high-quality threads are appropriate for high operating requirements.
permissible operating pressure for the fluids
nipples, flat sealing threaded fasteners
6-50
1
4
- 2 65 bar 50 bar 40 bar 35 bar
conically sealing threaded fasteners
6-32
1
4
- 1
1
4
65 bar 50 bar 40 bar 35 bar
40 1
1
2
65 bar 50 bar 40 bar 30 bar
50 2 55 bar 40 bar 32 bar 24 bar
DN d water and gas gases and steam gases and steam oils
inch up to max. 120 C up to max. 150 C up to 300 C up to 200 C
200 201
Corrosion
resistance
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
General
Flexible metal elements are basically suit-
able for the transport of critical fluids if a
sufficient resistance is ensured against all
corrosive media that may occur during the
entire lifetime.
The flexibility of the corrugated elements
like bellows or corrugated hoses generally
require their wall thickness to be consider-
ably smaller than that of all other parts of
the system in which they are installed.
As therefore increasing the wall thickness
to prevent damages caused by corrosion
is not reasonable, it becomes essential to
select a suitable material for the flexible
elements which is sufficiently resistant.
Special attention must be paid to all pos-
sible kinds of corrosion, especially pitting
corrosion, intercrystalline corrosion, crev-
ice corrosion, and stress corrosion crack-
ing, (see Types of corrosion).
This leads to the fact that in many cases
at least the ply of the flexible element that
is exposed to the corrosive fluid has to be
chosen of a material with even higher cor-
rosion resistance than those of the system
parts it is connected to (see Resistance
table).
Types of corrosion
According to EN ISO 8044, corrosion is the
physicochemical interaction between a
metal and its environment that results in
changes in the properties of the metal, and
which may lead to significant impairment
of the function of the metal, the environ-
ment, or the technical system, of which
these form a part. This interaction is often
of an electrochemical nature.
Different types of corrosion may occur,
depending on the material and on the
corrosion conditions. The most important
corrosion types of ferrous and non-ferrous
metals are described below.
Uniform corrosion
A general corrosion proceeding at almost
the same rate over the whole surface. The
loss in weight which occurs is generally
specified either in g/m
2
h or as the reduc-
tion in the wall thickness in mm/year.
This type of corrosion includes the rust
which commonly is found on unalloyed
steel (e. g. caused by oxidation in the pres-
ence of water).
Stainless steels can only be affect by uni-
form corrosion under extremely unfavour-
able conditions, e.g. caused by liquids,
such as acids, bases and salt solutions.
200 201
202 203
related changes in the structure can be
reversed by means of solution annealing
(1000 1050 C).
This type of corrosion can be avoided by
using stainless steels with low carbon con-
tent ( 0,03 % C) or containing elements,
such as titanium or niobium. For flexible
elements, this may be stabilized material
qualities like 1.4541, 1.4571 or low-carbon
qualities like 1.4404, 1.4306.
The resistance of materials to intergranu-
lar corrosion can be verified by a stand-
ardized test (Monypenny - Strauss test
according to ISO 3651-2). Certificates to be
delivered by the material supplier, proving

resistant to IGC according to this test are
therefore asked for in order and accept-
ance test specifications.
Stress corrosion cracking
This type of corrosion is observed most
frequently in austenitic materials, sub-
jected to tensile stresses and exposed
to a corrosive agent. The most important
agents are alkaline solutions and those
containing chloride.
The form of the cracks may be either
transgranular or intergranular. Whereas
the transgranular form only occurs at
temperatures higher than 50 C (especially
in solutions containing chloride), the inter-
granular form can be observed already at
room temperature in austenitic materials
in a neutral solutions containing chloride.
At temperatures above 100 C SCC can
already be caused by very small con-
centrations of chloride or lye the latter
always leads to the transgranular form.
Stress corrosion cracking takes the same
forms in non-ferrous metals as in auste-
nitic materials.
Fig. B.3: Intergranular corrosion (decay) in austenitic
material 1.4828. Sectional view (100-fold enlarge-
ment).
Pitting corrosion
A locally limited corrosion attack that may
occur under certain conditions, called
pitting corrosion on account of its appear-
ance. It is caused by the effects of chlorine,
bromine and iodine ions, especially when
they are present in hydrous solutions.
This selective type of corrosion cannot be
calculated, unlike surface corrosion, and
can therefore only be kept under control by
choosing an adequate resistant material.
The resistance of stainless steels to pitting
corrosion increases in line with the molyb-
denum content in the chemical composi-
tion of the material.
The resistance of materials to pitting cor-
rosion can approximately be compared
by the so-called pitting resistance equiva-
lent (PRE = Cr % + 3.3 Mo % + 30 N %),
whereas the higher values indicate a bet-
ter resistance.
Intergranular corrosion
These deposit processes are dependent
on temperature and time in CrNi alloys,
whereby the critical temperature range is
between 550 and 650 C and the period
up to the onset of the deposit processes
differs according to the type of steel. This
must be taken into account, for example,
when welding thick-walled parts with
a high thermal capacity. These deposit-
Fig. B.1: Pitting corrosion on a cold strip made of
austenitic steel. Plan view (50-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.2: Sectional view (50-fold enlargement).
204 205
Contact corrosion
A corrosion type which may result from a
combination of different materials.
Galvanic potential series are used to
assess the risk of contact corrosion, e.g. in
seawater. Metals which are close together
on this graph are mutually compatible; the
anodic metal corrodes increasingly in line
with the distance between two metals.
Materials which can be encountered in
both the active and passive state must
also be taken into account. A CrNi alloy,
for example, can be activated by mechani-
cal damage to the surface, by deposits
(diffusion of oxygen made more difficult)
or by corrosion products on the surface of
the material. This may result in a potential
difference between the active and passive
surfaces of the metal, and in material ero-
sion (corrosion) if an electrolyte is present.
Dezincing
A type of corrosion which occurs primarily
in copper-zinc alloys with more than 20%
zinc.
During the corrosion process the copper
is separated from the brass, usually in the
form of a spongy mass. The zinc either
remains in solution or is separated in the
form of basic salts above the point of cor-
rosion. The dezincing can be either of the
surface type or locally restricted, and can
also be found deeper inside.
Conditions which encourage this type of
corrosion include thick coatings from cor-
rosion products, lime deposits from the
water or other deposits of foreign bodies
on the metal surface. Water with high chlo-
ride content at elevated temperature in
conjunction with low flow velocities
further the occurrence of dezincing.
Fig. B.6: Crevice corrosion on a cold strip made from
austenitic steel. Sectional view (50-fold enlarge-
ment).
Damage caused by intergranular stress
corrosion cracking can occur in nickel and
nickel alloys in highly concentrated alkalis
at temperatures above 400 C, and in solu-
tions or water vapour containing hydrogen
sulphide at temperatures above 250 C.
A careful choice of materials based on a
detailed knowledge of the existing oper-
ating conditions is necessary to prevent
from this type of corrosion damage.
Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is a localized, seldom
encountered form of corrosion found in
crevices which are the result of the design
or of deposits. This corrosion type is
caused by the lack of oxygen in the crev-
ices, oxygen being essential in passive
materials to preserve the passive layer.
Because of the risk of crevice corrosion
design and applications should be avoided
which represent crevice or encourage
deposits.
The resistance of high-alloy steels and
Ni-based alloys to this type of corrosion
increases in line with the molybdenum
content of the materials. Again pitting
resistance equivalent (PRE) (see Pitting
corrosion) can be taken as criteria for a
ssessing the resistance to crevice corro-
sion.
Fig. B.5: Intergranular stress corosion cracking on a
cold strip made of austenitic steel. Sectional view
(50-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.4: Transgranular stress corosion cracking on
a cold strip made of austenitic steel. Sectional view
(50-fold enlargement).
207
7.2 | Corrosion resistance 7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Resistance table
The table below provides a summery of
the resistance to different media for metal
materials most commonly used for flex-
ible elements.
The table has been drawn up on the basis
of relevant sources in accordance with the
state of the art; it makes jet no claims to
completeness.
The main function of the table is to pro-
vide the user with an indication of which
materials are suitable or of restricted suit-
ability for the projected application, and
which can be rejected right from the start.
The data constitutes recommendations
only, for which no liability can be accepted.
The exact composition of the working
medium, varying operating states and
other boundary operating conditions must
be taken into consideration when choos-
ing the material.
Fig. B.8: Dezincing on a Copper-Zinc alloy (Brass /
CuZn37). Sectional view (100-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.7:Galvanic potentials in seawater
Source: DECHEMA material tables
Contact corrosion
Fe, galvanized
Steel
Cast iron
Ni-resist
Alloy CuZn with additives
Lead
Admiralty brass (CuZn28Sn1As)
Alloy CuZn 35
Alloy CuZn 15
Copper
Alloy CuNi 70/30
Red bronze
Nickel silver (CuNi18Zn20)
Marine bronze (NiAl bronze)
Alloy 304 (1.4301)
NiCr alloys
Nickel
NiCu alloy 400 (2.4360)
Alloy 316 (1.4401)
Graphite
Galvanic potentials in mV

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
Nickel alloys Copper
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
208
209
Table keys
Resistance tables
Acetanilide (Antifebrine) <114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
8
H
9
NO
Acetic acid 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0
CH
3
COOH or C
2
H
4
O
2
5 bp 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
50 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0
50 bp 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 3 1
80 20 3 3 P P 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
96 20 3 3 3 P 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0
98 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Acetic acid vapour 33 20 3 1 1
100 50 3 3 3 0 1 0 1 3 3 3 0 1
100 bp 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3
Acetic aldehyde 100 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
CHO
Acetic anhydride all 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(CH
3
CO)
2
O 100 60 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
100 bp 3 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 0
Acetic anilide 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Antifebrine)
Acetone 100 bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
COCH
3

Acetyl chloride 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
CH
3
COCI
Acetylene dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3
H-C=C-H dr 200 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3
Acetylene dichloride hy 5 20 1 C
2
H
2
CI
2
dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0
Acetylen tetrachloride 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CHCI
2
CHCI
2
100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3
bp 1 3 1 3
Adipic acid all 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HOOC(CH
2
)
4
COOH
Alcohol
see ethyl or methyl alcohol
Assessment Corrosion behaviour Suitability
0 resistant suitable
1 uniform corrosion with reduction
in thickness of up to 1 mm/year
restricted
P risk of pitting corrosion suitability
S risk of stress corrosion cracking
2 hardly resistant, uniform corrosion not
with reduction in thickness of more recommended
than 1 mm/year up to 10 mm/year
3 not resistant unsuitable
(different forms of corrosion)
Meanings of abbreviations:
dr: dry condition cs: cold-saturated (at room temperature)
mo: moist condition sa: saturated (at boiling point)
hy: hydrous solution bp: boiling point
me: melted adp: acid dew point
208
210

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
211

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Allyl alcohol 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
CH
2
CHCH
2
OH
Allyl chloride 100 25 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
2
=CHCH
2
Cl
Alum 100 20 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
KAI (SO
4
)
2
hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
W hy 10 80 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
sa 3 3 1 3 3
Aluminium me 750 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Al
Aluminium acetate hy 3 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
(CH
3
COO)
2
Al(OH) hy sa 3 0 0 0 1 0 1
Aluminium chloride hy 5 20 3 3 3 P 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 3 1 0 0 3 1
AlCl
3
Aluminium fluoride hy 10 25 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1
AlF
3
Aluminium formate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Al (HCOO)
3
Aluminium hydroxide hy 10 20 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Al (OH)
3

Aluminium nitrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Al(NO
3
)
3
Aluminium oxide 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Al
2
O
3

Aluminium potassium
sulphate
see alum
Aluminium sulphate hy 10 bp 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
hy 15 50 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3
Ammonia dr 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 S S 0 3 0 0 0 0
NH
3
hy 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 S S 3 3 0 0 1 0
W hy 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0
W hy sa bp 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 0
Ammonia bromide hy 10 25 3 P P P 0 0 1 0 1
NH
4
Br
Ammonium acetate 1 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
COONH
4
Ammonium alum hy cs 20 0 0 3 0
NH
4
Al(SO
4
)
2

Ammonium
bicarbonate hy 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0
(NH
4
)HCO
3

Ammonium bifluoride hy 10 25 3 3 3 3 0 3 0
NH
4
HF
2
hy 100 20 3 3 0 0 0 3 0
Ammonium bromide
see ammonia bromide
Ammonium carbonate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
NH
4
)
2
CO
3
hy 50 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Ammonium chloride hy 1 20 1 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 1 S S 1 1 0 0 1 1
NH
4
Cl hy 10 100 1 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 1 S S 1 1 0 1 1 1
W hy 50 bp 1 P P P 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Ammonium fluoride 10 25 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
NH
4
F hy hg 70 3
W hy 20 80 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0
Ammoniumfluosilicate hy 20 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(NH
4
)
2
SiF
6

Ammonium formate hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HCOONH
4
hy 10 70 0 0
Ammonium hydroxide 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1
NH
4
OH
Ammonium nitrate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0
NH
4
NO
3
hy 100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0
Ammonium oxalate hy 10 20 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
(COONH
4
)
2
hy 10 bp 3 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
Ammonium
perchlorate hy 10 20 P P P 1 0
NH
4
CIO
4
212

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
213

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Ammonium persul- hy 5 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
phate (NH
4
)S
2
O
8
hy 10 25 3 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Ammonium phos- hy 5 25 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 1
phate NH
4
H
2
PO
4
Ammonium rhodanide 70 0 0 0 0 0
NH
4
CNS
Ammonium sulphate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 P
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
hy 10 20 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 0 P 1
W hy sa bp 1 0 3 2 3 0 0
Ammonium sulphite cs 20 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
(NH
4
)
2
SO
3
sa bp 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
Ammonium sulphocyanate
see ammonium rhodanide
Amyl acetate all 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CH
3
COOC
5
H
11
100 bp 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Amyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
5
H
11
OH 100 bp 1 0 0 0 0 1
Amyl chloride 100 bp 1 P P 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
CH
2
Cl
Amyl thiol 100 160 0 0 0
Aniline 100 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
NH
2
100 180 1 1 1 3 0
Aniline chloride hy 5 20 P P P 0 3 3 3 0 0 3
C
6
H
5
NH
2
HCl hy 5 100 P P P 0 0
Aniline hydrochloride
see anilin chloride
Aniline sulphate 20 0 0 1
Aniline sulphite hy 10 20 0 1 0
hy cs 20 0 0
Antifreeze 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glysantine
Antimony me 100 650 3 0 0 3 3
Sb
Antimony trichloride dr 20 0 3 3 3 0 3
SbCl
3
hy 100 1 3 3 3 0 3
Aqua regia 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1
3HCl+HNO
3

Arsenic 65 0 0
As 110 1 1
Arsenic acid hy 20 3 0 0
H
3
AsO
4
hy 90 110 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Asphalt 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azobenzene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
N=NC
6
H
5

Baking powder mo 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Barium carbonate 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
BaCO
3

Barium chloride hy 5 20 P P P 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 3
BaCl
2
hy 25 bp P P P 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 P
Barium hydroxide solid 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Ba(OH)
2
hy all 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3
hy all bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
hy 100 815 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

cs 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

hy sa bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3

50 100 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Barium nitrate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 0
Ba(NO
3
)
2

Barium sulphate 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
BaSO
4

Barium sulphide 25 0 0 0 3 1 3 3
BaS
214

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
215

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Basic aluminium acetat
see aluminium acetat
Beer 100 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Benzaldehyde dr bp 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
CHO
Benzene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
100 bp 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
Benzenesulfonic acid hy 5 40 3 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
SO
3
H hy 5 60 3 3 1 1
Benzine 100 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Benzoic acid hy all 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
COOH hy all bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Benzyl alcohol all 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH
Biphenyl 100 20 0 0 S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
100 400 0 0 S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Blood 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Boiled oil 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Borax hy cs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Na
2
B
4
O
7
hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
Boric acid hy 50 100 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
H
3
BO
3
hy 50 150 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
hy 70 150 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Boron 20 0 0 0 0
B 900 0
Bromine dr 100 20 P P P P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0
Br mo 100 20 P P P P 3 3 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 3 0

Bromine water 0.03 20 P P P
1 20 P P P
Bromoform dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
CHBr
3
mo 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
1,3-Butadiene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
2
=CHCH=CH
2

Butane 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
C
4
H
10
100 120 1 0 0
Butanol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2

CH
2
OH 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butter 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Buttermilk 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
Butylacetate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
COOC
4
H
9
bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butyric acid hy cs 20 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 0
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH hy sa bp 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 1
Cadmium me 3 3
Cd
Calcium me 850 3 3 3
Ca
Calcium bisulphite cs 20 3 3 0 0 1 3 1 0 0
CaSO
3
sa bp 3 3 3 0 0
Calcium carbonate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CaCO
3

Calcium chlorate hy 10 20 P P P 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0
Ca(CIO
3
)
2
hy 10 100 3 3 P 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0
Calcium chloride hy 5 100 3 P P P 0 0 0 3
CaCl
2
hy 10 20 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 3
cs 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 3
sa 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 P 0 3
Calcium hydroxide 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3
Ca(OH)
2

216

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
217

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Calcium hypochlorite hy 2 20 3 3 3 P 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Ca(OCI)
2
hy cs 3 3 3 P 1 0 3
Calcium nitrate 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ca(NO
3
)
2
all 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calcium oxalate mo 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
(COO)
2
Ca
Calcium oxide 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
CaO
Calcium sulphate mo 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CaSO
4
mo bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Calcium sulphite hy cs 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
CaSO
3
hy sa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Carbolic acid 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
(OH) bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
hy 90 bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Carbon dioxide dr 100 540 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
CO
2
dr 100 1000 3 3 0
mo 20 25 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 3
mo 100 25 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
Carbon monoxide 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO 100 540 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 0 0 1 3
Carbon dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tetrachloride dr bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
CCl
4
mo 25 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
mo bp 3 1 3
Carbonic acid
see carbon dioxide
Caustic-soda solution
see sodium hydroxide
Chilean nitrate
see sodium nitrate
Chloral 20 0 0 3
CCl
3
CHO
Chloramine 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
Chloric acid hy 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3
HClO
3

Chlorinated lime
see calcium hypochlorite
Chlorine dr 100 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Cl
2
dr 100 300 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
dr 100 400 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
mo 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3
mo 150 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
Chlorine dioxide hy 0.5 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 0
CIO
2

Chloroacetic acid all 20 3 3 3 L 3 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 3
CH
2
ClCOOH hy 30 80 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
Chlorobenzene dr 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
Cl mo 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Chloroethane 0 S S S 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
C
2
H
5
Cl
Chloroform dr 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CHCl
3
mo 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 3
Chloronaphthaline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
10
H
7
Cl
Chlorophenol 1 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
4
(OH)Cl
Chlorosulphon acid hy 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
HOSO
2
Cl mo 20 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 3 3
Chrome alum hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 1 0 1
KCr(SO
4
)
2
cs 3 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 3
sa 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 0 3
Chromic acid hy 5 20 3 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 0
Cr
2
O
3
hy 5 90 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
(H
2
CrO
4
) hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1
hy 10 65 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
hy 60 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
218

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
219

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Chromic-acid anhydride
see chromium oxide
Chromium oxide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CrO
3

Chromium sulphate cs 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
sa 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cider 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Citric acid hy all 80 3 3 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
8
O
7
hy all bp 3 3 3 0 0 0
Combustion gases
free from S or H
2
SO
4
and Cl 400 0 0 0 0 0

with S or H
2
SO
4
and Cl adp
and
400 0 0 0 0 0
Copper (II) acetate hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 3 1
CU
2
(CH
3
COO)
4
hy bp 3 0 0 0 3 0 3
Copper (II) chloride hy 1 20 3 3 P P 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
CuCl
2
hy cs 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 3
Copper (II) nitrate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
hy 50 bp 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 3
hy cs 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Copper (II) sulphate hy cs 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
CuSO
4
hy sa 3 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 0
Cresol all 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
4
(CH
3
)OH all bp 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0
Crotonaldehyde 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
CH=CHCHO bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cyclohexane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(CH
2
)
6

Diammonium phosphate
see ammonium phosphate
Dibromethane 1 0 0 0 3
CH
2
BrCH
2
Br
Dichlorflourmethane dr bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CF
2
Cl
2
dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mo 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dichloroethane dr 100 20 0 P P P 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
CH
2
ClCH
2
Cl mo 100 20 P P P 0 1
Dichloroethylene
see acethylene dichloride
Diethyl ether 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(C
2
H
5
)
2
O
Ethane 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
CH
3

Ether
see diethyl ether
Ethereal oils 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethyl alcohol all 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
2
H
5
OH all bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethylbenzene 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
C
2
H
5
Ethyl chloride 0 S S S 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
C
2
H
5
Cl
Ethylene 20 0 0 0 0 0
CH
2
=CH
2

Ethylene dibromide
see dibromethane
Ethylene dichloride
see dichloroethane
Ethylene glycol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
CH
2
OHCH
2
OH
Exhaust gases
see combustion gas
220

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
221

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fatty acid 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C
17
H
33
COOH 100 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
100 150 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 0
100 180 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 0
100 300 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 0
Fixing salt
see sodium thiosulphate
Flue gases
see combustion gases
Fluorine mo 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0
F dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
dr 100 200 0 0 P P 0 0 3 0 0 3
dr 100 500 3 0 3
Fluorosilicic acid 100 20 3 3 P P 1 1 3 1 1 3
H
2
(SiF
6
) 25 20 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3
70 20 3 3 3 3 1 3
vapour 3 3 3 3 1 2 3
Formaldehyde hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0
CH
2
O hy 40 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0
hy all bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Formic acid 10 20 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
HCOOH 10 bp 3 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 3 3
80 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 3 3 3
85 65 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 3 3
Fuels
Benzine 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Benzene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Benzine-alcohol-mixture 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Furfural 100 25 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
100 bp 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0
Gallic acid hy 1 20 1 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
2
(OH)
3
COOH 100 20 3 0 0 0 0
100 bp 3 0 0 0 3 0
Gelatine 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glacial acetic acid
CH
3
CO
2
H
see acetic acid
Glass me 1200 1 1 1
Glauber salt
see sodium sulphate
Gluconic acid 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
4
COOH
Glucose hy 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
12
O
6
Glutamic acid 20 1 P P 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
HOOCCH
2
CH
2
80 3 P P 0 1 1
CHNH
2
COOH
Glycerine 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CH
2
OHCHOHCH
2
OH 100 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Glycol
see ethylenglycol
Glycolic acid 20 3 1 1 1 0 0 1
CH
2
OHCOOH bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 1
Glysantine
see antifreeze
Hexachloroethane 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
CCl
3
CCl
3

Hexamethylene- hy 20 60 1 0 0 0 1
tetramine hy 80 60 3 0 0 0
(CH
2
)
6
N
4

Household ammonia
see ammonium hydroxide
Hydrazene 20 0 0 3 3 3 3 1
H
2
NNH
2

222

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
223

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Hydrazine sulphate hy 10 bp 3 3 3
(NH
2
)
2
H
2
SO
4

Hydrobromic acid 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3
aqueous solution of
hydrogen bromide (HBr)
Hydrochloric acid 0.2 20 3 3 P P 0 P 0 0
HCl 0.5 20 3 3 3 P 0 0 0
0.5 bp 3 3 3 3 3 1 0
1 20 3 3 3 P 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
2 65 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
5 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 1 3 3 3
15 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0
32 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 1
32 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Hydrochloric-acid gas
see hydrogen chloride
Hydrofluoric acid 10 20 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3
HF 80 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
80 bp 1 1 3 3 3
90 30 1 1 0 1 3 3 3
Hydrogen 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H 300 3 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen bromide dr 100 20 0 0 0 0
HBr mo 30 20 3 3 3 3 0
Hydrogen chloride dr 20 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 0
HCl dr 100 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 1
dr 250 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3
dr 500 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3
Hydrogen cyanide dr 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0
HCN hy 20 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0
hy cs 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen fluoride 5 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3
HF 100 500 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3
Hydrogen peroxide all 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 0
H
2
O
2
Hydrogen sulphide dr 100 20 1 S 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
H
2
S dr 100 100 3 S 0 0 0 0
dr 100 200 3 3 0 0 0
mo 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
Hydroiodic acid dr 20 0 0 0 0
mo 20 3 3 3 3
Hypochlorous acid 20 3 3 3 3 0 3
HOCl
Indol 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ink
see gallic acid
Iodine dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0
J
2
mo 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 0 3 3
mo bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
Iodoform dr 60 0 0 0 0 0
CHJ
3
mo 20 3 3 P P
Iron (II) chloride hy 10 20 0 P P 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
FeCl
2
hy cs 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Iron (II) sulphate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
FeSO
4

Iron (III) chloride dr 100 20 0 P P P 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
FeCl
3
hy 5 25 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
hy 10 65 3 1 1 1 3 0 0
hy 50 20 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0
Iron (III) nitrate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0
Fe(NO
3
)
3
hy all bp 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Iron (II) sulphate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
FeSO
4

Iron (III) sulphate hy 30 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Fe(SO
4
)
3
hy all bp 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
Isatine 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
8
H
5
NO
2

224

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
225

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Kalinite
see alum
Ketene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R
2
C=C=O bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lactic acid hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0
C
3
H
6
O
3
hy all 20 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 3
hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 3
hy all bp 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 3
Lactose hy 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
12
H
22
O
11

Lead me 388 3 1 1 1 0 3 3 0 0
Pb 900 3 3 3 3 0
Lead acetate me 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Pb
Lead acide 20 30 0 0 0 1 1
Pb(N
3
)
2

Lead nitrate hy 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pb(NO
3
)
2

Lime
see calcium oxide
Lithium me 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Li
Lithium chloride hy cs 3 3 3 P 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
LiCl
Lithium hydroxide hy all 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LiOH
Magnesium me 650 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Mg
Magnesium hy 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
carbonate MgCO
3
hy bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Magnesium chloride hy 5 20 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3
MgCl
2
hy 5 bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3
hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
Magnesium hydroxide hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Mg(OH)
2
hy sa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Magnesium nitrate cs 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1
Mg(NO
3
)
2

Magnesium oxide
see magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium sulphate hy 0.1 20 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
MgSO
4
hy 5 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
hy 50 bp 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Maleic acid hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
HOOCHC=CH hy 50 100 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
COOH
Maleic anhydride 100 285 0
Mallic acid hy 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 0 0 0
W hy 50 100 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
Malonic acid 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CH
2
(COOH)
2
50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 3 3 3 3 3 3
Manganese(II) hy 5 100 3 P P P 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0 0
chloride MnCl
2
hy 50 20 1 3 P P 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0 0
Manganese(II) cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sulphate MnSO
4

Maritime climate mo 2P 1P 1P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
Methanol
see methyl alcohol
Menthol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
10
H
19
OH
226

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
227

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Mercury dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3
Hg all <500 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Methane 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
4
600 0 0
Methyl acetate 60 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
COOCH
3
60 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0
Methyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CH
3
OH 100 bp 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Methylamine hy 25 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
CH
3
NH
2
Methyl chloride dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
Cl mo 20 3 P P P 0 0 0 3
mo 100 P P P 0 0 1 0 3
Methyldehyde
see formaldehyde
Methylene dichloride dr 20 0 P P P 0 0 0
CH
2
Cl
2
mo 20 P P P 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
mo bp P P P 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 3
Milk of lime 20 0 1 0 0 0
Ca(OH)
2
bp 0 1 0 0 0
Milk sugar
see lactose
Mixed acids

20 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3
20 0 0 0 3
90 3 1 1
120 3 3 3
50 3 0 0
50 3 1 0
90 3 3 1
157 3 3 3
20 3 3 0 0
80 3 1 0
50 3 0 0
90 3 1 0
20 3 3 0 0
90 3 3 0 0
bp 3 3 1 1
134 3 1 1
Molasses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Monochloroacetic acid
see chloroacetic acid
Naphthaline 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1
C
10
H
8
100 390 0 0 0 0
Naphthaline chloride 100 45 0
100 200 0
Naphthaline sulphonic
acid 100 20 0 0 0 0
C
10
H
7
SO
2
H 100 bp 3 3 3 0
Naphthenic acid hy 100 20 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 0
Nickel (II) chloride hy 10 20 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 0 0
NiCl
2
hy 10 bp 3 3 P P 0 0
tot 70 0 1
Nickel (II) nitrate hy 10 25 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Ni(NO
3
)
2
hy 100 25 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 3
Nickel (II) sulphate hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 0
NiSO
4
hy bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0
HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
H
2
O

% % %
90 10
50 50
50 50
50 50
38 60 2
25 75
25 75
25 75
15 20 65
15 20 65
10 70 20
10 70 20
5 30 65
5 30 65
5 30 65
5 15 80
228

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
229

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Nitric acid 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 0 0 0
HNO
3
1 bp 3 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0
5 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
5 bp 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
10 bp 3 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 0
15 bp 3 1 0 0 3 0 0
25 bp 3 3 0 0 3 1 0
50 bp 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 3
65 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
65 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
99 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
20 290 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
40 200 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Nitrobenzene hy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
x
(NO
2
)
y
Nitrobenzoic acid hy 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)COOH
Nitroglycerine hy 20 0 0 0 0 0
C
3
H
5
(ONO
2
)
3

Nitrogen 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 100 900 1 3
Nitrous acid
HNO
2

similar to nitric acid
Oleic acid
see fatty acid
Oleum
see sulphur trioxide
Oxalic acid hy all 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0
C
2
H
2
O
4
hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 0 3
hy sa 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
Oxygen 500 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3
O
Ozone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Paraffin 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
CnH
2n
+
2
me 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perchlorethane
see hexachlorethane
Perchloric acid (60%) 10 20 3 3 3 3 0 3
HClO
4
100 20 3 3 3 3 0
Perchlorethylene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
2
Cl
4
bp 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3
mo 3 P P P
Perhydrol
see hydrogen
superoxide
Petroleum 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0
Petrol
see benzine (benzene)
Phenol
see carbolic acid
Phloroglucinol 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
3
(OH)
3
Phosgene dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
COCl
2
Phosphoric acid hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3
H
3
PO
4
hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
hy 30 bp 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 0 3
hy 60 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 0
hy 80 20 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0
hy 80 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 0 1
Phosphorous dr 20 0 0 0 0
P
Phosphorous penta- dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1
chlorite PCl
5
Phtalic acid and 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
phtalic anhydride 200 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2
dr bp 0 0 0 0 0 0
230

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
231

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Resistance tables
Picric acid hy 3 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0
C
6
H
2
(OH)(NO
2
)
3
hy cs 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
me 150 3 0 0 0 0 3
Plaster
see calcium sulphate
Potash lye
see potassium hydroxide
Potassium me 604 0 0 0 1 0 0
K 800 0 0 1 0 1 0
Potassium acetate me 100 292 1 0 0 1 0
CH
3
COOK hy 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Potassium bisulphate hy 5 20 3 3 2 0 0
KHSO
4
hy 5 90 3 3 3 3 3
Potassium bitartrate hy cs 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
KC
4
H
5
O
6
hy sa 3 3 3 1 1 0 0
Potassium bromide hy 5 30 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
KBr
Potassium carbonate hy 50 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 3 0
K
2
CO
3
hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0
Potassium chlorate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0
KCIO
3
hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 1
Potassium chloride hy 10 20 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
KCl hy 10 bp 3 3 P P 1 3 1
hy 30 bp 3 3 P P 1 0 3 1 3 0 0 0
hy cs 3 P P P 1
hy sa 3 3 P P 1
Potassium chromate hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K
2
CrO
4
hy 10 bp 1 0 0 0 0
Potassium cyanide hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 3 0 3
KCN hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3
Potassium hy 10 40 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0
dichromate hy 25 40 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
hy 25 bp 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
Potassium hy 1 20 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
ferricyanide hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
K
3
(Fe(CN)
6
) hy sa 3 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Potassium hy 1 20 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
ferrocyanide hy 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
K
4
(Fe(CN)
6
) hy 25 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Potassium fluoride hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 3
KF hy sa 1 0 0 0 0
Potassium hydroxide hy 10 20 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 3 3
KOH hy 20 bp 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 3
hy 30 bp 3 S S 1 3 1 0 3 0 3 3 3
hy 50 20 S 0 S S 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 3 3
hy 50 bp S 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 3 3 0 3 3 3
hy sa S 3 S S 1 0 3 3 0
me 100 360 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3
Potassium hy all 20 P P P 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3
hypochloride KCIO hy all bp P P P 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 3
Potassium iodide hy 20 0 P P P 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3
KJ hy bp 0 3 P P 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3
Potassium nitrate hy all 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
KNO
3
hy all bp 0 0 0 1 0 1
Potassium nitrite all bp 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
KNO
2

Potassium permang- hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
anate KMnO
4
hy all bp 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Potassium persulphate hy 10 50 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3
K
2
S
2
O
8

Potassium silicate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
K
2
SiO
3

Potassium sulphate hy 10 25 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
K
2
SO
4
hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
232

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
233

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Medium Materials Medium Materials
Protein solutions 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyridine dr all 20 0 0 0 0 0
C
5
H
5
N all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyrogallol all 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
3
(OH)
3
all bp 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Quinine bisulphate dr 20 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Quinine sulphate dr 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Quinol 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
HOC
6
H
4
OH
Salicylic acid dr 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
HOC
6
H
4
COOH mo 100 20 3 0 0 1 0 0
hy cs 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Salmiac
see ammonium chloride
Salpetre
see potassium nitrate
Seawater
at flow velocity v (m/s)
0 v 1.5 20 1 P P P P P 0 0 P 1 1 P
1.5 v 4.5 20 1 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1
Siliceous flux acid
see fluorsilicic acid
Silver nitrate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
AgNO
3
hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 3 0
hy 20 60 3 0 0 0 0
hy 40 20 3 0 0 0 1 0
me 100 250 3 3 0 0
Soap hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
hy 1 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium (O
2
0.005 %) 200 0 0 0 0 0 1
Na me 600 3 1 0 0 0
Sodium acetate hy 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
3
COONa hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium aluminate 100 20 0 0 0 0 0
Na
3
AlO
3
hy 10 25 0 0 0 0 1 0 3
Sodium arsenate hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0
Na
2
HAsO
4

Sodium bicarbonate 100 20 0 0 0 0 0
NaHCO
3
hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0
hy cs 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
hy sa 0 0 0 1 0
Sodium bisulphate hy all 20 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0
NaHSO
4
hy all bp 3 3 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 0 0 1
Sodium bisulphite hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0
NaHSO
3
hy 50 20 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0
hy 50 bp 3 3 3 0 0 0
Sodium borate hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
NaBo
3
4 H
2
O me 3 3 3 3 3
(Borax)
Sodium bromide hy all 20 3 3 3 P 1 0 3
NaBr hy all bp 3 3 3 P 1 0 3
Sodium carbonate hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Na
2
CO
3
hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
hy 400 3 3 3 3
me 900 3 3 3 3 0 0
Sodium chloride hy 0.5 20 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
NaCl hy 2 20 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
hy cs 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0
hy sa 3 3 3 P 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0
Sodium chlorite dr 100 20 3 P P 0 0 0
NaClO
2
hy 5 20 3 P 0
hy 5 bp 3 3 1 0
hy 10 80 3 3 P 0 1 0
Sodium chromate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Na
2
CrO
4

Resistance tables
234

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
235

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Sodium cyanide me 600 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
NaCN hy cs 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 3 3
Sodium fluoride hy 10 20 0 0 0 3 0
NaF hy 10 bp 0 0 0
hy cs S S 0
Sodium hydrogensulphate
see sodium bisulphate
Sodium hydrogensulphite
see sodium bisulphite
Sodium hydroxide solid 100 all 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NaOH hy 10 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 10 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 20 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 20 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 40 100 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 40 100 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
hy 50 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 50 100 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 50 100 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
hy 60 90 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0
hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0
Sodium hypochlorite hy 5 20 3 3 3 P 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3
NaOCl hy 10 50 3 P P 0 1 0 3
Sodium hyposulphite all 20 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0
Na
2
S
2
O
4
all bp 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0
Sodium iodide P P P 0 0 0 0 0 1
NaJ
Sodium nitrate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
NaNO
3
hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0
hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
hy 30 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
hy 30 bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0
me 320 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
Sodium nitrite hy 20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1
NaNO
2
Sodium perborate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 1 1
NaBO
2
hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 1 1
Sodium perchlorate hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0
NaClO
4
hy 10 bp 3 0 0 1 1 0
Sodium peroxide hy 10 20 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 3
Na
2
O
2
hy 10 bp 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
me 460 3 1 3 3 0
Sodium phosphate hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0
Na
2
HPO
4
hy 10 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1
hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium salicylate hy all 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
4
(OH)COONa
Sodium silicofluoride hy cs 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Na
2
(SiF
6
)
Sodium sulphate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Na
2
SO
4
hy cs 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
hy sa 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Sodium sulphide hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Na
2
S hy cs 20 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 0 0 1
hy sa 3 3 3 1 0 3
Sodium sulphite hy 10 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0
Na
2
SO
3
hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 3
Sodium superoxide
see sodium peroxide
Sodium tetraborate
see borax
Sodium thiosulphate hy 1 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Na
2
S
2
O
3
hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0
hy 25 bp 3 P P P 0 0 1
cs 3 3 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 0
Spirit of terpentine 100 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Resistance tables
236

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
237

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Resistance tables
Sulphuric acid 60 20 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 0 3 0 3
H
2
SO
4
80 20 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 3 1 1 3 0 3
90 20 3 3 1 0 0 3 0 3
96 20 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 1 1 3 0 3
Sulphurous acid hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 1
H
2
SO
3
hy cs 3 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 3
hy sa 3 3 1 0 1 0 3
Sulphur trioxide hy 100 20 3
SO
3
dr 100 20 0 2 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 0
Tannic acid hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C
76
H
52
O
46
hy 25 100 3 3 0 0 0
hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0
Tar 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tartaric acid hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 3
hy 10 bp 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 3 3 1 0 3
hy 25 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
hy 25 bp 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 3
hy 50 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 0 3
Tetrachloroethane
see acetylen tetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene pure 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
pure 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mo 20 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
mo bp 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
Tin chloride 5 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 3
SnCl
2
; SnCl
4
sa 3 3 3 3
Toluene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
6
H
5
-CH
3
100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Town gas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Trichloroacetaldehyde
see chloral
Trichloroethylene pure 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CHCl=CCl
2
pure 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mo 20 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
mo bp 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
Spirits 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Steam
0
2
1 ppm; Cl 10 ppm 560 1 1 1 0 0 0
0
2
1 ppm; Cl 10 ppm 315 S S S S 0 0 0
0
2
15 ppm; Cl 3 ppm 450 S S S S 0 0
Stearic acid 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0
CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH 100 95 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3
100 180 1 0 3
Succinic acid bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HOOCCH
2
CH
2
COOH
Sulphur dr 100 60 0 0 0 0 0 0
S me 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
me 240 3 0 0 0 0 3 0
mo 20 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Sulphur dioxide dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SO
2
dr 100 60 3 3 1 1 0 0 0
dr 100 400 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 3
dr 100 800 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
mo 100 20 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 3
mo 100 60 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
mo 100 70 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Sulphuric acid 0.05 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 1
H
2
SO
4
0.05 bp 3 1 1 0 1 0 3
0.1 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 1
0.2 bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 3
0.8 bp 3 3 3 3 1 0 3
1 20 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 1
3 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 3
5 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 3
7.5 20 3 3 1 0 1 0 1
10 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
25 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 1
25 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
40 20 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 1
40 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 1
50 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
50 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Resistance tables
238

Medium Materials
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
% C
N
o
n
-
/
l
o
w
-

a
l
l
o
y

s
t
e
e
l
s
F
e
r
r
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

s
t
e
e
l
s

A
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
i
c

+

M
o

s
t
e
e
l
s

2
.
4
8
5
8

/

a
l
l
o
y

8
2
5
2
.
4
8
1
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
0
0

2
.
4
8
5
6

/

a
l
l
o
y

6
2
5

2
.
4
6
1
0
,

2
.
4
8
1
9

/
a
l
l
o
y

C
-
4
,

C
-
2
4
6
2
.
4
3
6
0

/

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0

2
.
0
8
8
2

/

a
l
l
o
y

C
u
N
i

7
0
/
3
0

T
o
m
b
a
c

B
r
o
n
z
e

C
o
p
p
e
r

N
i
c
k
e
l

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

T
a
n
t
a
l
u
m

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

S
i
l
v
e
r
Stainless
steels
alloys
Pure metals
Designation
Chemical formula
Trichloromethane
see chloroform
Tricresylphosphate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trinitrophenol
see picric acid
Trichloroacetic acid
see chloroacetic acid
Urea 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO(NH
2
)
2
100 150 3 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 3 1
Uric acid hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3
C
5
H
4
O
4
N
3
hy 100 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3
Vinyl chloride dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CH
2
=CHCl 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water vapour
see steam
Wine 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
bp 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
Yeast 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Yellow potassium prussiate
see potassium ferricyanide
Zinc chloride hy 5 20 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 3
ZnCl
2
hy 5 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 1 0 0 3
hy 10 20 3 P P P 3 0 0 0 0
hy 20 20 3 P P P 3 3 3 0 0
hy 75 20 3 3 P P 0 0
Zinc sulphate hy 2 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZnSO
4
hy 20 bp 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
hy 30 bp 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3
hy cs 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
hy sa 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3
Resistance tables
239
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols
Conversion tables and formula symbols
Water vapour table 240
Temperature, saturated steam, pressure (alignment diagrams) 242
Greek alphabet 243

Formula symbols 244
Physical units (D, GB, US) 246

Conversion tables 248
Length, dimensions, time
Temperature, angle, pressure
Energy, capacity, volume

239
Contents
240 241 241
bar
p

Saturation temperature
C
t
17.513
28.983
36.183
41.534
45.833
52.574
60.086
64.992
69.124
75.886
78.743
81.345
85.954
89.959
93.512
96.713
99.632
111.37
120.23
127.43
133.54
138.87
143.62
147.92
Kinematic viscosity
of vapour
10
-6
m
2
/s
v"
650.240
345.295
240.676
186.720
153.456
114.244
83.612
68.802
58.690
45.699
41.262
37.665
32.177
28.178
25.126
22.716
20.760
14.683
11.483
9.494
8.130
7.132
6.367
5.760
Density of
vapour
kg/m
3
p"
0.01492
0.02873
0.04212
0.05523
0.06814
0.09351
0.1307
0.1612
0.1912
0.2504
0.2796
0.3086
0.3661
0.4229
0.4792
0.5350
0.5904
0.8628
1.129
1.392
1.651
1.908
2.163
2.417
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.14
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
bar
p

Saturation temperature
C
t
151.84
158.84
164.96
170.41
175.36
179.88
184.07
187.96
191.61
195.04
198.29
212.37
223.94
233.84
240.88
247.31
250.33
257.41
263.91
269.93
275.55
280.82
285.79
290.50
Kinematic viscosity
of vapour
10
-6
m
2
/s
v"
5.268
4.511
3.956
3.531
3.193
2.918
2.689
2.496
2.330
2.187
2.061
1.609
1.323
1.126
1.008
913
872
784
712
652
601
558
519
486
Density of
vapour
kg/m
3
p"
2.669
3.170
3.667
4.162
4.655
5.147
5.637
6.127
6.617
7.106
7.596
10.03
12.51
15.01
17.03
19.07
20.10
22.68
25.33
28.03
30.79
33.62
36.51
39.48
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
34.0
38.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
Pressure
(absolute)
Pressure
(absolute)
Water vapour table
Water vapour table
242
Stability table
243
Stability table
o Alpha A Alpha
Beta B Beta
y Gamma ! Gamma
o Delta A Delta
c Epsilon I Epsilon
( Zeta Z Zeta
q Eta H Eta
0 Theta O Theta
t Jota ! Jota
Kappa K Kappa
X Lambda A Lambda
My M My
v Ny N Ny
( Xi E Xi
o Omikron O Omikron
r Pi H Pi
Rho ! Rho
o ; Sigma l Sigma
r Tau T Tau
u Ypsilon Y Ypsilon
Phi 4 Phi
Chi X Chi
| Psi + Psi
e Omega U Omega
Temperature Pressure
Temperatures, saturated vapour, pressure
Greek alphabet
Saturation vapour
244 245
Formula symbol Significance
A Constant to describe fatigue behaviour
C
m
Hardening factor to determine pressure resistance of bellows
C
d
, C
f
, C
p
Anderson factors - geometry-dependent correction factors to calculate stress on
bellows
D
A
Bellows outside diameter
D
AT
Pressurised diameter of connecting piece
D
m
Average bellows diameter
E(T) Temperature-dependent value of E-module
F Force, reaction force
K
P
Reduction factor for pressure at high temperatures
K
N
Correction factor for the effect of load cycles on impulse
K
P
Correction factor for the effect of pressure on impulse
M
B
Bending moment
M
T
Torque
M
T,c
Critical torque
N Load cycles
N
xx%
Number of load cycles for a failure probability of xx %
P Damage parameter
PS Operating pressure at temperature TS
R
P1,0
(T) Temperature-dependent value of 1% elastic limit
R
m
(T) Temperature-dependent value of tensile strength
S Safety factor
S
F
Safety factor for plastic fow
S
K
Safety factor for buckling
T Temperature
TS Operating temperature
c
ang
Angular spring rate of entire bellows
c
ax
Axial spring rate of entire bellows
c
lat
Lateral spring rate of entire bellows
c
Angular spring rate of one bellows corrugation

c
Axial spring rate of one bellows corrugation

c
Lateral spring rate of one bellows corrugation

Formula symbol Significance
d
i
Bellows inside diameter
d
hyd
Bellows hydraulic diameter
h Corrugation height
k Woehler curve exponent
l
f
Flexible (corrugated) length of bellows
l
W
Corrugation length
n
L
Number of layers
n
W
number of corrugations
p Pressure
p Pressure pulsation
p
K
Buckle pressure
P
N
Nominal pressure
p
RT
Design pressure (operating pressure converted to room temperature)
p
T
Design test pressure
s Wall thickness of individual layer
Angular bellows defection (incline of bellows ends towards each other)
n
Angular defection per corrugation
n,0
Angular nominal defection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)
Axial bellows defection
n
Axial defection per corrugation
n,0
Axial nominal defection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)
equ
Equivalent axial bellows defection
Lateral bellows defection (perpendicular to bellows axis)
n
Lateral defection per corrugation
n,0
Lateral nominal defection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)
E
Dimension-less buckling length
P
Pressure capacity
B, meridional
Bending stress parallel to bellows surface
um
Average circumferential stress
max, meridional
Maximum permissible meridional stress under pressure
Shear stress
Formula symbols used
Formula symbols used
246 247

Size
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Mol
Candela
SI base unit
Name Symbol
SI base units
Length
Mass
Time
Strength of electrical current
Thermodynamic temperature
Quantity of material
Light intensity
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd

Prefix
p
n

m
c
d
de
h
k
M
G
Prefix symbol
Prefix symbol
Piko
Nano
Mikro
Milli
Centi
Deci
Deca
Hecto
Kilo
Mega
Giga
10
-12
10
-9
10
-6
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
6
10
9
Factor by which unit
is multiplied

Symbol
Millimetre
Kilometre
Inch
Foot (=12 in)
Yard (=3ft / = 36 in)
Name
Length - SL unit meter, m
mm
km
in
ft
yd
0.0010
1000.00
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144
in m

Symbol
Gram
Tonne
Ounce
Pound
Short ton (US)
Ton (UK)
Name
Mass - SL unit kilogram, kg
g
t
oz
lb
sh tn
tn
0.00100
1000.00
0.02835
0.4536
907.20
1016.00
in kg

Symbol
Minute
Hour
Day
Year
Name
Time - SI unit seconds, s
min
h
d
a
60
3600
86400
3.154 10
7
( 8760 h)
in s
Physical units (D, GB, US)
DIN1301-1, Version 10.2002
248 249
Symbol
Degrees Celsius
Degrees Fahrenheit
Name
Temperature - SI unit Kelvin, K (also see above alignment table)
C
deg F
/C + 273.16
/deg F 5/9 + 255.38
in K
1
(/deg F - 32) 5/9
in C

Symbol
Full angle
Gon Degree (grd)
Minute

Second
Name
Angle - SI unit radiant, rad = m/m
gon
8
'
"
2r
r/200
r/180
r/1.08 10
-4
r/6.48 10
-5
in rad

Symbol
Pascal
Hectopascal = Millibar
Kilopascal
Bar
Megapascal
Millimetre water column
pound-force per square inch
pound-force per square foot
Name
Pressure - SI unit Pascal, Pa = N/m
2
= kg/ms
2

Pa = N/m
2
hPa = mbar
kPA
bar
MPa = N/mm
2
mm WS
lbf/in
2
= psi
lbf/ft
2
1
100
1000
100000
1000000
9.807
6895
47.88
in Pa
0.00001
0.001
0.01
1
10
0.0001
0.0689
0.00048
in bar

Symbol
Kilowatt second
Kilowatt hour
Kilocalorie
Pound-force foot
British thermal unit

Name
Energy (also work, heat quantity) SI unit Joule, J = Nm = Ws
kWs
kWh
kcal
lbf x ft
Btu
1000
3.6 10
6
4186
1.356
1055
in J

Symbol
Kilowatt
Horsepower
Name
Capacity - SI unit Watt, W = m
2
kg/s
3
= J/s
kW
PS
hp
1000
735.5
745.7
in W

Symbol
Liter
Cubic inch
Cubic foot
Gallon (UK)
Gallon (US)
Name
Volume - SI unit, m
3

l
in
3
ft
3
gal
gal
0.001
1.6387 10
-5
0.02832
0.004546
0.003785
in m
3
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols 7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols
251
For more product information,
see www.witzenmann.de/service
Metal hose manual
Manual of the expansion joint technology
7.5 | Documents for other products 7.4 | Inquiry specifications

Hydroformed Metal Bellows - Design Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydroformed Metal Bellows - Design Handbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydroformed Metal Bellows - Design Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Witzenmann GmbH

stliche Karl-Friedrich-Str. 134

) and corrugation length (lW)

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation

Angular spring rate of one bellows corrugation

Axial spring rate of one bellows corrugation

Lateral spring rate of one bellows corrugation

You might also like