P.Pugliese, IF. Toi-elli, M.

Trovato

IR. Bualoti

.Polikcnico di Bari, DEE

via E. Orabona4,70125 Bari-Italy
Phone (39) 80-5460244 Fax (39) 80-5460410
E-mail trovato @poliba.il

Electrid Ehgineering Faculty

Polytechnicall Universiry oi Tiram
Address:Tiraria, Rr "Qemal SLlfa", nr 476, Aibmia
PhOrlG (355) 42-343 50 F a (355) 42-33854

Abstract A g c n e r a l ~ emethod
~
for simultaneous h i &
analysis in electrical powm ,system is proposed in this paper.
The method is based on,tha: admittance-type represcrahtiori
of power-system sequencc' networks. After defining suitable:
boundary conditions for' :series faults in t e r m of bus
quantities, the reduced negative and zero sequcnce equation!;
at the faulted buses are determined. Then, a siniplc
procedure is suggested for obtaining the augmented positive
sequence admittance ma,trix of the faulted power system.
The suggested procedure prows useful to analyze any
combination of faults without limit of number, type
(balanced or unbalanced), phase, or locatioii of fault.
Moreover, sparse-matrix techniques arid optinl;rlly
reordered triangular factorisation can be easily implemented
to optimize the computer resources. The method can bc
easily integrated in exist. calculation progranis tIrroargb a
separate subroutine.
A simple test -system is considered to illustrate thc
potentials o f the suggested1 procedure.

I. INTIXXXJCTION
In the last two decade,?,several methods for calculating
simultaneous faults in electrical lpwer systems lime k e n
proposed [1-9], based on sequence-domain 11-41 or phasedomain E5-71frame reprwmtation.
In [I] a general approach is suggested in the sequence
domain. The multiple-pwt network theory is applied to
obcain an equivalent passive network which is coiisidcretl
as a connected part of the posilivc scqtiencc network
Then, an augmented pos itive-sequsnce network (APSN) is
developed in terms of admittance- or impedance-type [Zl
representation.
In [ZJ,an alternative a,pproach which uses [lie phasc
frame models of network eieineuts is pl-oposed.foistudying simultaneous faults on basically uinbalaicecl
power systems.An appiaach with combines Uie mosl
relevant advantages of the previous nnenlioned approaches
is lhe two-step compensation nnetliod [&9] The basic idea
of this method is to consider a fault colidition as I;
modilicarion of paramei.ers of branches of UIC prefaulll
network.
In this paper a gcneriilized procedure in the sequcnce
domain frame representation is suggested for analyzirng
simultaneous faults. In particular, attention is paid to Uia
manner in which the twc' ports network matrix equation is
transformed from hybrid to homogeneous. This involves,
in addition, a suitable inodification of unbalanced open
circuit bounday condiiions. Expressing the sequencc:

0-7803-31-09-S/96/$5.00

branch current of unbalanced open circuit with two ideal

nodal current sources the boundary conditions of
unbalanced open circuits are obtained in terms of bus
quantities. The homogeneity of system equations and tbe
possibility of using the admittance or impedance form bo
describe siiriul~uieousfaulted power system are then
assured. 'The model of negative and zero sequence
network r::duc& at faulted buses on the admittance-type
representation is developed. The size of the reduced
nctwork matrix depends upon the number of simultaneous
faults, which is generally low, so the reduced netwoik
matrix i s a low order one and it is efficient. to handle.
Finally, die supplemenmy network mathematical model
is obtained and the homogeneous mahematical model of
faulted electrical power system (APSN) is developed.
Using Uie suggested procedure, the calculation of the
simultaneous faults represent the same simplicity as a
balanced short circuit one.
The compuier implementation of Uie suggested
algoril%imi s based on die sparse technique and optimally
ordered triangutar factorisation of the admittance matrix.
A variety of simultaneous faults, with different
conliguratiwns, as well as co~nmutationin the time are
calculated. The program can be used for electric power
system analysis and design, relay protection and stability
as well.
A simple test system is considered to illustrate the
potcntials od the suggested approach.

11. PROBLEM FORMULATION

Let us consider a balanced power system in the normal
balanced condition and assume lhat simultaneous faullts
occur in the form o f :
i) balacccl and unbalauced short circuit (shunt fault);
ii). balaced and unbalanced open circuit (series fault).
A. Boutzdury Conditiorzs
The first step of the method proposed in this paper lis
the modification of the two-port network matrix equalion
from hybrid to homogeneous, when simultaneous shunt
and series.faults are considered. Suppose Uiat a shunt fault
occurs at the bus of the power system and a series fault
occurs between the buses F and F . The correspondent
sequence two-port network is reprcsented in Fig.1. The
two-port network matrix equation in tcrms of admittance
parameters, can be written in the following form:

1996 IEEE

'721

where:
If, I p r are the sequence port currents respectively <<fn
bus current and c<FF'* branch current;
Vf is the voltage at the left port equal to the c r h bus
voltage;
VW is the voltage at the right port equal to the
difference between the two bus voltages ccF~and

<<F'>>;
Y1 is the node driving point admittancc;
Y22 is the branch driving point admittance;
Y12=Yzlare the node-to-branch transfer admittances.
It can be observed that the admittance matrix in eqn.(1)
is hybrid. In order to obtain the equ.(l) in a homogeneous
form the multipole network represented in Fig. 2 is
considered and, at the same time, the fault boundary
conditions are modified as follows.
. .
t Fault &xU"ll The shunt fault is
considered as an injected current If leaving ctf)) bus as in
Fig.2.The direction of current flowing into bus is taken as
the positive one. The current source at <<f)>bus is Jf = -If
and the bus voltage is V,. The boundary condition$ of the
shunt faults are identical to those Considered in 111.

The eqns. (la) represent a supplementary set of

conditions that can be added to the classical boundary
conditions of the particular type of series fault, to obtain
the complete set of boundary conditions for each type of
series fault. In Table 1, the complete set of boundary
conditions for selected series faults is illustrated.
TABLE 1

Modified boundary conditions for series fault

rype of fault

h e Line
)pen 1 LO

._F/F'
b

Two Lines
3pen 2LO

b2.J-

Fig. 1 Two-port network with a shunt fault at the left port

and a series fault at the right port

F F'

/yb=(i

h e e Lines

&en

3LO

F/F'

b./Fig. 2 Multipole network with a shunt fault at the left sidc

and a series fault at the right side

Series Fault (open circuitL The series fault is

considered as two injected currents IF= + IFF' arid
IF = -IFF'leaving, respectively, the buses ccFn and ctF'~,as
shown in Fig.2. Then, for the series fault two faulted
buses ccF~and C+'D are assumed, with voltages VF and
VF and current sources JF = -11: and J p = -IF. These
currents have equal magnitude but opposite sign. Under
these assumptions, it ca be observed that, for the phase
and sequence domains, the following equations hold:
where m = a,b,c for phase domain variables and m = 1,2,0 for
sequence domain variables.

722

Using the suggested approach to represent the effect of

a series fault, the following multipole network matrix
equation can be considered:

The admittance matrix reduced at the faulted buses is

homogeneous and is just the Y-bus matrix. In this way we
have overcome the difficulty of representation of the
faulted negative and zero sequence reduced networks
obtaining homogeneous equations and at the same time
we have expressed the boundary conditions of all faults
with bus quantities.

B. Mathematical Model
Let us consider for the power system the following
n=nl+n2 simultaneous fau It events:
n l balanced and unbalanced short circuit (solid or
through impedancc).
n2 balanced and ur,balanced open circuil (partial
or complete action cd breaker poles).
As we mentioned in the previous paragraph Uie short
circuit is characterized by one faulted bus while the open
circuit by two ones. The number of faultcd buscs (the so
called pseudo-active buses) in the gencral case of a faulted
power system for the three sequences arc:
NI = N2 = No =

relating the 6N positive-, negative- and zero-sequence

voltages and currents at the faulted buses in the following
form:

1
VN,

c13

c14

c15

c16

c21

c22

c23

c24

c2S

c26

c31

c32

c33

c34

c3S

c36

cl1 cl2

vN2
IN1

The eqns. ( 5 ) and (6) form a set of SN equations which

can be written in the following form:

+ 2.112

are respeci.ively the positive, negative and

If RI, R2,
zero sequence network 1)u:;es without faults (we can
reorder the faulted buses after unfaulted ones), Uic
admittance bus sequence network equations arc written as
follows:

-cl1

cl2

c13

c14

clS

cl6-

c21

c22

c23

c24

c25

C26

c32

c33

c34

c3S

c36

YNNZ

0
0

c31

Y N N ~0

1
0

For the positive sequence

After the partial factorization of the first 4 rows of the

eqns.(7), we obtain:
where vR1 and VNlare the positivesequence bus volmgcs
at unfaulted and faulted buses, respectively. Jrj and 1 ~ are
1
the positive-sequence bus currents at unfaulted
(synchronous machine, etc.) and faulted buscs (pscudoactive), respectively. YRRI, YRNI, I " K 1 and Y N N I are
positive-sequence admittarm submatrices of dimensions
(RixRi), ( R i f l i ) , ( N i f i i ) and (NixNi).

- IN,
-'ll

1' 2

1' 3

1' 4

'15

'16-

'22

'23

'24

2' 5

'26

'33

0
0

0
0

Analogously, for negative and x r o sequcricc the

following equations can be writtcn:

0
0

'34

'35

'36

D44

'45

D46

'55

'56

VN,
=O

(8)

vN2
'NI

-vN1

(4)
where:

where m = 2 for the negative sequciice and m = 0 foi the

zero sequence; V b , V" m: the vcctors ol sequence busvoltages at unfaulted and Faulted buses, respectively; IN,,,
is the vector of sequence bus-currents at faulled Bu.ses
(pseudo-active). Y m m , 'J'RN,,,, Y N K , ,and
~ YNN,,~iiic
admittance submatrices of dimensions (RlnxRIIl),
(RmxN&, (NtnxRm)and (hm<N,J, respectively.
From cqns. (4), the followmg equ;ilion can be obtainncd:
-

Y N N m . VN,

where:

YN"

= - [Nm

(in = 2,O)

YNNm = YNNm

YNRni ' (YRRm)-

. YRNr~i

(5)
(5.a)

The eq11.(9) rcpresents the mathematical model of

equivalent passive network (supplementary network)
which is cousidered as a conuected part of the positivesequence network at faultcd buses to form the APSN.
Using Uiis strategy, a mathematical model of
supplcmcntary network can be developed for any case of
combined shunt and series simultaneous faults.
By substituting eqn. (9) into eqn. (3), the overall1 model
of the faulted power system is obtained:

Yl<R1

being the ( N m x " ) tht: admittance makix reduced to the

faulted buses for the negative ( n ~ 2and

) zero (m=o) sequence.

The eqns.(5) form a set of 2N linear cquatious relating

negative- and zero-sequenixvoltagcs and cuIrcnc5 at Uie
faulted buses. In addition, we cau write Uic boundary
conditions in the form of (3.nl+6.n2)=3N linear equations

72 3

yVN
yRNl
l+Ysh

[vRl]
vN1

I;:[

(11)

By solving eqns.( 11) the positive-sequence voltages

V K I , V Nare
~ calculated and form eqns.(9) the positivesequence currents can be obtained. Then using eqns.(8),
the negative and zero-sequencc voltages and currents are
determined.

HI. ALGORITHM FOR SIMULTANEOUS FAULT

CALCULATION
In Section 111, Uie procedure for obtaining the
mathematical model of the power system when affected by
simultaneous shunt and series faults has been developed.
The algorithm for computing simultaneous faults is
illustrated in the following steps:
1. Input system data and load flow calculation;
2. Form [Y] matrix of the three sequence nctworks;
3. Input simultaneous faults to be analyzed;
4. Expand and modify [U] matrix of the three sequence
networks to includ the necessary fictitious faulted
buses;
5. Determine the negative- and zero-sequence admittance
matrices reduced at faulted buses (eqns.4):
6. Form the linear equations of the bound:uy conditions;
7. Calculate the supplementary matrix Ysh (eqn.8);
8. Determine the [U]matrix of the nugmcnted positivesequence network (eqns. 11);
9. Calculate the positive-sequence bus-voltagcs V1tl, VNi
using eqns.(ll) and
the positive-sequence fault
currents 1 ~ from
1 eqns.(Y);
IQ.Calculate the negative- arid zero-sequence voltages and
currents at faulted buses using e q i ~ ( 8 ) ;
11. Calculate the negative- and zero-sequence voltages
v R 2 and VRO,Vivo:
12. Calculate the bus voltages in [lie phase domain;
13. Calculate the brasche currents in the sequence and
phase domain.
The steps 3 to 8 of this algoritliin can k used, as a
subroutine to integrate, in the sequeuce domain power
system electromechanical transient calculation programs.

If the simultaneous faults occur, fictitious buses f, F , F

are added to the networks at the fault locations. We
assume that the injected current at bus af,, is -If , the
injected current at bus 4% is -IF and the injected current
at bus 4% is -IF,. The sequence networks of the faulted
power system are shown in FigA.
rij,

Pl

The boundary conditions of faults can be written in the

following fonn:

1. One open line conductor at phase ((a>,

IF1 + IF, = 0

In

To practically illustrate the main aspects of Uie

suggested procedure for computing sirnultaneotis faults in
power systems, the simple test system shown in Fig.3 has
bcen selected. A line-to-ground short circuit on phase ((a,,
has h e n assumed to o c c u at 113 of the lenght of the line
2-3, near to tlie bus #2. In addition, a single-phase opencircuit condifion on the phase cca~ol tlie same line has
been considered near to Uie bus #3.
The positive and zero sequence impedance data in pu
quantities are given in Table 2. The negative impedance
are supposed equal lo the positive oncs.
r i

T3

IF0

IFo+IF2+IF1=0
Vfq - vyo = vF1- VF1
Vm - VF2 = VFl - vi:,,

2. Single line-to-ground short circuit at phase ccau

Iio=Ifl
In=h
V*o+Vn+Vfl =3.Ifl).Zd

J5

0
0

+ 1172 = 0
+ Ipso = 0

Moreover, for the sequence networks illustrated in Fig.4

the following admittance-bus matrix equations can be
obtained
- positive sequence

SYSTEM

(C )

Fig. 4.Sequence networks of the faulted system

Iv. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

GI

E3

Fig. 3 Test systcm

-

TABLE 2 System data.

negative sequence:
-j20 j5

724

j5

-j20 0
0
0 -jl0 0
0
0 -j5
jl0 0 jS

jl0

j5

j5

-jlS

- zero sequence:

-j14 j2 j2
j2 -j17 0
0
0

0
0

j5

0
0

0
j5

j 2 0 j5
j S -j20

j5

-j2.5 j2.5
VFO
j2.5 -j7.5 - -Vfo

-j8.666

0 j0.666

j0.666 j5 -j9.666

0 j5

0 j2.5 -j7.5

-jl1.76
j0.085

jCI.0SS

-j25
j2.5

j2!S
-j.5.684

j2

j2 -j17

0 Oj5

From the boundary condition equations, and equivalent

equations of negative and zero sequences wc call obtain
5-N equations relating the 6.N positive-, negative- and
zero-sequence faulted-bus voltages aud currents as follow:

= 0

By eliminating negative- and zero-sequence currents

0

-j5.170
j5.170
j2.413

0
jl0

0 -jl5.170 j5.170 j2.413

V. CONCLUSIONS

and
Y N N ~ =-j12
[ 0 -j2.5
0 j l 5 ] - jii :],[-j14

=[ 0

0 0 j5.170 -j10.170 j2.587

0 j l 0 j2.413 j2.587 -j18.045

According with equn.(S,a) we can obtain

-jlO 0

jS

j5.170
j5.170

-j2.413

j2.413
j2.413
j3.045

Then, the supplementary nctwork equations are obtained:

-j5.170 j5.170 j2.413
j5.170 -j5.1768 -j2.413
j2.413 -j2.413 -j3.045

][

A generalized method for simultaneous faults

calculation h,as been proposed in this paper. The method
can be applied for studying any combination of
simultaneous faults, in terms of number, type and place of
faults. In parlticular, the mathematical model of APSN in
the form of admittance-bus matrix is developed for the
general casc of simultaneous faults. Moreover, this model
can be easily incorporated in existing transient stability
programs. Sparse-matrix techniques and optimally
ordered triangular factorization can be fniitfully
implemented.
The potentials of the proposed procedure have beell
illustrated by a simple test system.
REFERENCES
[l] Z.X.HAN, c(Genera1iied method of analysis of simultaneous
fads in electric power system,,, TEFX Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol.PAS-101, pp. 3933-3942, 1982.
[2] V.BRANDlWAJN, W.F.TLEY, <(Generalized method of
fault analysis>>,IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol.PAS-104, pp. 1301-1306, 1985.
[3] V.C.STREZOSK[, D.D.BEKUT,<<Acanonical model for the
study of faults in powcr systems,,, IEEE Transaction on
Power Systems, ~01.6,No.4, pp. 1493-1499, 1991.
641 S.R.ATMIJR1,
L.R.MALONE,
V.BURTNYK,
<<Representationof single-pole open conditions in stability
studiesn, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vo1.6, No.1,
pp. 9-15, 1991.
[SI L.KOU, 4:Generalizcd polyphase fault-analysis program:
calculation. of cross-country fault,,, PROC. LEE, Vo1.126,
No.10, pp. 995-1001, 1979.
[6] L.ROU, N.D.RA0, <<Exactcalculation of simultaneous faults
involving topen conductors and line-@-ground short circuits
on inherently unbalanced systems,,, IEEE Transaction on
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.PAS-101, pp. 2738-2746,
1982.
171 T.H.CHEN, M.S.CHEN,W.J.LEE, P.KOTAS, P.V.OL,INDA,
(<Distribution system short circuit analysis - A rigid
approach,)., IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vo1.7,
No.1, pp.444-449, 1992.
[8] G.GROSS, H.W.HONG, <(A two-step compensation inethod
for solving short circuit problems,,, IEEE Transaction on
Power Apl;aratus and Systems, vol.PAS-101, pp. 1322-1331,
1982.
[9] H.W.HONG, <dlpplication of the two-step compensation
method to line-out and line-end fault calculations,,, IEEE
Transaction on Power Systems, vol.PWKS-2, pp.730-736,
1987.

If we substitute these equalions into the positivc scquence

equations we can be obtain the mathematical rnodel of
faulted power system in term of APSN:

725