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    Convergence Tests

    Uploaded by

    Vincent Wong
    The document defines various tests for determining if a sequence or series converges, including: - The squeeze theorem for sequences - Conditions for convergence of geometric sequences and series - Using the limit of partial sums to evaluate convergence of a series - Special tests for common series like p-series and geometric series - Integral, comparison, limit comparison, ratio, and alternating series tests

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Convergence Tests

    Uploaded by

    Vincent Wong
    86 views3 pages
    The document defines various tests for determining if a sequence or series converges, including: - The squeeze theorem for sequences - Conditions for convergence of geometric sequences and series - Using the limit of partial sums to evaluate convergence of a series - Special tests for common series like p-series and geometric series - Integral, comparison, limit comparison, ratio, and alternating series tests

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    The document defines various tests for determining if a sequence or series converges, including: - The squeeze theorem for sequences - Conditions for convergence of geometric sequences and series - Using the limit of partial sums to evaluate convergence of a series - Special tests for common series like p-series and geometric series - Integral, comparison, limit comparison, ratio, and alternating series tests

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    86 views3 pages

    Convergence Tests

    Uploaded by

    Vincent Wong
    The document defines various tests for determining if a sequence or series converges, including: - The squeeze theorem for sequences - Conditions for convergence of geometric sequences and series - Using the limit of partial sums to evaluate convergence of a series - Special tests for common series like p-series and geometric series - Integral, comparison, limit comparison, ratio, and alternating series tests

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Tests for Convergence of a Sequence:

    Definition of Convergence of a Sequence:


    Given any sequence {an}, the sequence is convergent if

    lim a n
    n

    =L

    Squeeze Theorem for Sequences


    If an bn cn for all n N, and if

    lim a n
    n

    lim c n

    = n

    lim bn

    = L, then n

    =L

    GeometricSequence:
    Ageometricsequence{ ar n 1 }isconvergentif1<r1anddivergentforallothervaluesofr.

    an
    If1<r<1,then lim
    n

    Tests for Convergence of a Series:

    Definition of Convergence of a Series: Given any series a n , the series is convergent if the sequence
    n 1

    sn S where
    of partial sums {sn} is convergent to a number S; that is lim
    n

    sn

    ai

    i 1

    Evaluating the (Limit of) Partial Sum


    If you are lucky and you find an explicit general formula the nth partial sum,
    terms of n, then you can
    series.

    sn
    evaluate nlim

    If the limit of the partial sum exists,

    sn

    ai expressed in

    i 1

    to see if it approaches a number S to find the sum of the

    lim sn S , then the series is convergent with sum S.


    n

    If the limit of the partial sum does not exist, then the series is divergent.
    Test for Divergence
    an 0 or does not exist, then the series
    Given any series an , if lim
    n

    is divergent.

    an 0
    *** Test for divergence fail to conclude if lim
    n
    Special Series :

    a ar

    n 1

    is convergent for 1 < r < 1 and is divergent for r 1 or r 1.


    a
    n 1
    *** If an infinite geometric series ar is convergent, then its sum is S
    1 r
    1
    p Series: an p is convergent for p >1 and is divergent for p 1.
    n
    Geometric Series:

    Integral Test
    Suppose f(x) is a continuous, positive, decreasing function on the interval [1, ) and
    with an = f(n) for all integers n 1 :

    then

    a
    n 1

    then

    a
    n 1

    is convergent if and only if


    is divergent if and only if

    is a series

    f ( x)dx is convergent .

    f ( x)dx is divergent .

    Comparison Test
    Suppose an and are series with positive terms an > 0 and bn> 0 for all n 1 :

    b
    If b
    If

    a is also convergent.
    for all n 1, then a is also divergent.

    is convergent and an bn for all n 1, then

    is divergent and an bn

    Limit Comparison Test


    Suppose an and bn are series with positive terms an > 0 and bn> 0 for all n 1 :
    an
    C for some finite number C > 0, C , then either both series converge or both
    n bn

    If lim

    series diverge.
    The comparison tests require that you have a known convergent or known divergent series
    you can compare on a term by term basis to the terms of

    Ratio Test: Given a series an :


    n1

    If < 1,

    then series

    is absolutely convergent and therefore also convergent.

    n1

    If > 1 or lim an 1 = , then the series


    n

    If lim
    n
    ***

    an

    is divergent.

    n1

    an 1
    = 1 , the test gives no information about convergence or divergence of
    an

    The ratio test is useful for series whose terms contain factorials.

    n1

    that

    Absolute-Convergence Test

    Suppose an is an alternating series: If an converges, then so does


    n1

    If

    n1

    converges, the series is "absolutely convergent" which is a stronger condition that

    n1

    convergence. If you can find a test that works for series with positive terms to show that

    converges, then this test tells you that

    n1

    also converges.

    n1

    If

    diverges, then this test does not give you any information about the convergence or

    n1

    divergence of the alternating series

    . You need to find another test of convergence.

    n1

    a
    *** An alternating convergent series a
    *** An alternating convergent series

    n
    n

    a also converges
    converges conditionally if a diverges.
    converges absolutely if

    Alternating Series Test


    Suppose an is an alternating series

    an

    (1) n 1
    , consider {bn} where bn = |an| :
    bn

    The series converges if all the 3 conditions are satisfied.


    1) bn 0
    for all n 1

    bn 0
    2) lim
    n
    3) bn+1 < bn

    for all n 1

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