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    Series Converge Diverge

    Uploaded by

    MuhammadSalman
    The document discusses various tests that can be used to determine whether a series converges or diverges, including: 1) p-Series and geometric series tests for common forms like 1/n or ar^n-1. 2) Comparison, limit comparison, integral, alternating series, ratio, and root tests that can be applied to more complex series based on comparing them to simpler series or evaluating limits. 3) Tests like determining if the limit of an terms does not equal 0 or using properties of factorials/constants in the ratio test can also show divergence. Recognizing common series forms and choosing the appropriate convergence test is important.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Series Converge Diverge

    Uploaded by

    MuhammadSalman
    113 views2 pages
    The document discusses various tests that can be used to determine whether a series converges or diverges, including: 1) p-Series and geometric series tests for common forms like 1/n or ar^n-1. 2) Comparison, limit comparison, integral, alternating series, ratio, and root tests that can be applied to more complex series based on comparing them to simpler series or evaluating limits. 3) Tests like determining if the limit of an terms does not equal 0 or using properties of factorials/constants in the ratio test can also show divergence. Recognizing common series forms and choosing the appropriate convergence test is important.

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    The document discusses various tests that can be used to determine whether a series converges or diverges, including: 1) p-Series and geometric series tests for common forms like 1/n or ar^n-1. 2) Comparison, limit comparison, integral, alternating series, ratio, and root tests that can be applied to more complex series based on comparing them to simpler series or evaluating limits. 3) Tests like determining if the limit of an terms does not equal 0 or using properties of factorials/constants in the ratio test can also show divergence. Recognizing common series forms and choosing the appropriate convergence test is important.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    113 views2 pages

    Series Converge Diverge

    Uploaded by

    MuhammadSalman
    The document discusses various tests that can be used to determine whether a series converges or diverges, including: 1) p-Series and geometric series tests for common forms like 1/n or ar^n-1. 2) Comparison, limit comparison, integral, alternating series, ratio, and root tests that can be applied to more complex series based on comparing them to simpler series or evaluating limits. 3) Tests like determining if the limit of an terms does not equal 0 or using properties of factorials/constants in the ratio test can also show divergence. Recognizing common series forms and choosing the appropriate convergence test is important.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Testing for Convergence or Divergence of a Series

    Many of the series you come across will fall into one of several basic types. Recognizing
    these types will help you decide which tests or strategies will be most useful in finding
    whether a series is convergent or divergent.
    p-Series

    1
    is

    p
    n =1 n

    Geometric Series
    convergent if p > 1
    divergent if p 1

    ar

    is convergent if r < 1

    n 1

    n =1

    divergent if r 1

    If a n has a form that is similar to one of the above, see whether you can use the
    comparison test:

    1
    Example: 2
    Comparison Test
    n =1 n + n
    (Warning! This only works if a n and bn are always positive.)
    1
    Pick bn = 2 (p-series)
    n
    (i) If a n bn for all n, and bn is convergent, then a n is convergent.
    1
    1
    (ii) If a n bn for all n, and bn is divergent, then a n is divergent.
    2 , and
    an = 2
    n +n n

    1
    converges, so by

    2
    n
    =1
    n
    Consider a series bn so that the ratio

    1
    1
    Example: n
    (i), 2
    converges.
    a n bn cancels the dominant terms in
    n =1 2 1
    n =1 n + n
    the numerator and denominator of a n ,
    1
    Pick bn = n (geometric)
    as in the example to the left. If you
    2
    n
    know whether bn converges or not,
    a
    1 2
    lim n = lim n
    try using the limit comparison test.
    n b
    n 2 1 1
    n
    1
    = lim
    =1> 0
    n 1 1 2 n
    Limit Comparison Test

    (Warning! This only works if a n and bn are always positive.)


    1
    converges,
    so

    n
    a
    n =1 2
    If lim n = c > 0 (and c is finite), then a n and bn either both

    n b
    1
    n
    converges.

    n
    converge
    or both diverge.
    n =1 2 1
    Some series will obviously not
    convergerecognizing these can save
    you a lot of time and guesswork.
    Test for Divergence
    If lim a n 0 , then
    n

    n =1

    1
    n 1
    n2 = 1 0
    = lim
    lim a n = lim 2
    n
    n
    n n + n
    1
    1+
    n
    2

    n 1
    so 2
    is divergent.
    n =1 n + n
    2

    n2 1

    2
    n =1 n + n

    Example:

    is divergent.

    Testing for Convergence or Divergence of a Series (continued)


    If a n can be written as a function with a nice
    integral, the integral test may prove useful:

    Example:

    n
    n =1

    f ( x) =

    positive, and decreasing on [1, ) , then:


    If f ( x)dx converges, then
    1

    n =1

    If f ( x)dx is divergent, then


    1

    Example:

    (1)

    n 1

    converges.

    = lim tan 1 x

    an is divergent.

    n =1

    n =1

    = lim tan 1 t

    , so

    n
    n =1

    1
    is
    +1

    Alternating Series Test


    If (i) bn +1 bn for all n and (ii)
    lim bn = 0 , then
    n

    1
    n2
    = lim
    =0
    3
    n n + 1
    n n + 1 n 2

    (1) n1

    (1)

    n 1

    n =1

    bn is

    convergent.

    (ii) lim

    2 4 4
    convergent.

    n +1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    (i) = n + 2 , so
    = n +1+
    > n +1
    bn +1
    bn
    (n + 1) 2
    n
    1
    1
    1
    1
    , so
    n+ 2 =
    , so bn +1 bn
    bn
    bn +1 bn
    n
    n =1

    So

    1
    1
    dx
    2
    1 x 2 + 1 dx = lim

    t
    1 x +1

    1
    +1

    1
    is continuous,
    x +1
    positive, and decreasing on [1, ) .

    Integral Test
    If f (n) = a n for all n and f (x) is continuous,

    n2
    is convergent.
    n3 + 1

    The following 2 tests prove convergence, but also prove the stronger fact that

    converges (absolute convergence).


    Ratio Test
    a
    If lim n +1 < 1 , then
    n a
    n

    Example:
    n

    a
    a n +1
    > 1 or lim n +1 = , then
    n a
    n a
    n
    n

    nn

    1+ 3 n
    n =1 3

    nn
    n
    lim 1+3n = lim 1 n 3
    n
    n

    3
    3 3
    n

    n
    1
    lim 1 n =
    27 n 3

    nn
    So 1+3n is divergent.
    n =1 3
    =

    n!

    a n +1
    e n 1 (n + 1)!
    lim
    = lim
    n a
    n
    e n n!
    n

    is divergent.

    = e 1 lim n + 1 = , so
    n

    a
    If lim n +1 = 1 , use another test.
    n a
    n

    Example:

    n =1

    is absolutely convergent.

    If lim

    n! is divergent.

    n =1

    When a n contains factorials and/or powers of constants,


    as in the above example, the ratio test is often useful.
    Root Test
    If lim n a n < 1 , then
    n

    is absolutely convergent.

    a n +1
    = , then
    n a
    n

    If lim n a n > 1 or lim


    n

    If lim n a n = 1 , use another test.


    n

    is divergent.

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