Minimization of the DC Current Ripple of a

Three-phase Buck+Boost PWM Unity Power Factor Rectifier

Martina Baumann
Vienna University of Technology
Department of Electrical Drives and Machines
Gusshausstrasse 27/E372
A - 1040 Vienna/Austria
phone: +43-1-58801 37225, fax: +43-1-58801 37298
email: martina.baumann@tuwien.ac.at

Abstract - The modulation of a novel three-phase three-switch

buck-type unity power factor rectifier with integmted DC/DC
boost converter output stage is optimized Concerning the ripple
amplitude of the buck+boost inductor current. This is achieved
by coordination of the switching operation of the buck input stage
and of the boost output stage. A comparative evaluation of different modulation schemes does identify a modulation scheme
which simultaneously does provide minimum DC current ripple
and minimum input filter capacitor voltage ripple at minimum
switching losses and/or maximum pulse frequency. All theoretical considerations are for operation in a wide input voltage
range and are verified by simulations and by measurements on
a DSP-controlled 5kW prototype of the system.

Johann W. Ko1,ar
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich
Power Electronic Systems Laboratory
ETH-Zentrum / ETI, H22
CH - 8092 Zurich Swit,zerland
phone: +41-1-632 2834, ax: 1-41-1-632 1212
email: kolarQlem.ee.ethz.ch

0 no auxiliary start-up circuit

is required.
An experimental setup of the three-phase buck+boost
PWM rectifier has been realized using standard power semiconductors (in TO 247 packages) and a digital signal processor ADSP-21061 SHARC (Analog Devices) for the implementation of the system control. The specifications of the
system prototype are:

Po

=5kW

uN,i--I=208V

Uo

= 400V

...480V

j'N

jp

= 50Hz
= 23.4kHz

(fN denotes the mains frequency, f,p denotes the pulse frequency). There are different modulation methods available,
which differ concerning
0 switching losses,
1 Introduction
0 input filter capacitor voltage ripple,
In [l]a novel three-phase three-switch buck-type unity power
0 time behavior of the buck+boost inductor current
ripple,
.factor PWM rectifier with integrated DC/DC boost converter output stage (three-phase buck+boost P W M rec- and concerning the minimum load at which the
tifier) has been presented (cf. Fig. l), which does al0 transition between continuous buck+boost inductor
low to control the output voltage to a constant value of
current (CCM) and discontinuous buck+boost inducUo = 400V within an universal input voltage range of
tor current (DCM) does occur.
UN,I-I= (208. . ,480) Vrms line-to-line [2].
In [4 an optimization of the modulakion scheme concerning
the C side system behavior has been proposed which does
provide a minimum rms value of the input filter capacitor
voltage ripple and minimum switching losses. However, as
a comparison of the size and/or of the weight of the input
filter capacitors and of the buck+boost inductor shows, an
optimization concerning the DC side could be more useful
as compared to an AC side optimization in order to reduce
the size and the weight of the heavy buck+boost inductor
and to increase the specific power i,W/kg). Currently, the
size of the buck+boost inductor is 327 cm31, the input filter
capacitors are approximately 40 % smaller in size. The difference in weight is even more significant: the weight of the
buck+boost inductors is 1500g, the weight of the input filter capacitors is only 300 g. The implemented components
are depicted in Fig. 2(a), Fig. 2(b) shows the relations between size and weight.
In this paper the modulation of the three-phase buck+
Fig. 1: Structure of the power circuit of the three-phase boost PWM rectifier for operation in a wide input voltage
buck+boost PWM rectifier.
range is optimized concerning the buck+boost inductor current ripple, and all theoretical considerations are verified by
The three-phase buck+boost PWM rectifier shows the fol- simulations and by measurements on the DSP-controlled
lowing main advantages:
5kW prototype of the system. It is interesting to note,
that to the knowledge of the authors the ripple of the DC
0 sinusoidal shape of the input currents
output current of a high frequency three-phase buck type
0 resistive fundamental mains behavior
PWM converter has not been considered in the optimization of modulation schemes in the literature so far. (Also
0 possibility of limiting the input current and/or the
current in the buck+boost inductor for mains over- for boost-type systems only a very limited number of papers is available on the analysis of t he ripple of the DC side
voltages
quantity, cf. e.g. [3].) In section 2! of the paper the basic
0 high efficiency (up to 77 = 97%)
principle of operation of the three-phase buck+boost PWM
rectifier is described briefly. Sectiom 3 treats the different
0 high power density ( p = 965 W/dm3 or 15.8W/in3).
Furthermore, in contrast to rectifier systems with boost'Dimensions: diameter M 6cm(2.4i11),
height M 6cm(2.4in)
type input stage

Key words: three-phase PWM rectifier, buck type converter, buck+boost inductor, inductor current ripple minimization.

0-7803-7156-9/02/$10.000 2002 IEEE

- 472 -

PCC-Osaka 2002

of the discontinuous rectifier input phase currents

iu,i lying in phase with the corresponding mains phase voltage U N , ; ( X ucF ,) have to be formed. Accordingly, the relative on-times of the power transistors Si of the buck input
stage have to be set proportional to the instantaneous value
of the mains phase voltages. There, the buck stage output
current I is assumed to be approximately constant and impressed by the buck+boost inductor. With the modulation
index M of the buck input stage
iu,(l),i

(a)
(b)
Fig. 2: Comparison of weight and volume of the input filter
capacitors CF and of the buck+boost inductors L employed in (where IN denotes the amplitude of the mains phase current
the prototype of the 5kW three-phase wide input voltage range
buck+boost PWM rectifier: (a) Physical appearance and (b) (fundamental); U denotes the average value of the output
voltage of the buck input stage, and U N J - 1 denotes the
volume and weight.

rms value of the line-to-line voltage one receives for the

maximum output voltage of the buc input stage
modulation methods which are available for the control of
the buck and of the boost stage. Based on this, the ripple
of the buck+boost inductor current is analyzed in section
4. There, the time behavior of the ripple current and its
envelope are calculated analytically for the different modu- where at the case at hand the maximum modulation index
lation methods. Furthermore, the rms value of the current is set to M,,, = 0.9 in order to have a margin to the
ripple is calculated in analytically closed form in order to theoretical limit ML,, = 1 (cf. ( 3 ) )for system control.
provide a basis for the estimation of the copper losses of
If U,, is lower than the reference value U,+of the systhe buck+boost inductor. Finally, the theoretical consid- tem output voltage UO,
the boost stage has to be activated,
erations are verified by simulations (cf. section 5) and by Le., the on-time and/or duty cycle 6 of the boost power
experimental investigations in section 6.
transistor has to be set according to

Principle of Operation

(5)
In the following, the basic principle of operation of the sys~ ( 2 0 8 . ..480)V
tem shown in Fig. 1 is discussed briefly. Based on the in- Considering an input voltage range U N , I -=
vestigation of the conduction states several possibilities for and an output voltage UO = 400V the operating modes
arranging the switching states within one pulse period, re- given in Tab. 1 can be distinguished.
sulting in different modulation methods are analyzed.
Due to the phase symmetry of the converter structure
and based on the assumed symmetry of the mains voltage
Operating Mode
uN,l-l
M
6
system, the investigation can be limited to a ;-wide interval
Buck+Boost
(208.. .360) V
0.9
0.43. . . 0
of the mains period. In the case at hand we will consider a
combination of the mains phase voltages
Buck
(360. . .480) V 0 . 9 . . .0.68
0
UN,R > 0 > UN,S > U N ~ T
(1)
Table 1: Operating modes of the three-phase buck+boost PWM
being valid within the mains angle interval cpu E (0; f ) ,in rectifier for wide in ut voltage range and a controlled output
case the mains voltage U N , is
voltage of UO = 4 0 0 e .
~ defined as
UN,R

ON

cos(wNt),

In the following section, the different modulation methods

of the buck and of the boost stage) are given which do show
ifferent switching losses and different AC side behavior.

6
For the characterization of a switching state of the system
we use the combination j = ( S R S S S T ) of the phase switching functions si. There, the switching function does define
the switching state of the corresponding power transistor,
where si = 0 denotes the off-state, and s; = 1 denotes the
on-state. In Fig. 3 the conduction states of the buck stage
are given for the considered mains interval (cf. (1 ).
For achieving a resistive fundamental mains behavior,
i N , ; N U N , ~ and
,
for neglecting the fundamental of the input filter capacitor currents (iN,i x iu,(l),i)fundamentals
j=(llO)

Fig. 3: Conduction states of the buck stage (valid for filter

capacitor phase voltage relation according to (1)).The current
flow is indicated by a bold line, and the power transistors are not
explicitly shown for the sake of clearness. (a) and (b): active
switching states, ( c ) : free-wheeling state.

Modulation Methods

There are several possibilities for arranging the system switching states within one pulse half eriod. The resultin
different switching state sequences rmodulation methods7
are depicted in Fig. 4. The active switching states can
either be arranged symmetrically (cf. (l),( 2 ) in Tab. 2 )
or asymmetrically (cf. (3) in Tab. 2 with reference to the
middle of the pulse period, and the ree-wheeling state can
be placed in the middle ( 2 ) or at the beginning and/or
at the end of a pulse half period, respectively (1). The
different modulation methods are given in the following for
a mains interval cpu E (0; E)! for the sake of clearness, the
free-wheeling state is shown in bold face.
If the switching power losses are assumed to be proportional to the switched current I and to the switched voltage,
the modulation methods given in Tab. 2 show a ratio of the
average values of switching power losses within one mains
period of
P ( 1 ) : P(2) : P(3)= 1 : & : 2
(6)
for given pulse frequency f p . Accordingly, for equal switching losses pulse frequencies showing a ratio

- 473 -

fP,(l)

: f P , ( 2 ) : f P , ( 3 ) = 1 : l/& : 1/2

(7)

power transistor on during the activte switching states of the

buck stage results in a significantly higher current ripple of
the buck+boost inductor current ac8compared to Fig. 6(c),
where the boost transistor is turned on while the buck input
stage is operating in the free-wheeling state.

Modulation method (1):

t,, =o

1
I
I

(101) (110)(000)

tp=Tp/2

(000)(110)(101)
/t,=Tp

Modulation method (2):

(101) (000)
(110)
tp=O

tp=Tp/2

(110)(000)(101)
It,=Tp

Modulation method (3):

(101) (110) (000)

t,,=O

(101) (110) (000)

t,, =Tp / 2

It,,=Tp

Table 2: Different switching state sequences (modulation methods) for the buck input stage within one pulse period. t , denotes
the local time being counted within the pulse period T p , i.e.,
t , E (0,TP).
have to be selected [5].
For each switching state j with on-time 6j, a line-toline voltage is switched to the output of the buck stage. In
Tab. 3 the analytical expressions for the on-times 6j and
for the corresponding instantaneous values of the output
voltage of the buck stage uj are given for a mains phase
voltage condition according to (1).

Fig. 5: Modulation of the boost stage. Voltage u at the output

of the buck stage and voltage u across the boost power transistor for lacing the on-time of the boost converter ower transistor in t!e buck stage freewheeling interval (cf. (
a
!
, modulation
method (l).l);(b): operation of the boost converter power transistor shifted by T p / 2 in time as compared to (a) (modulation
method (1).2).
Therefore, the time behavior of the ripple of the buck+boost
inductor current is strongly dependent on the coordination
of the modulation of the buck and of the boost stage. The
ripple time behavior as well as the ripple rms value are
calculated analytically in the following section.

Table 3: On-times Sj and output voltages uj for the switching

states j within the mains interval (pu E (0;

z).

The time behavior of the voltage u at the output of the buck

stage within one pulse period is dependent on the selected
modulation method (cf. Fig. 4), whereby the buck+boost
inductor current ripple is influenced, but the modulation
method does not take any influence on the average value of
the voltage U appearing at the buck stage output,

Analytically Closed Calculation of the

Buck+Boost Inductor Current Ripple

The current in the buck+boost inductor is determined by

the voltage u at the output of the buck stage and by the
voltage across the boost power transistor u (which equals
the system output voltage UOfor disabled boost stage). One
receives for the current ripple in the buck+boost inductor

The local rms value of the current :ripple in dependency on

the position
of the pulse interval considered within the
mains period can be calculated via

In Fig. 6(a) the behavior of the buck output voltage u for

an output power of PO = 2.5 kW@UN,r-r = 440V and for
an output voltage of UO = 400V is given for modulation
method (1).
u.u

The global rms value of the DC current ripple within the

mains period can be calculated by summation of the local
rms values within one pulse half period,
Fig. 4: Time behavior of the buck stage output voltage zl within

one pulse period for different modulation methods and deactivated boost stage (6 = 0, Le., u = const. = UO).

If the pulse frequency is substantially larger than the mains

If the boost stage has to be activated, i.e. if 6 > 0 is frequency (which is fulfilled in the case at hand) the sumvalid (cf. (5)), there are different possibilities of placing mation can be replaced by an integration with good apthe switching function of the boost power transistor within proximation,
the pulse (half) period, what does take inhence on the
voltage applied to the buck+boost inductor. The boost
power transistor can either be activated during the freewheeling state of the buck input stage (modulation method
(l).l,cf. Fig. 5(a)) or during the active state of the buck This allows an analytically closed (calculationof the global
stage (modulation method ( l ) . Z , cf. Fig. 5(b)). This effect rms value of the DC current ripple.
is clearly shown in Figs. 6(b) and (c): Turning the boost
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26
Ch4

25GV

(c): Boost operating during

freewheeling state of buck stage.
stage, 6 = 0.
Fig. 6: Buck stage output volta e u voltage u' across the boost power transistor and buck+boost inductor current ripple Ai for
Po = 2.5kW Q U ~ ~ 1 -=1 440V. %oltkge scale: 250V/div; current scale: 2 A/div.

(b): Boost operating during active

state of buck stage.

(a): Operation for disabled boost

0,30

If we e.g. consider modulation method (1) for deactivated

boost stage (cf. Fig. 4 ( l ) ) , one receives for the buck+boost
inductor current ripple at the time instants t,,i within one
pulse half period for a mains interval (1)

0
0,lO

380
420
460
LINE-LINE VOLTAGE UN,,.,
IV

The global rms value of the DC current ripple within one Fi 7: Comparison of the results of a simulation (cf. Fi 10)
mains period can now be calculated incorporating the rela- an8 of an analytical calculation of the rms value of the Dd'cuftive on-times 6, and the output voltages uj given in Tab. 3, rent ripple AIrms,(i)for the different modulation methods (i) in
(10) and (12) as well as the condition concerning the pulse case of deactivated boost output stage (6 = 0).
frequencies (7); there the integration (12) can be limited to
a :-wide mains interval and yields
according to (1). One can see immediately, that modulation
method (2) having the freewheeling state in the middle
of one pulse half period does partly provide a lower DC
=
4240~ M(6OOJ[j 352) M2(45J[j 180a), current ripple. The comparison of Fig. 11 and Fig. 8 again
84%
shows the consistence between analytical calculation and
simulation results.
with
The envelope of the DC current ripple of modulation
method (3) does approximately equal modulation method
(1) at fp,(3) = 2fp,(l), a figure showing its dependency
on the modulation index M and on the mains angle cpu is
where 6 = 0 at the case at hand. For modulation methods
(2) and (3) one receives for the global rms value of the DC
current ripple

AIrms,(Z)/Ain=
-e J 1 8 0 a
8&

- 90&

(16)
- 736M

Ajg

Ai,,

+ M2(180a - 135&),
+

AIrms-,(,)/Ai - -J12Oa - 704M 105M2a. (17)

" - 4 m
In Fig. 7 the results of the analytical calculations are compiled and compared with the simulation results, where an
A
excellent conformity is given. Therefore, the very complex &
Ai,,
results of an analytical calculation of the global ripple current rms value for active boost output stage (6 > 0) are
omitted here for the sake of brevity. For the determination
of the rms value of the buck+boost inductor current ripple
for this case one could refer to the simulation results given
in Fig. 10.
Incorporating (9) one can derive the local time behavior
of the current ripple in the buck+boost inductor and its
envelope for the different modulation methods. In Fig. 8
the time behavior of the buck+boost inductor current ripple Fig. 8: Time behavior of the buck+boost inductor current ripple
AZ(i) within a mains period is given for modulation methods for modulation methods (1) and (2) within one mains period
1) and (2 for disabled boost stage and a modulation index (modulation index M = 0.9). The pulse frequencies f ~ , ( and
~ )
0.9, ig. 9 shows the according envelopes Aimax,(i)in f p , ( 2 ) are set according to (7). The boost stage is not active
dependency on the modulation index A4 of the buck input (6 = 0).
stage and on the mains angle c p for
~ input voltage condition

L= k

- 475 -

Fig. 9: Envelopes Aii,maxof the normalized local buck+boost inductor current

ripple Aii in deptendency on the modulation index M for modulation methods (1)
and (2) and for a mains phase voltage condition according to (1)). (a): modulation
method (l), (b): modulation method (2);
pulse frequencies fp,(I)and fp,(2)are set
according to (7). The boost stage is not
active (6 = 0).

therefore omitted here for the sake of brevity.

The minimum load a t which a transition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) occurs can be easily derived employing Fig. 9: in order to ensure CCM, the average value of
the buck+boost inductor current I has to remain above the
maximum amplitude of the current ripple Ai(i) occurring
within one mains period. In case of boost converter operation (6 > 0) the current ripple does decrease for modulation
methods ( l ) . l , (2) and (3) (cf. Fig. l l ) , hence DCM will
not occur at the lower input voltage range for the same load
condition.

modulation method (1).1 and (1).2 shows, the current ripple is clearly dependent on placing the switching function
of the boost power transistor within the pulse (half) period: placing the active state of the boost power transistor
during the active switching states of the buck input stage
(cf. Fig. 5(b)) results in a rms value of the buck+boost inductor current ripple being M 4.5 times higher in the worst
case as compared to modulation method (l).l,where the
boost stage power transistor turn-on interval is centered
in the freewheeling interval of the buck input stage (cf.
Fig. 5(a)).

6
5

Experimental Results

Simulation Results

In Fig. 12 a comparison of the local and global time beThe time behavior of the buck+boost inductor current rip- havior of the buck+boost inductor current ripple Ai beple for the different modulation methods has been analyzed tween simulation results and experimental results is given
PO = 2.5kW,U~,t-t = 440V,8Uo = 400V. There is
by simulation using CASPOCB
with respect to 7) and for
a very good conformity of the simulated and experimenthe global rms value of the DdGLurrent ripple A$r,s,(i) tal waveforms. Accordingly, the sirnulation results and/or
was determined for the wide input voltage range U ~ , t - t= the theoretical considerations can be considered to provide
(208. . ,480) V for an output voltage of UO= 400V by cal- a sufficiently accurate description of the actual circuit beculating the rms value online during the simulation. The re- havior.
sults are normalized using (15) and are compiled in Fig. 10.
Figure 11 shows the simulation results of the time behavior of the buck+boost inductor current ripple Ai for the
different modulation methods for
disabled boost stage: UNJ-1 = 380V, UO = 400V,
i.e., M = 0.9, and for
0 boost converter operating: U N J - ~= 230V, UO =
400V, i.e., M = 0.9 and 6 = 0.4.

'

220
300
380
460
LINE-LINE VOLTAGE U,,,, I V

Fig. 10: Normalized rms value of the global buck+boost inductor current ripple AIrm8,(;)for the different modulation methods
within a wide input voltage range.

Fig. 12: Experimental results (a),(c) and related simulation

results (b),(c) for disabled boost stage: Buck stage output voltThe comparison of the global rms value of the different age u , voltage across the boost power transistor u' = Uo and
modulation methods shows that modulation method (1).1 DC current ripple Ai. Local time behavior (a),(b);global time
is advantageous over all other modulation methods within behavior within one half mains period (c),(d). Scales: u;u' in
the whole input voltage range in case of activated and/or (a), (b): 250V/Div; Ai: 2A/Div.
deactivated boost output stage. Modulation methods (1)
and (3 show the approximately the same rms value of
the D current ripple, but the pulse frequency of modulation method (1) is twice the pulse frequency of modulation
method (3) for equal switching losses. As the comparison of

c!

- 476 -

o'6
0.4

-0.6

3
0

j , l , , , l (1), l
0.01

-06,
1

.'

'

0 01

0.02

.I

'

0 0 2 2 -O- 6 0

0 01

0.6 1

-0.41

~,

-0.6

(')
0

0.01

(I)

-0.6

0.02

,4 . 4 1

0.01

-0.41

~3)1

-0.6

-0.6

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

TIME t I s
Fig. 11: Time behavior within one mains period of the normalized current ripple of the different modulation methods for disabled
~ 380V, Uo = 400V (top), and for boost stage
boost output stage (6 = 0) and maximum modulation index M = 0.9 where U N , I - =
operating at b = 0.4 and M = 0.9 where U N , I - ~= 230V,Uo = 400V (below). For modulation method (2) the turn-on interval
of the boost stage power transistor is centered around the middle of each pulse period. For modulation method (3) the turn-on
interval of the boost stage power transistor is placed just before the end of each pulse half period; the switching frequency is twice
the buck stage pulse frequency and therefore is equal to modulation method (1) (cf. (7)).

Conclusions

of the boost stage.

A reduction of the size of the buck+boost inductor of
In this paper, different modulation methods of a three- given inductance could be achieved by magnetically biasphase three-switch buck+boost unity power factor PWM ing the inductor core by insertion of a permanent magnet.
rectifier are investigated concerning the time behavior and There eddy current losses in the permanent magnets are
rms value of the buck+boost inductor current ripple. The an issue to be considered. Furthermore, a local reduction
modulation methods do differ concerning the arrangement of the buck+boost inductor current ripple and/or of the
of active and passive switching states of the buck input inductance for given ripple amplitude could be achieved
stage and the coordination of the switching of the buck in- by modulation of the buck stage carrier frequency with six
put stage and the boost output stage within a pulse interval. times the mains frequency. Both approaches will be invesThe comparison shows that there exists one modulation tigated in detail in the course of the continuation of the
method which does provide simultaneously a minimum DC research.
current ripple and a minimum input filter capacitor voltage ripple at minimum switching losses and/or maximum References
pulse frequency. This optimum modulation method is characterized by the free-wheeling state of the buck input stage [l] Baumann, M., Drofenik, U., and Kolar, J. W.: New
Wide Input Voltage Range Three-phase Unity Power Facbeing placed at the beginning/at the end of one pulse half
tor Rectifier Formed by Integration of a Three-Suitch Buckperiod, and by a turn-on interval of the boost stage power
Derived I4-ont-End and a DC/DC Boost Converter Output
transistor being centered in the free-wheeling interval of the
Stage. Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Telecombuck stage.
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Due to the simultaneous minimization of input capaciSept. 14 - 18, pp. 461-470 (2000).
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J. W.: Netzriickwirkungsarmes Dreiphasen-Stromof AC and DC side behavior there is no way of further im- [2] Kolar,
zwischenkreis-Pulsgleichrichtersystem mit weitem Stellproving the DC side behavior by accepting lower AC side
bereich der Awgangsspannung. Austrian Patent Application
performance. Such trade-off would be possible in case the
A9/2000, filed: Jan. 5, 2000.
AC and DC side ripple minima would occur for different
P.A., Sato, Y.,
and Kataoka, T.: A n Analysis
modulation schemes and would help to balance the largely [3] Dahono,
of the Ri ple Components of the I n ut Current and Voltage
different overall size of the AC side filter capacitors and the
of P W d l n v e r t e r s . Proceedings orthe International ConDC side filter inductor (cf. Fig.2). So, the only remaining
ference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore,
possibility of minimizing the DC side inductor volume is
Feb. 21 - 24, Vol. 1, pp. 323 - 328 (1995).
a reduction of the inductance as far as possible. However [4] Baumann, M., and Kolar, J. W.: Comparative Evaluathis does result in a higher current ripple and in a higher
tion of Modulation Methods for a Three-Phase/Suitch Buck
sensitivity of the DC side current waveform concerning e.g.,
Power Factor Corrector Concerning the Input Capacitor
mains phase voltage unbalances and inaccuracies of the apVoltage Ripple. Proceedings of the 32"d IEEE Power Elecplied switching pattern due to, e.g. gate drive delay times
tronics Specialists Conference, Vancouver, Canada, June 17
or power semiconductor conduction voltage drops. (A con- 21, pp. 1327-1332 (2001).
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ous-Switching-Modulation for Three-phase Current-Fed
PFC- Converters and Experimental Study for the Effects.
boost stage will be presented in a future paper. FurtherProceedings of the l l t h ~ I E E EAp lied Power Electronics
more, the minimum load at which a transition rom CCM
Conference, San Jose, California, JS.A., March 3 - 7, pp.
to DCM occurs is shifted to higher values if the inductance
552-558 (1996).
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boost output stage. However, there one has to accept higher [GI CASPOC Power Electronics and Electrical Drives Modeling and Simulation. www.caspoc.com.
switching and/or higher conduction losses of the buck and

- 477 -