3.1 Vector Calculus PDF

VECTOR
CALCULUS
Prepared by
Engr. Mark Angelo C. Purio
Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential elements in length, area, and
volume are useful in vector calculus.
They are defined in the Cartesian,
Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinate
systems

A. Cartesian Coordinates
1. Differential Displacement
2. Differential Normal Area

3. Differential Volume
Differential Elements in the Right-handed

Cartesian Coordinate System
Differential Normal Areas in

Cartesian Coordinates

A. Cylindrical Coordinates

Differential Elements in
Cylindrical Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates

A. Spherical Coordinates

Differential Elements in
Spherical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates
EXAMPLE 3.1
Consider the object

shown. Calculate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
The distance BC
The distance CD
The surface area
ABCD
The surface area ABO
The surface area
AOFD
The volume ABDCFO
a) 10
b) 2.5
c) 25
d) 6.25
e) 50
f) 62.5
EXERCISE 3.1
Disregard the differential

lengths and imagine that the
object is part of a spherical
shell. It may be describe as
3 5, 60 90,
45 60 where surface
= 3 is the same as
,
surface = 60 is
, and
surface = 45 is
.
Calculate
a)
The distance DH
b)
The distance FG
c)
The surface area AEHD
a) 0.7854
d) The surface area ABDC
b) 2.618
e)
The volume of the
c) 1.179
object
d) 4.189
e) 4.276
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

By a line we mean the path along a curve
in space.
Line, curve, and contour can be used
interchangeably.
The line integral
is the of the
tangential component of A along curve
L.

Given a vector field A and a
curve L, we define the
integral
as the line integral of

A around L.
Path of integration of a
vector field

If the path of integration is a closed curve such
as abcba
Becomes a closed contour integral
which is called circulation of A around L

Given a vector field
A, continuous in a
region containing
the smooth surface
S, we define the
surface integral or
the flux of A
through S as
The flux of a vector field A

through surface S

where at any point
on S ,
is the unit
normal to S.
For a closed
surface (defining a
volume):
The flux of a vector field A
through surface S
Which is referred to a the

net outward flux of A from
S.

We define
as the volume integral of the scalar

the volume .
over
The physical meaning of the line, surface, or

volume integral depends on the nature of the
physicsl quantity represented by A or .
EXAMPLE 3.2
Given =
,
calculate the circulation of F around a
closed path shown.
EXERCISE 3.2
Calculate the circulation of

= cos + sin
around the edge L of the

wedge defined by 0 2,
0 60, = 0 and
shown.
DEL OPERATOR
Del Operator
The del operator, written as ,
is a vector differential operator.
In Cartesian coordinates,
a.k.a gradient operator
Del Operator
It is not a vector in itself,
Useful in defining the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The gradient of a scalar V, ( )

The divergence of a vector A,( )
The curl of a vector A, ( )
The Laplacian of a scalar V, (
)
Del Operator
In Cylindrical coordinates,
In Spherical coordinates,
Gradient of a Scalar
The gradient of a
scalar field V is a
vector that represents
both the magnitude
and the direction of
the maximum space
rate of increase of V.
In Cartesiancoordinates,
The following
computation
formulas on
gradient,
which are
easily
proved,
should be
noted:
where U and V are

scalars and n is an
integer
EXAMPLE 3.3
Find the gradient of the following

scalar fields:
a) =
b) =
c) =
EXERCISE 3.3
Determine the gradient of the

following scalar fields:
a) =
+
b) =
+
+
c) =
+
EXAMPLE 3.4
Given
=
+
,
compute
and the direction
derivative
/ in the direction
+4 + 12 at (2, -1, 0).
EXERCISE 3.4
Given =
+
+ . Find
gradient at point (1, 2, 3) and the
directional derivative of at the same
point in the direction toward point
(3, 4, 4).
EXAMPLE 3.5
Find the angle at which line

= =
intersects the ellipsoid
+
+ 2 = 10.
EXERCISE 3.5
Calculate the angle between the

normal to the surfaces
+ = 3 and log
= 4
at the point of intersection (-1, 2, 1)
Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

The divergence of A at a given point P is
the outward flux per unit volume as the
volume about P.
where is the volume enclosed by the

closed surface S in which P is located
a) The divergence of a vector field at point P is positive

because the vector diverges (spreads out) at P.
b) A vector field has negative divergence (convergence)
at P
c) A vector field has zero divergence at P.

In Cartesian coordinates,

Note the following properties of the

divergence of a vector field:

The divergence theorem states that the
total outward flux of a vector field A
through a closed surface S is the same as
the volume integral of the divergence of
A.
Otherwise known as
Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem
EXAMPLE 3.6
Find the divergence of these vector

fields:
a)
=
+
b)
c)
EXERCISE 3.6
Determine the divergence of the

following vector fields and evaluate
them at the specified points,:
EXAMPLE 3.7
If
= 10
),
determine the flux of G out

of the entire surface of the
cylinder
= 1, 0 1.
Confirm the result using
the divergence theorem.
EXERCISE 3.7
Determine the flux of

=
cos
+ sin
over the closed surface of the cylinder

0 1, = 4.
Verify the divergence theorem for this case.
Curl of a Vector and Stokes Theorem

The curl of A is an axial (or rotational)
vector whose magnitude is the
maximum circulation of A per unit area
as the area tends to zero and whose
direction is the normal direction of the
area when the area is oriented so as to
make a circulation maximum.

In Cartesian
coordinates

In Cylindrical
coordinates

In Spherical coordinates

Note the following properties of the curl:

The curl provides the maximum value of
the circulation of the field per unit area
(or circulation density) and indicates the
direction to which this maximum value
occurs.
Measures the circulation of how much
the field curls around P
a) Curl at P points out of the page

b) Curl at P is zero.

Stokess theorem states
that the circulation of a
vector field A around a
(closed) path L is equal
to the surface integral
of the curl of A over the
open surface S
bounded by L
provided that A and
are continuous
on S.
EXAMPLE 3.8
Determine the curl of these vector

fields:
a)
=
+
b)
c)
EXERCISE 3.8
Determine the curl of the following

vector fields and evaluate them at the
specified points,:
EXAMPLE 3.9
If =
+
, evaluate
around the path shown.
Confirm using Stokess theorem.
4.941
EXERCISE 3.9
Confirm the circulation of

= cos + sin
around the edge L of the wedge

defined by 0 2, 0 60, =
0 and shown using Stokes Theorem
EXAMPLE 3.10
For the vector field A,

show explicitly that
= 0;
that is, the divergence of the curl of
any vector field is zero.
EXERCISE 3.10
For a scalar field V, show that
= 0;
that is, the curl of the gradient of
any scalar field vanishes.
Laplacian of a Scalar
The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written
as
, is the divergence of the gradient
of V.
In Cartesian:
Laplacian of a Scalar
EXAMPLE 3.11
Find the Laplacian of the following

scalar fields:
a) =
b) =
c)
EXERCISE 3.11
Determine the Laplacian of the

following scalar fields:
a) =
+
b)
c)
Classification of Vector Fields

A vector field is uniquely characterized by its
divergence and curl.
Neither the divergence nor curl of a vector
field is sufficient to completely describe a
field.
All vector fields can be classified in terms of
their vanishing or non vanishing divergence or
curl

A vector field A is said to be solenoidal
(or divergenceless) if =
Examples:
incompressible fluids,
magnetic fields
conduction current density
under steady state conditions.

A vector field A is said to be irrotational
(or potential) if =
Also known as conservative field.
Examples:
electrostatic field
gravitational field
SUMMARY
Reference:
Elements of Electromagnetics
by Matthew N. O. Sadiku

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VECTOR

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

2. Differential Normal Area

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Elements in the Right-handed

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Normal Areas in

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

2. Differential Normal Area

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Normal Areas in

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

2. Differential Normal Area

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

Differential Normal Areas in

Consider the object

Disregard the differential

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

as the line integral of

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

which is called circulation of A around L

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

The flux of a vector field A

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

Which is referred to a the

Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals

as the volume integral of the scalar

The physical meaning of the line, surface, or

Calculate the circulation of

around the edge L of the

a.k.a gradient operator

The gradient of a scalar V, ( )

where U and V are

Find the gradient of the following

Determine the gradient of the

Find the angle at which line

Calculate the angle between the

Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

where is the volume enclosed by the

Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

a) The divergence of a vector field at point P is positive

Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

Note the following properties of the

Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem

Find the divergence of these vector

Determine the divergence of the

determine the flux of G out

Determine the flux of

over the closed surface of the cylinder

Curl of a Vector and Stokes Theorem

Curl of a Vector and Stokes Theorem

Curl of a Vector and Stokes Theorem