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    Theories of Failure: Working Stress and Failure Theories A Simplified Approach

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    Anonymous TX2OckgiZ
    Static mechanical stress can cause failure in machine parts through plastic deformation or fracture. Plastic deformation occurs when an applied shear force causes atomic planes to slide past one another, permanently displacing atoms from their original positions. This type of failure is unacceptable as it may prevent the part from functioning properly. Fracture occurs when a tensile force separates two adjacent atomic planes, initiating a crack that propagates and separates the atomic planes entirely. Like plastic deformation, fracture represents failure as it compromises the structural integrity of the part. The microstructure of a material, consisting of randomly oriented grains, influences whether failure occurs through slip or cracking, as externally applied forces may act as shear or tensile stresses on different

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    Theories of Failure: Working Stress and Failure Theories A Simplified Approach

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    Anonymous TX2OckgiZ
    41 views3 pages
    Static mechanical stress can cause failure in machine parts through plastic deformation or fracture. Plastic deformation occurs when an applied shear force causes atomic planes to slide past one another, permanently displacing atoms from their original positions. This type of failure is unacceptable as it may prevent the part from functioning properly. Fracture occurs when a tensile force separates two adjacent atomic planes, initiating a crack that propagates and separates the atomic planes entirely. Like plastic deformation, fracture represents failure as it compromises the structural integrity of the part. The microstructure of a material, consisting of randomly oriented grains, influences whether failure occurs through slip or cracking, as externally applied forces may act as shear or tensile stresses on different

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    Static mechanical stress can cause failure in machine parts through plastic deformation or fracture. Plastic deformation occurs when an applied shear force causes atomic planes to slide past one another, permanently displacing atoms from their original positions. This type of failure is unacceptable as it may prevent the part from functioning properly. Fracture occurs when a tensile force separates two adjacent atomic planes, initiating a crack that propagates and separates the atomic planes entirely. Like plastic deformation, fracture represents failure as it compromises the structural integrity of the part. The microstructure of a material, consisting of randomly oriented grains, influences whether failure occurs through slip or cracking, as externally applied forces may act as shear or tensile stresses on different

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    41 views3 pages

    Theories of Failure: Working Stress and Failure Theories A Simplified Approach

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous TX2OckgiZ
    Static mechanical stress can cause failure in machine parts through plastic deformation or fracture. Plastic deformation occurs when an applied shear force causes atomic planes to slide past one another, permanently displacing atoms from their original positions. This type of failure is unacceptable as it may prevent the part from functioning properly. Fracture occurs when a tensile force separates two adjacent atomic planes, initiating a crack that propagates and separates the atomic planes entirely. Like plastic deformation, fracture represents failure as it compromises the structural integrity of the part. The microstructure of a material, consisting of randomly oriented grains, influences whether failure occurs through slip or cracking, as externally applied forces may act as shear or tensile stresses on different

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    Theories of Failure

    Working Stress and Failure Theories


    A Simplified Approach
    We are interested in learning how static mechanical stress can cause failure
    in machine parts. Static stress means that the stress has been applied slowly
    and is maintained at a steady level. Failure from cyclic (or dynamic) stress
    and impact stress will be treated later. Here, we should also keep in mind
    that, there are many other factors such as, surface wear damage from
    friction, overheating, chemical corrosion, metallurgical fault or a combination
    of these and other factors may also cause failure.

    1. Molecular Concept of Mechanical Failure


    Engineering materials have a crystalline molecular structure , which means
    the atoms (or molecules) of the material are arranged in a fairly ordered
    fashion and the atoms are held in fixed position with respect to each other by
    strong inter-atomic bond. An external mechanical force tends to displace
    these atoms from their original positions in the direction of the force, which is
    resisted by the inter-atomic forces. Up to a certain limiting level of the
    external force, the atoms are displaced to some extent, but are pulled back to
    their original position when the external force is removed. This phenomenon
    gives rise to the elastic behavior of material (elastic deformation), that is up
    to a certain stress level generally the displacement is proportional to force.
    Hooks law essentially is the same that is stress is proportional to strain.
    If a force is applied parallel to an atomic plane (shear force) and the force is
    high enough, a plane of atoms may slide over the adjacent plane of atoms
    overcoming the inter-atomic forces of the immediately neighboring atoms.
    When this sliding occurs, atoms in the sliding plane will slip under the
    influence of new set of atoms. Conceptual model of this slip deformation is
    shown in the diagram below. After the slip has occurred, the positions of the
    atoms have changed permanently, resulting in a permanent change in shape or
    size of the part. This type of permanent deformation is called plastic

    deformation. Plastic deformation is not acceptable in most mechanical


    design situations, because the permanently deformed part may no longer
    serve its intended purpose, and from the mechanical design stand point we
    may say that the part has failed. For example, a landing gear of an aircraft
    deforms elastically during landing from the ground reaction forces, but we
    certainly dont want it to be permanently (or plastically) deformed, because
    then the actuators or other mechanisms may not work properly during the
    next landing.

    If a force applied normally across the atomic plane (tensile force) and the
    force is high enough, two adjacent planes of atoms may separate out from
    each other producing a crack. The initial crack will reduce the cross-sectional
    area of the load bearing surface, thus helping the crack to propagate until the
    entire surfaces separates from the inter-atomic plane. This type of failure,
    which produces separation of atomic planes, is called fracture or rupture
    type failure. Obviously this type of failure will also not be acceptable in
    mechanical design. A conceptual model of fracture failure is shown below.

    In macro scale, the materials are aggregate of randomly oriented grains. This
    means that the atomic planes in different grains are randomly oriented. The
    implication is that, the externally applied force may act as shear force or
    tensile force to different grains, depending on their orientation of atomic
    plane. As a result of this, the microstructure of a material can influence
    whether there will be slip or a crack from an externally applied force.

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