Cyclone

This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. For densities and are associated with the most prominent
other uses, see Cyclone (disambiguation).
meteorological phenomena. Air masses separated by a
In meteorology, a cyclone is an area of closed, front may dier in temperature or humidity. Strong cold
fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms
and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by
squall lines or dry lines. They form west of the circulation
center and generally move from west to east. Warm fronts
form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded
by stratiform precipitation and fog. They move poleward
ahead of the cyclone path. Occluded fronts form late in
the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and
often wrap around the storm center.
Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones form due
to latent heat driven by signicant thunderstorm activity,
and are warm core.[10] Cyclones can transition between
extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases under the
right conditions. Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.[11]
Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more
often develop from environments of high instability and
low vertical wind shear.[12] In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacic oceans, a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane (from the name of the ancient
Central American deity of wind, Huracan), in the Indian
and south Pacic oceans it is called a cyclone, and in the
northwestern Pacic it is called a typhoon.[13]

An extratropical cyclone near Iceland on September 4, 2003

circular uid motion rotating in the same direction

as the Earth.[1][2] This is usually characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counterclockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere of the Earth. Most large-scale cyclonic circulations are centered on areas of low atmospheric pressure.[3][4] The largest low-pressure systems are cold-core
polar cyclones and extratropical cyclones which lie on
the synoptic scale. According to the National Hurricane
Center glossary, warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6] Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low,
and can pinch o from the base of the Tropical Upper
Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the
Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones have also been seen on
extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars and Neptune.[7][8]
Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensication.[9] Extratropical cyclones form as
waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation
closes and intensies. Later in their life cycle, cyclones
occlude as cold core systems. A cyclones track is guided
over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering
ow of the cancer or subtropical jet stream.

1 Structure
There are a number of structural characteristics common
to all cyclones. A cyclone is a low-pressure area.[14] A
cyclones center (often known in a mature tropical cyclone
as the eye), is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure in
the region.[14] Near the center, the pressure gradient force
(from the pressure in the center of the cyclone compared
to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the force from
the Coriolis eect must be in an approximate balance,
or the cyclone would collapse on itself as a result of the
dierence in pressure.[15]

Because of the Coriolis eect, the wind ow around a

large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.[16]
Cyclonic circulation is sometimes referred to as contra
solem. In the Northern Hemisphere, the fastest winds
relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the
eastern side of a northward-moving cyclone and on the
Weather fronts separate two masses of air of dierent northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite
1

occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.[17] (The wind ow

around an anticyclone, on the other hand, is clockwise
in the northern hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the
southern hemisphere.)

Formation

SYNOPTIC SCALE

move at a quicker pace than the warm front and catch up

with it due to the slow erosion of higher density airmass
located out ahead of the cyclone and the higher density
airmass sweeping in behind the cyclone, usually resulting
in a narrowing warm sector.[23] At this point an occluded
front forms where the warm air mass is pushed upwards
into a trough of warm air aloft, which is also known as a
trowal.[24]

Tropical cyclogenesis is the technical term describing the

development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in
the atmosphere.[25] The mechanisms through which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly dierent from those
through which mid-latitude cyclogenesis occurs. Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warmcore cyclone, due to signicant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: suciently warm
sea surface temperatures,[26] atmospheric instability, high
Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the conden- humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere,
sation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop enough Coriolis force to develop a low-pressure center, a
preexisting low-level focus or disturbance, and low verover warm ocean waters.[18]
tical wind shear.[27] An average of 86 tropical cyclones
of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with
Main articles: Cyclogenesis and Tropical cyclogenesis
47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity
Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of
on the SarSimpson Hurricane Scale).[28]
cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere (a low-pressure
area).[9] Arctic Climatology and Meteorology.[19] Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several dierent processes, all of which result in the development of some 3 Synoptic scale
sort of cyclone. It can occur at various scales, from the
microscale to the synoptic scale.
Extratropical cyclones form as waves along weather fronts
before occluding later in their life cycle as cold core cyclones.
Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by signicant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core. They
can be extremely dangerous.
[10]

Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land,

and can lead to tornado formation.[11] Waterspouts can
also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop
from environments of high instability and low vertical
wind shear.[12] Cyclogenesis is the opposite of cyclolysis,
and has an anticyclonic (high-pressure system)equivalent
which deals with the formation of high-pressure areas
A ctitious synoptic chart of an extratropical cyclone aecting the
Anticyclogenesis.[20]
The surface low has a variety of ways of forming. Topography can force a surface low when dense low-level highpressure system ridges in east of a north-south mountain
barrier.[21] Mesoscale convective systems can spawn surface lows which are initially warm core.[22] The disturbance can grow into a wave-like formation along the front
and the low will be positioned at the crest. Around the
low, ow will become cyclonic, by denition. This rotational ow will push polar air equatorward west of the low
via its trailing cold front, and warmer air with push poleward low via the warm front. Usually the cold front will

UK and Ireland. The blue arrows between isobars indicate the

direction of the wind, while the L symbol denotes the centre of
the low. Note the occluded, cold and warm frontal boundaries.

The following types of cyclones are identiable in synoptic charts.

3.1 Surface-based types

See also: Low-pressure area

3.1

Surface-based types

There are three main types surface-based cyclones:

Extratropical cyclones, Subtropical cyclones and Tropical
cyclones
3.1.1

Extratropical cyclone

Main article: Extratropical cyclone

An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low-pressure
weather system that does not have tropical characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients
in temperature and dew point otherwise known as baroclinic zones.[29]
The descriptor extratropical refers to the fact that this
type of cyclone generally occurs outside of the tropics,
in the middle latitudes of the planet. These systems
may also be described as mid-latitude cyclones due to
their area of formation, or post-tropical cyclones where
extratropical transition has occurred,[29][30] and are often
described as depressions or lows by weather forecasters and the general public. These are the everyday phenomena which along with anti-cyclones, drive the weather
over much of the Earth.

Polar low over the Barents Sea on February 27, 1987

polar low development to become possible.[33] The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than
1,000 kilometres (620 mi) and exist for no more than
a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of
mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be dicult to
detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas
and oil platforms. Polar lows have been referred to by
many other terms, such as polar mesoscale vortex, Arctic hurricane, Arctic low, and cold air depression. Today
the term is usually reserved for the more vigorous systems
that have near-surface winds of at least 17 m/s.[34]

Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classied as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient within the westerlies, they
can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle
when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius.[31] An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from
there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters and develops central convection, which warms its
core.[32] One intense type of extratropical cyclone that
3.1.2 Subtropical
strikes during wintertime is a nor'easter.

Polar low Main article: Polar low

A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric
low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the
ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Polar lows are
cold-core so they can be considered as a subset of extratropical cyclones. Polar lows were rst identied on the
meteorological satellite imagery that became available in
the 1960s, which revealed many small-scale cloud vortices at high latitudes. The most active polar lows are
found over certain ice-free maritime areas in or near the
Arctic during the winter, such as the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Labrador Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Polar lows
dissipate rapidly when they make landfall. Antarctic systems tend to be weaker than their northern counterparts
since the air-sea temperature dierences around the continent are generally smaller . However, vigorous polar
lows can be found over the Southern Ocean. During winter, when cold-core lows with temperatures in the midlevels of the troposphere reach 45 C (49 F) move
over open waters, deep convection forms which allows Subtropical Storm Andrea in 2007

SYNOPTIC SCALE

Main article: Subtropical cyclone

A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some
characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel.[35] As early as the
1950s, meteorologists were unclear whether they should
be characterized as tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones, and used terms such as quasi-tropical and semitropical to describe the cyclone hybrids.[36] By 1972, the
National Hurricane Center ocially recognized this cyclone category.[37] Subtropical cyclones began to receive
names o the ocial tropical cyclone list in the Atlantic Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed
Basin in 2002.[35] They have broad wind patterns with from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004
maximum sustained winds located farther from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and exist in areas of
weak to moderate temperature gradient.[35]
tropical regions of the globe, and their formation in
Since they form from initially extratropical cyclones Maritime Tropical air masses. The term cyclone refers
which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found to such storms cyclonic nature, with counterclockwise roin the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required for tation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation
their formation are lower than the tropical cyclone thresh- in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on their location
old by three degrees Celsius, or ve degrees Fahrenheit, and strength, tropical cyclones are referred to by other
lying around 23 degrees Celsius.[38] This means that sub- names, such as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cytropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the tradi- clonic storm, tropical depression, or simply as a cyclone.
tional bounds of the hurricane season. Although subtrop- While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerical storms rarely have hurricane-force winds, they may ful winds and torrential rain, they are also able to probecome tropical in nature as their cores warm.[39]
duce high waves and damaging storm surge.[40] They develop over large bodies of warm water,[41] and lose their
strength if they move over land.[42] This is the reason
3.1.3 Tropical
coastal regions can receive signicant damage from a
tropical cyclone, while inland regions are relatively safe
Main article: Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by from receiving strong winds. Heavy rains, however, can
produce signicant ooding inland, and storm surges can
produce extensive coastal ooding up to 40 kilometres
(25 mi) from the coastline. Although their eects on human populations can be devastating, tropical cyclones can
also relieve drought conditions.[43] They also carry heat
and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward
temperate latitudes, which makes them an important part
of the global atmospheric circulation mechanism. As a
result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in
the Earths troposphere.

2012 Atlantic hurricane season summary map

a low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that

produce strong winds and ooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on heat released when moist air rises, resulting
in condensation of water vapour contained in the moist
air. They are fueled by a dierent heat mechanism than
other cyclonic windstorms such as nor'easters, European
windstorms, and polar lows, leading to their classication
as warm core storm systems.[10]
The term tropical refers to both the geographic origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively in

Many tropical cyclones develop when the atmospheric

conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere
are favorable. Others form when other types of cyclones
acquire tropical characteristics. Tropical systems are then
moved by steering winds in the troposphere; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensies, and can even develop an eye. On the other end of
the spectrum, if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall, the system
weakens and eventually dissipates. A tropical cyclone
can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by
condensation to dierences in temperature between air
masses;[10] From an operational standpoint, a tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical dur-

5
ing its extratropical transition.[44]
Atlantic hurricane
Pacic typhoon
North Indian Ocean cyclone
South Pacic cyclone

3.2
3.2.1

Upper level types

Polar cyclone

Main article: Polar cyclone

A polar, sub-polar, or Arctic cyclone (also known as
a polar vortex)[45] is a vast area of low pressure which
strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.[46]
A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a
clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. In the
Northern Hemisphere, the polar cyclone has two centers
on average. One center lies near Ban Island and the
other over northeast Siberia.[45] In the southern hemisphere, it tends to be located near the edge of the Ross
ice shelf near 160 west longitude.[47] When the polar vortex is strong, westerly ow descends to the Earths surface. When the polar cyclone is weak, signicant cold
outbreaks occur.[48]
3.2.2

TUTT cell

4 Mesoscale
The following types of cyclones are not identiable in
synoptic charts.

4.1 Mesocyclone
Main article: Mesocyclone
A mesocyclone is a vortex of air, 2.0 kilometres (1.2
mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter (the mesoscale
of meteorology), within a convective storm.[51] Air rises
and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same
direction as low-pressure systems in both northern and
southern hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that
is, associated with a localized low-pressure region within
a supercell.[52] Such storms can feature strong surface
winds and severe hail. Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may
form. About 1700 mesocyclones form annually across
the United States, but only half produce tornadoes.[11]

4.2 Tornado
Main article: Tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in
contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus
cloud. Also referred to as twisters, a collequial term in
America, or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used
in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed lowpressure circulation.

Main article: Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex

Under specic circumstances, upper cold lows can break
o from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric
Trough (TUTT), which is located mid-ocean in the
Northern Hemisphere during the summer months. These
upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices, also known as
TUTT cells or TUTT lows, usually move slowly from
east-northeast to west-southwest, and generally do not
extend below 20,000 feet in altitude. A weak inverted
surface trough within the trade wind is generally found
underneath them, and they may also be associated with
broad areas of high-level clouds. Downward development results in an increase of cumulus clouds and the appearance of a surface vortex. In rare cases, they become
warm-core, resulting in the vortex becoming a tropical cyclone. Upper cyclones and upper troughs which trail tropical cyclones can cause additional outow channels and
aid in their intensication process. Developing tropical
disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or
upper lows in their wake due to the outow jet emanating
from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone.[49][50]

4.3 Dust devil

Main article: Dust devil
A dust devil is a strong, well-formed, and relatively longlived whirlwind, ranging from small (half a metre wide
and a few metres tall) to large (more than 10 metres wide
and more than 1000 metres tall). The primary vertical
motion is upward. Dust devils are usually harmless, but
can on rare occasions grow large enough to pose a threat
to both people and property.

4.4 Waterspout
Main article: Waterspout
A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over water that is, in its most common form, a non-supercell
tornado over water that is connected to a cumuliform

cloud. While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts, stronger versions spawned by mesocyclones do
occur.

4.5

Steam devil

Main article: Steam devil

A gentle vortex over calm water or wet land made visible
by rising water vapour.

Other planets

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External links
Fundamentals of Physical Geography: The MidLatitude Cyclone Dr. Michael Pidwirny, University of British Columbia, Okanagan
Glossary Denition: Cyclogenesis The National
Snow and Ice Data Center
Glossary Denition: Cyclolysis The National
Snow and Ice Data Center
Weather Facts: The Polar Low Weather Online
UK
NOAA FAQ
Cyclones 'ClearlyExplained'
Cyclone Video Archive
The EM-DAT International Disaster Database by
the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of
Disasters

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Cyclone Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone?oldid=696019066 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Gareth Owen, Michael Hardy,
Wshun, Ixfd64, Cyde, Frank Shearar, Cameron Dewe, Delirium, Mdebets, Ahoerstemeier, William M. Connolley, Theresa knott, Glenn,
Mxn, RadarCzar, Emperorbma, Denni, Traroth, Topbanana, Fredrik, Chris 73, Daggerbox, ZimZalaBim, Dittaeva, Tim Ivorson, Mirv,
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Freakofnurture, JTN, Discospinster, Zaheen, Rich Farmbrough, Qutezuce, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Bender235, Kbh3rd, Loren36, EastNile,
El C, Tom, RoyBoy, Bobo192, Grue, Circeus, Stesmo, Evolauxia, BrokenSegue, AtomicDragon, BillyTFried, Helix84, Cyrillic, Storm
Rider, Alansohn, Quess, Chris16447, Andrewpmk, Zero92, Riana, Yamla, Mac Davis, Malo, Snowolf, Jbergerot, Wtmitchell, ZeiP, Sciurin, Menphrad, Woodstone, EventHorizon, Dan100, SmthManly, Brookie, Jerey O. Gustafson, Nicklott, Jdorje, Gordeonbleu, Kzollman, Pol098, WadeSimMiser, MONGO, Miss Madeline, Isnow, Plrk, Matilda, FreplySpang, RxS, Jclemens, Saperaud~enwiki, Rjwilmsi,
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Closedmouth, Hurricanehink, Shyam, JLaTondre, Gorgan almighty, QX100, Kungfuadam, Junglecat, Cuban8, NeilN, ChemGardener,
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Coastergeekperson04, Patau, Thegreatdr, Gdeyoe, Pierre cb, Jared W, Tartessos75, AxG, AdultSwim, Ryulong, Caiaa, Hu12, Taha442,
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Person, ShirleyOCD2007, Akaala, Mikaey, Chaosking2468, Thingg, Aitias, Versus22, Ben g08, Uwnsk, SoxBot III, Party, Vanished user
uih38riiw4hjlsd, Glacier Wolf, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Hotcrocodile, Feinoha, Avoided, Corker1, NellieBly, Alexius08, The Rationalist, Jadtnr1, Bhockey10, HexaChord, Addbot, Willking1979, Ocrasaroon, AVand, Guoguo12, Ziggybogeydoo, Friginator, Albamhandae, Yasha1969, SunDragon34, AkhtaBot, C3r4, Ronhjones, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Chamal N, Jaydec, Mrrov0, Altgenre, Tide
rolls, Lightbot, Onegentlemanofverona, Mjquinn id, Matj Grabovsk, Teles, Gail, LuK3, Suwa, Ale66, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
2D, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Fraggle81, Gobbleswoggler, QueenCake, Bev0003, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, DemocraticLuntz,
Cheetham007, Rubinbot, Danielba894, Pyrrhus16, JackieBot, Piano non troppo, AdjustShift, Ulric1313, Flewis, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, A123a, Xqbot, JonathanS2, Sionus, Armoforlife, Capricorn42, 666tellall, Jerey Mall, Coolhero28, Nickkid5, Tad Lincoln, Anna Frodesiak, The Evil IP address, Tyrol5, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Papalew, ProtectionTaggingBot, Omnipaedista, ChanakaW,
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Aman1996, DivineAlpha, Cannolis, Citation bot 1, Redrose64, S2jonathan, Jamesrausch, Pinethicket, Edderso, PrincessofLlyr, Hamtechperson, TheAustinMan, Ya mum696969, Jhbuk, Johnbv417, Abc518, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot, Lazza38, Vrenator,
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RjwilmsiBot, Beyond My Ken, WildBot, Deagle AP, DASHBot, EmausBot, Gfoley4, Darkfood4, Wikipelli, AvicBot, Nr5278, KuduIO,
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Riley, TornadoLGS, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, Bibcode Bot, Lowercase sigmabot, Jack4456789, Hurricanefan25, Abhizen10, CitationCleanerBot, Airsan, Nairvinith, LaIlEex, Darorcilmir, Tchen99, IsraphelMac, Cool Dude3172, Billyxd, Dopiman, Cwobeel, Frosty,
Reatlas, Melonkelon, Jimmie1989, Everymorning, Samsnscube, Dustin V. S., DavidLeighEllis, WxBot, Glaisher, Ginsuloft, Prashant Bajia,
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EMOPUNT and Anonymous: 1000

8.2

Images

File:2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/2012_

Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png License: Public domain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA [1]. The tracking data is from the National Hurricane Center's Atlantic hurricane
database Original artist: Cyclonebiskit

10

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Baroclinicleafphasecyclogenesiscropped.gif
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/
Baroclinicleafphasecyclogenesiscropped.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/
Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: NASA Original artist: Astronaut photograph ISS008-E-19646 was taken March 7, 2004, with a Kodak DCS760 digital camera equipped with an 50-mm lens, and is provided by
the Earth Observations Laboratory, Johnson Space Center.
File:December_2014_Japan_bomb_cyclones_surface_analysis.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/
December_2014_Japan_bomb_cyclones_surface_analysis.png License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/g3/images/
asia/pdf/asas.pdf Original artist: The Japan Meteorological Agency
File:Haiyan_2013-11-07_1800Z_surface_analysis.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Haiyan_
2013-11-07_1800Z_surface_analysis.png License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/g3/images/asia/pdf/asas.pdf
Original artist: The Japan Meteorological Agency
File:Hurricane_profile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Hurricane_profile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Self made, based on this NASA graphic. Original artist: me, Jannev
File:Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Low_pressure_system_
over_Iceland.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=6204 Original artist: NASAs
Aqua/MODIS satellite
File:Mars_cyclone.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Mars_cyclone.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: NASA http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01545 Original artist: NASA
File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: OpenClipart
File:Polar_low.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Polar_low.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Subtropical_Storm_Andrea_2007.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Subtropical_Storm_
Andrea_2007.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/?2007130-0510/Florida.A2007130.
1900.1km.jpg Original artist: NASAs MODIS Rapid Response Team
File:UK-Cyclone.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/UK-Cyclone.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

8.3

Content license

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