IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No.

10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

International Journal of Engineering

Journal Homepage: www.ije.ir

Effect of the Height Increasing on Steel Buildings Retrofitted by Buckling Restrained

Bracing Systems and TTD Damper
J. Vaseghi Amiri a, A. Mirza Goltabar Rowshan a, H. Shafiei Seifabadi *b
a
b

Department of Civil Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran

Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Pardisan, Iran

PAPER INFO

A B S T R A C T

Paper history:

The behavior of conventional braced frames are not the same in tension and compression. This problem
can be improved by prevention of buckling under compressive loads, which is called buckling
restrained brace (BRB). In this field, TTD metal damper also have attracted much attention due to
simplicity in construction and execution. This damper is recommended because of accessing to better
performance than BRB and also having easier construction technology and consequently being cheaper
thus possibility of making it becomes feasible in countries without complex technologies. In this
research, three steel structures with three, five and eight stories that require retrofitting, are retrofitted
using buckling restrained brace and TTD metal damper separately, and are compared before and after
the retrofitting using nonlinear dynamic analysis in PERFORM 3D software. Finally, the effects of this
systems in reduction of structure displacement, reduction of energy dissipation due to nonlinear
behavior in main members of structure, and increasing of performance level is inspected. The
observation of both systems results imply that with increasing the number of building stories,
expressed positive effect is reduced which indicates more effect of this energy dissapation systems in
short-order structures.

Received 03 March 2013

Accepted in revised form 18 April 2013

Keywords:
Seismic Retrofitting
Buckling Restrained Brace
TTD Metal Damper
Conventional Braces
Energy Dissipation Systems
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

doi: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2013.26.10a.05

1. INTRODUCTION 1
Design of common buildings in regions that prone to
have earthquake should be in a manner that their
response against severe earthquakes comes in inelastic
limit which is suitable economically. In the past, all
structures were placed on elastic limit and designed
based on region seismic intensity and structure
importance, but at present the seismic and economical
design is necessary to take advantage of energy
absorbability behavior with inelastic deformations.
Seismic design of structures usually is based on this fact
that members anticipate in structure that show inelastic
behavior in severe earthquakes and absorb seismic
energy. In recent years, various and new methods were
invented so that they have passed completely retrofitting
traditional methods, i. e. increasing of structure capacity
(increase in structure strength, local modification of
structure components, increase in structure stiffness and
etc.) and earthquake requirement reduction method by
*Corresponding Author Email: Hossein_shafiei64@yahoo.com (H.
Shafiei Seifabadi)

dampers and braces is selected as effective way for this

purpose.
Among braces, buckling restrained braces (BRBs)
are used as inactive control systems of energy
dissipation in buildings seismic retrofitting. Unlike
conventional braces, these braces have symmetric
hysteresis loop and have the mechanism that prevent
their buckling under compression load especially in
periodical loading like earthquake, and yield before
buckling and consequently all section capacity is used
for energy dissipation (both in tension and
compression).
In Figure 1.a the model of conventional brace, due to
compression axial force (p), and displacement (), is
shown. According to the figure brace is buckled and
plastic hinge, in the middle of beam, is appeared. Thus,
the resistance capacity of the brace is reduced. Also, in
Figure 1.b the model of BRB due to compression axial
force (p), and displacement (), is shown. According to
this figure there is no buckling in brace, and thus the
resistance capacity of the brace dose not reduce.

J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

(a)

(b)
Figure 1. Brace due to compression axial force (p), and
displacement (): a) conventional brace and b) BRB [1]

It is noteworthy to mention that one of the

shortcomings of BRB is that this brace is monopoly of
private company and construction and installing of them
require more accuracy and endurance than other braces.
Also, high expenditures for using of this bracing system
in seismic retrofitting of structures do not always have
acceptable economic justification.
In some countries, utilization of some structures
retrofitting systems such as BRB is not possible because
of nonexistence of required facilities and complex
technology of construction. As a result, we can
overcome mentioned necessities by finding more simple
and effective method.
BRBs which have high stiffness and energy
depreciation capability at first were inspected by
Japanese researchers in 70s. Wakabayashi, et al.
constructed braces by metal flat plates and placed them
between precast pair panels of reinforced concrete. They
obtained brace strength in compression higher than
brace strength in tension in high deformations levels.
They developed buried metal core idea in metal section
full of concrete in continuation of their investigation [2].
Gradually, more extensive research was performed
on this type of brace. Fujimoto, et al. in 1988 studied
behavior of BRB with center core covered by metal
cover that was filled by mortar. They performed some
tests with various sizes of metal cover and developed
design standards both for strength and stiffness of cover
[3].
In 2005, Kim and choi provided a method for design
of frames with BRBs using the hysteresis of energy
spectrum. In this method, it is supposed that beams and
columns remain in elastic state under gravity loads and
energy depreciation and their damages happen only in
BRB [3].
Ariyaratana and Fahnestock found that saving
strength which is produced by members except BRB in
resistant system against lateral load can improve seismic
performance of BRBs [4].

1146

Tern-Gilmore and Ruiz-Garca studied utilization

possibility of BRB as a retrofitting plan for present
multi-span and multi-story structures by analytical
study. For this purpose, they inspected seismic response
of four 2-dimensional frames in region with high
ductility before and after the utilization of BRB. They
found that relative displacement value of stories in
frames of BRB is decreased [5].
Sahoo and Chao inspected plastic design method
based on performance according to the energy balance,
predefined target displacement and yield mechanism for
accessing to predictable behavior of BRBs by
incorporating inelastic specifications in design [6].
The new type of dampers namely TTD metal
damper is another inactive control system of energy
dissipation that in addition to low expenditure, have
simple construction technology and acceptable
performance. This damper is introduced for achieving
better performance than BRB until its construction
possibility becomes feasible in the most simple
construction sites with minimum facilities and without
requirement to advance construction technology.
In Figure 2, the example of displacement-load
curves (Q - ) obtained from cyclic tests related to TTD
metal damper is shown. All curves were normalized by
dividing long axis into yield displacement y and
dividing width axis into yield load Qy. It is seen that the
damper demonstrate very stable hysteresis behavior and
loops shape is very close to rectangular that is indicative
of very high capability of damper for energy dissipation.
Celiment in 2009 produced a new steel inactive
damper [7]. This damper like ordinary bracing install
inside the structural frame diagonally. Tapes behave as
a set of fixed-ended beams and deform with doubled
curvature and consequently waste the energy via shearflexural yielding.

Figure 2. Example of normalized curve Q- of TTD damper

obtained from the test [7].

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J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

2. CONSTITUTIVE COMPONENTS OF BRB

One type of constrained brace against buckling is shown
in Figure 3. It is seen that this brace is composed of
three main parts:
1. Metal core which is undertaken to endure the axial
loads.
2. Metal cover and confining concrete that prevents the
buckling of core element.
3. Separator substance which is prevented from
interlocking between confining concrete and center
core along member axis.
Figure 5.Structural plan of buildings

3. CONSITUTIVE COMPONENTS OF TTD DAMPER

According to Figure 4, this damper is composed of two
hollow ordinary steel structural sections that one of
them is placed into another one, and is named box-inbox damper [7]. There are some cut fissures in outer
hollow section of this damper, and some tapes are
remained between fissures. This outer section is
connected to the inner hollow section by welding.

4. MODEL EVALUATION
In this research, three steel buildings with similar plan
and three, five and eight stories are used for comparison
of seismic performance evaluation of steel buildings
retrofitted by BRB systems and TTD yielding damper.
Evaluation of seismic bearing of these buildings is
performed according to the seismic retrofitting
procedure of present buildings (publication 360) that is
virtue of publication FEMA356 [10, 11].
In this research aim of retrofitting is selected base
retrofitting.
4. 1. Introduction of Considered Structural Plan
According to Figure 5 total dimension of plan is
20*22.5m, and architectural area is 450 m2. Height of
first story is 3.5 meter and other stories are considered
3.2 meter. Direction of all joists is in Y axis direction.

Figure 3.Various components of constrained braces against

buckling [8,9]

Figure 4. a) General schematic of TTD damper, b) details of

wasting part of energy and c) equivalent tape

4. 2. Design of Considered Models

In this
research, design of considered building is performed by
SAP2000 software and standard 2800, first edition [12,
13], then, its seismic evaluation is inspected by
PERFORM 3D software. Having structure that required
retrofitting, each of buildings has been retrofitted by
BRB and TTD, and then seismic performance of
buildings has been compared before and after
retrofitting [14]. Considered specifications are provided
for this issue as follows.
Region from the view point of zoning of earthquake
relative danger is placed on area with average relative
danger and also ground type is seemed type III.
Consequently, reflection coefficient plot of building is
obtained according to the standard 2800, third edition,
and design response spectrum is obtained based on
publication 360 to perform earthquake lateral loading
(danger level 1) according to the value of design base
acceleration (A=0.25) [10,15].

J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

Structural system of building in x direction is

moment-resisting frame + brace and in Y direction is
moment-resisting frame. Diaphragm is considered as
block joist and is modeled rigidly. Furthermore, present
sections are considered IPE for beams and hollow box
sections for columns and doubled channel for braces.
4. 2. 1. Principles of Design
In structures design
and their bearing elements some criteria should be
considered. Importance of these criteria depend on
structure type, constitutive components of substance
that structure is constructed from it and utilization
method. General criteria that can be considered in
design of one structure are strength, plastic yielding,
stability, deformation, dynamic behavior, ductility, and
fatigue criteria.
4. 2. 2. Design and Modeling of BRB There is not
capability of equivalent static analysis for obtaining the
sections of BRB components in PERFORM 3D
software, therefore, design should be done firstly by the
software that can perform this analysis. In this
investigation, SAP 2000 is used and dimensions are
determined.
In structures such as braces in which buckling
occurrence or instability is main factor of destruction,
criteria of design controller will be stability. BRBs have
property of very high energy dissipation. For this
reason, BRBs were reposed in set of viscous and
hysteric and frictional dampers in the past and their
design was performed as design of mentioned damper.
Researchers found based on the advances in this field
that this design method is not so true, and nowadays,
design of BRBs are performed like eccentric braced
frame with this difference that local collapse are not
happened when earthquake occurs, and the brace is
changeable at need which is more simple than links
change in eccentric braced frame.
Design standards of BRBs have not been covered in
any of reliable codes completely. But suggestions is
introduced in procedure FEMA-450 [16] and also in
seismic part of AISC (2005) code [17] (steel code of
USA) for design of these frames. It is quote worthy that
BRB element is present in menu of PERFORM 3D
software for design and this element is used in this
research in PERFORM 3D software according to the
written FEMA procedure.
4. 2. 3. Design and Modeling of TTD Damper
Retrofitting should be performed according to
conducted seismic evaluation on present condition of
structures and need distinguishing to their retrofitting.
Dampers modeling are conducted according to the
produced code points in publication 360.
Before dampers modeling, their design should be
done using proper method. Considered design method is
based on UBC code for dual systems in which moment-

1148

resisting frame tolerate vertical load and damper-brace

set endure lateral loads. One method for structure design
which is equipped with TADAS is described by Tsai et
al. here; this algorithm is used because of general
similarity of TTD damper with TADAS [19]. In Figures
6, 7 and 8 Tsai damper design algorithm is shown and
summary of this method is demonstrated in continuation
[18]. Modeling of damper is performed in PERFORM
3D after its designing. For modeling of any type of
damper depending on deformation, it is enough that
their deformations are considered completely in
modeling. Furthermore, if interaction of axial load with
shear and bending or two-side deformation are present,
these factors must be considered.

Figure 6. Frame modeling which is equipped with TTD

damper with spring [18]

Figure 7. Load-displacement schematic plot of brace-damper

set from series combination of damper and brace [18]

Figure 8. Load-displacement schematic plot of frame system

which is equipped with brace-damper set from parallel
combination of frame and brace-damper set [18]

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J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

According to the mechanical specifications of TTD

damper, its deformation-force relation depends on
relative deformation between two ends of equipment,
and its reaction is independent of relative speed between
two ends of equipment and vibration frequency, and
there is no interaction between axial load and shear and
bending or existence of two-side deformation in it [18].
There are different elements in PERFORM 3D
software for modeling of any types of energy dissipation
facilities that seismic isolator elements are used for
modeling of TTD metal dampers in this research.
5. METHODS
EVALUATION

0F

ANALYSIS

AND

RESULTS

In this research, nonlinear dynamic analysis is used for

comparison of seismic performance of steel buildings
before and after retrofitting by BRB and TTD systems,
and analysis process along with results are demonstrated
in continuation.
5. 1. Results of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Nonlinear dynamic analysis is used for behavior
evaluation of structures which are affected by
earthquake effect. Nonlinear dynamic analysis is
performed as spectral or time history. In this research,
time history method is used [4, 19]. In order to conduct
this analysis in PERFORM 3D software, 7
accelerometers pair according to the provided standards
in publication 360 are used: Corralitos, Imperial Valey,
Kobe, Kocaeli, Loma Prieta, Northridge, and Trinidad.
With this description, we will have 14 loading cases of
nonlinear dynamic analysis that mean-max method is
used for performance evaluation of structures after
performing the analysis related to any of loading cases.
Considered gravity load combination for nonlinear
dynamic analysis is included in two states as follows
according to the publication 360 which is used in this
research [4].

b.

Acceleration response spectrum of any of scaled

acceleration pairs is determined by considering
damping ratio of 5 %.
c. Response spectra of each acceleration pair are
combined with each other using square root of the
sum squares (SRSS) and finally a compound
spectrum is constructed for each pair.
d. Determined scale coefficient should be multiplied
by scaled accelerometers in part a, and must be
used in dynamic analysis.
SeismoMatch software is used for scaling and
equalization of accelerometers. Comparison of response
spectrum of 7 scaled accelerometers with 0.25 times of
standard spectrum is shown in Figure 9 [21].
5. 3. Time History Comparison of Roof Mass
Center Deformation Before and After Retrofitting
of BRB and TTD Systems
In Figures 10-12, time
history of roof mass center deformation before and after
structure retrofitting in moment resisting frame + brace
direction and moment resisting frame direction is
compared under Corralitos earthquake for nonlinear
dynamic analysis and under
1st gravity load
combination.

Figure 9. Comparison of response spectrum of 7 scaled

accelerometers with times of standard spectrum

(1)

QG= 0/9 [QD]

(2)

QD is dead load and QL is live load according to the

standard 519 that is considered equal to 25% of design
live load [11].

5. 2. Scaling of the Accelerometers Accelerometers

have been scaled based on written method in standard
2800. Selected accelerometer pairs must be scaled
according to the following method [15]:
a. All accelerometers scale to their maximum value, it
is meant that maximum acceleration of all become
equal to gravity acceleration (g).

Displacement (cm)

QG= 1/1[QD+QL]

Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

0
-2
-4
-6
0

10

Time (s)

(a)

15

20

10
5

Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by TTD
5

10

15

20

-10
Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

-25
0

(b)
Figure 10. Time history comparison of 3-story building: a) In
moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

10
Time (s)

15

20

(a)

Displacement (cm)

Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

Displacement (cm)

-5

-20

Time (s)

10

-15

Retrofitted by BRB
0

20

Before Retrofitting

15

Retrofitted by BRB

10

Retrofitted by TTD

5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25

-5

-30
-35

-10
0

10

15

(a)
Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

25
20

20

Time (s)

10

15

Time (s)

Before Retrofitting

0.008

10

Retrofitted by BRB

0.007

5
0

0.006

-5

0.005
Drift

-10
-15
-20

20

(b)
Figure 12. Time history comparison of 8-story building: a) In
moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

15
Displacement (cm)

1150

15

20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35

Displacement (cm)

Displacement (cm)

J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

Retrofitted by TTD

0.004
0.003

-25
0

10

15

20

Time (s)

(b)
Figure 11. Time history comparison of 5-story building: a) In
moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

0.002
0.001
0
1

Story

(a)

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J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

5. 4. Comparison of Stories Drifts Before and

After Retrofitting by BRB and TTD Systems
Stories drift (maximum relative displacement of stories)
are shown in Figures 13-15 under Corralitos earthquake
in moment resisting frame + brace direction and
moment resisting frame direction under 1st gravity load
combination [4, 22].

0.04
0.035
0.03
Drift

0.025
0.02

0.015
0.01

Before Retrofitting
Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

0.005
0
1

2
Storey

(b)
Figure 13. Comparison of stories drift, 3-story building: a) In
moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

5. 5. Comparison of Energy Dissipation Portion in

any Main Members of Structure Before and After
Retrofitting by BRB and TTD Systems
Plots of
portion percentage of elastoplastic energy dissipation in
members are shown in Figure 16 before and after
retrofitting under Corralitos earthquake in the case of
using 1st gravity loading combination for all buildings
[23].

Before Retrofitting

0.016

Retrofitted by BRB

Retrofitted by BRB

0.014

Retrofitted by TTD

Retrofitted by TTD

0.012

Before Retrofitting

0.01

Drift

0.008
Drift

0.01

0.006

0.008
0.006

0.004

0.004

0.002

0.002
0

1
1

4
5
Story

(a)

Story

(a)

Before Retrofitting

0.025

Before Retrofitting

0.025

Retrofitted by BRB
Retrofitted by TTD

Retrofitted by BRB

0.02

Retrofitted by TTD

0.02
Drift

0.015
Drift

0.015
0.01

0.01
0.005

0.005

0
1

3
Story

4
5
Story

(b)

(b)

Figure 14. Comparison of stories drift, 5-story building: a) In

moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

Figure 15. Comparison of stories drift, 8-story building: a) In

moment resisting frame + brace direction, b) In moment
resisting frame direction

J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

Columns

Beams

X Braces

BRB

1152

building creates a problem, expressed positive effect is

reduced which indicates more effect of this energy
dissipation system in short-order structures.

TTD

100
90
80

[-]
7. REFERENCES

70

persent

60
50

1.

Shafiei, S., H.,

and Mirzagoltabar, R., A,, Seismic
characteristics investigation of steel structures retrofitted by
buckling restrained braces, in civil engineering., Pardisan
University: Iran. (2012)

2.

Wakabayashi, M., Nakamura, T., Kashibara, A., Morizono, T.

and Yokoyama, H., "Experimental study of elasto-plastic
properties of precast concrete wall panels with built-in insulating
braces", in Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting,
Architectural Institute of Japan. Vol. 104121044, (1973), 12-20.

3.

Choi, H. and Kim, J., "Energy-based seismic design of bucklingrestrained braced frames using hysteretic energy spectrum",
Engineering Structures , Vol. 28, No. 2, (2006), 304-311.

4.

Ariyaratana, C. and Fahnestock, L. A., "Evaluation of bucklingrestrained braced frame seismic performance considering reserve
strength", Engineering Structures , Vol. 33, No. 1, (2011), 7789.

5.

Tern-Gilmore, A. and Ruiz-Garca, J., "Comparative seismic

performance of steel frames retrofitted with buckling-restrained
braces through the application of force-based and displacementbased approaches", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering , Vol. 31, No. 3, (2011), 478-490.

6.

Sahoo, D. R. and Chao, S.-H., "Performance-based plastic

design method for buckling-restrained braced frames",
Engineering Structures , Vol. 32, No. 9, (2010), 2950-2958.

7.

Benavent-Climent, A., "A brace-type seismic damper based on

yielding the walls of hollow structural sections", Engineering
Structures , Vol. 32, No. 4, (2010), 1113-1122.

8.

Lin, S., MacRae, G., Wu, A., Lin, P. and Tsai, K., "Development
and implementation of buckling restrained braces in Taiwan",

9.

Xie, Q., "State of the art of buckling-restrained braces in asia",

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"Instruction for seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings", ,

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Agency, F. E. M., "Prestandard and commentary for the seismic

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buildings against irans earthquake,2800 code, 1st ed", (1987).

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"Perform-3d software, nonlinear analysis and performance

assessment for 3d structures, v.4.0.3, computers and structures,
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"Researching center of building and habitation, design code of

buildings against irans earthquake,2800 code, 3st ed.", (2005).

16.

"Fema, (federal emergency management agency) 450, nehrp

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40
30
20
10

Retrofiited by TTD-8 St

Retrofiited by BRB-8 St

Before Rettofitting-8 St

Retrofiited by TTD-5 St

Retrofiited by BRB-5 St

Before Rettofitting-5 St

Retrofiited by TTD-3 St

Retrofiited by BRB-3 St

Before Rettofitting-3 St

Figure 16. Portion percentage of energy dissipation of any

main member of structure for all buildings

6. CONCLUSION
After utilization of BRB brace and TTD damper in
considered structures, it is seen that important indexes
such as deformation of roof mass center and stories
relative deformation is decreased significantly that
mentioned variation is more in moment resistant
direction than direction of moment resistant + brace.
This issue demonstrates very desirable performance of
these systems in retrofitting of structures.
Results imply that in considered structures, total
energy dissipation is due to member nonlinear behavior
in beams, columns and cross braces, while major part of
energy dissipation after retrofitting by BRB brace and
TTD damper is due to nonlinear behavior of members in
these systems and consequently, portion of other
structural members is decreased significantly.
Plastic joints in considered structures is created in
beams and braces before retrofitting, while major part of
plastic joints is produced in these systems after
retrofitting by BRB brace and TTD damper and
consequently plastic joints is decreased significantly in
other members of structures (beams, columns and
braces).
Result comparison of the buildings 3, 5, and 8
stories in both systems also imply that with increasing
the number of building stories, because the mass of the

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17.

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pakniat, S. and pakniat, E., "Required analysis in seismic

retrofitting of structures based on 2800 and 360 code of iran",
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Tsai, K.-C., Chen, H.-W., Hong, C.-P. and Su, Y.-F., "Design of
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21.

Uang, C., M., and Nakashima, M., Steel buckling-restrained

braced frames. 2004: CRC Press LLC.

22.

Esmaeili, H., Kheiraddin, A. and Bazzaz, M., "Software guide of

nonlinear analysis and performance evaluation of 3-d structures
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Mirzagoltabar, R., A., and Shamstabar, k., R., " Nonlinear

analysis and performance assessment for 3d structures using
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Babol, Iran, (2012).

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J. Vaseghi Amiri et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS A: Basics Vol. 26, No. 10, (October 2013) 1145-1154

Effect of the Height Increasing on Steel Buildings Retrofitted by Buckling Restrained

Bracing Systems and TTD Damper
J. Vaseghi Amiri a, A. Mirza Goltabar Rowshan a, H. Shafiei Seifabadi b
Department of Civil Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Pardisan, Iran

a
b

PAPER INFO

.
.
) (BRB . TTD
.. BRB
.

TTD
PERFORM 3D .

.
.
doi: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2013.26.10a.05

Paper history:
Received 03 March 2013
Accepted in revised form 18 April 2013

Keywords:
Seismic Retrofitting
Buckling Restrained Brace
TTD Metal Damper
Conventional Braces
Energy Dissipation Systems
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis