In-Elastic Performance of 2D-Two Bay Ordinary Concentrically Braced Steel Frame

IN-ELASTIC PERFORMANCE OF 2D-TWO BAY ORDINARY
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED STEEL FRAME

P.PUDJISURYADI1*, and TAVIO2
1
Ph.D student-Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology,

Surabaya, Indonesia; and
Faculty-Department of Civil Engineering, PETRA Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
In this study, in-elastic performance of 2D-two bay ordinary concentrically braced steel framed is
observed. The steel structure has equally 6m bays, and five stories with uniform 4m floor to floor
height. It is assumed as a part of common office building resting on soft soil of Zone 6 in
Indonesian Seismic Map (SNI 03-1726-2002). The seismic reduction factor, R is taken as much as
3.0. All braces are assumed to reach their capacity during severe earthquake event. The steel grade
used for whole structure is kept the same in order to stimulate the commonly available steel used in
Indonesian construction industry (fy=240 MPa, fu=370 MPa). Steel design is carried out by using
Indonesian Steel Structure Code (SNI 03-1729-2002), while the in-elastic performance is evaluated
by non-linear static pushover analysis. The non-linear hinge properties are adopted from Table 5 of
FEMA 356 which and generated automatically inside SAP2000 software package.
Design result of the particular chosen geometry size, shows that the braces are controlled
dominantly by slenderness ratio limitation. To satisfy the limitation criteria, the maximum axial
stress ratio of the braces is still as low as 0.389. Beams and columns, which have to remain elastic
while subjected to axial resistance capacity of the braces, have higher reserve capacity. Observed
in-elastic behavior by non-linear static pushover shows that the structure still remains in elastic
range due to design earthquake (500 years return period). However, with increasing demand spectra,
it is observed that plastic hinges start to develop in the lower story of compression braces and
propagate to higher story. It is concluded that the code provision succeeds to isolate the damage in
braces. However, slenderness ratio limitation of braces specified by the code, if not accompanied by
appropriate selection of steel grade (i.e. using lower steel grade), can result in over-conservative
design.
Keywords: Seismic Performance, Ordinary Concentrically Braced Steel Frame, Non-linear Static
Pushover.
Corresponding author: E-mail: pamuda@peter.petra.ac.id

Presenter: E-mail: pamuda@peter.petra.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
To design seismic resistant structures with ductility concept is widely accepted practice. For any
systems, the design should be conducted carefully that the damage will occur in selected parts of the
structure which leads to a ductile mechanism. This concept is commonly adopted in the building
codes. In Indonesia, such code for steel structure is the SNI 03-1729-2002. One system which is
covered by the code is the ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF). OCBF has the most
significant advantage of being very stiff, while maintains a reasonable ductility level. This system is
not rare be used as substitution for moment resisting frame system. Conceptually, the OCBF stable
ductile behavior is controlled by buckling mechanism of the braces, while maintain the beams and
columns to remain elastic (Bruneau et.al. 1998).
2.
STRUCTURE CONSIDERED
In this study, in-elastic performance of 2D-two bay ordinary concentrically braced steel framed is
observed. The steel structure has equally 6m bays, and five stories with uniform 4m floor to floor
height. It is assumed as a part of common office building resting on soft soil of Zone 6 in
Indonesian Seismic Map (SNI 03-1726-2002). The seismic reduction factor, R is taken as much as
3.0. All braces are assumed to reach their capacity during severe earthquake event. The steel grade
used for whole structure is kept the same in order to stimulate the commonly available steel used in
Indonesian construction industry (BJ37 with fy=240 MPa, fu=370 MPa). All frame connections are
considered rigid, while braces are pin connected to the frames. The structure illustration can be seen
in Figure 1.
Figure 1: The Structure Considered.
3.
STEEL DESIGN
Steel design is carried out by using Indonesian Steel Structure Code (SNI 03-1729-2002). Braces
are designed as axial compression and tension members. In addition to conventional axial member
design, a slenderness ratio limitation (Equation 1) should be satisfied in ordinary concentrically
braced frame.
k L
r
1900
fy
(1)
In Equation 1, the effective length factor, k is taken as 1.0 (braced simple connected member), while
L, r, and fy indicate un-braced length, radius of gyration, and steel yield strength, respectively.
Beams and columns are designed as beam column members, as they suffer from both axial and
bending actions. The frame should be designed stronger than the braces to ensure the plastic
mechanism is controlled by the buckling of braces. This is accommodated by designing the beams
and columns to withstand the axial resistance capacity of the braces in addition to the factored stress
resultants (Bruneau et.al. 1998). The complete steel design can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Steel Design Result.

The numbers shown in Figure 2 are the axial interaction ratio, and combined axial-bending
interaction ratio in braces, and the frames, respectively. It should be noted that in this particular
study, the braces design is governed by the slenderness ratio limitation (Equation 1). Thus, the
braces still have relatively low axial interaction ratio (0.389). With the fact that the frames design is
dominated by axial resistance capacity of the braces, they are more conservatively designed than the
braces.
4.
IN-ELASTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STRUCTURE
In-elastic performance is evaluated by non-linear static pushover analysis. The non-linear hinge
properties are adopted from Table 5 of FEMA 356 which and generated automatically inside
SAP2000 software package. Performance point at design earthquake demand spectra (500 years
return period) can be seen in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that the structure still in elastic range due to
the conservative design. If one increases the demand spectra beyond the design earthquake, it is
observed that plastic hinges develops. The hinges start to form in the lower story of compression
braces and develop to higher story (Figure 4a). Finally, Figure 4b shows the hinge formations with
base shear as much as 2.24 times the design earthquake.
Figure 3: Performance Point
(a)
(b)
Figure 4: Subsequent plastic hinge development.
4
5.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that slenderness ratio limitation of braces specified by the code, if not
accompanied by appropriate selection of steel grade (i.e. using lower steel grade), can lead to over
conservative design. However, the expected mechanism is achieved in the study that the frame is
damaged after the braces yields at their axial capacity.
REFERENCES
Bruneau, M., Uang, C.M., dan Whittaker, A. (1998). Ductile Design of Steel Structures. McGraw-Hill, New York,
Chapter 7.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (2002). Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa untuk Bangunan Gedung. SNI
03-1726-2002 the Indonesian Earthquake Code.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (2002). Tata Cara Perencanaan Struktur Baja untuk Bangunan Gedung. SNI
03-1726-2002 the Indonesian Steel Structure Code.
FEMA (2000). Prestandard and Commentary for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Report FEMA 356. Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C.

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IN-ELASTIC PERFORMANCE OF 2D-TWO BAY ORDINARY

CONCENTRICALLY BRACED STEEL FRAME

Ph.D student-Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology,

Corresponding author: E-mail: pamuda@peter.petra.ac.id

Figure 1: The Structure Considered.

Figure 2: Steel Design Result.

IN-ELASTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STRUCTURE

Figure 3: Performance Point

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