QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT: EE2303 -TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
PART-A
1. What is meant by power supply system?
2. What is meant by Transmission and Distribution system?
3. What are the different types of Power supply system?
4. What are the various components of power supply system?
5. What are the different types of power plants?
6. What are the different operating voltages used for generation, primary and secondary
transmission in AC power supply systems in India?
7. Define feeder, distributor and service mains.
8. List the advantages of high voltageAC transmission.
9. Define Break-even distance.
10. List the disadvantages of DC transmission.
11. List the different types of DC links.
12. What is meant by STATCOM
13. What are the advantages & limitations of high voltage transmission?
14. List the various types of distribution systems.
15.List the different types of distribution systems based on connection
16. What are the different components of a distribution system?
17. What is meant by stringing chart
18. What are the limitations of HVDC system?
19. List the two merits of HVDC system
20. List the HVDC systems present and which are in operation in India.
21. List the applications of HVDC system.
22. List the advantages of EHVAC transmission system.
23. What is the need of load dispatch centres? Where are the LDC's available inTamil Nadu?
24. List out objectives of FACTS.
25.What factors affect sag in transmission line.
26. Name any two FACTS controller devices.
27.What is the highest AC transmission voltage we have in India?
PART-B
1. (i) Discuss various types of HVDC links. Mention any one HVDC
with rating. (ii) List out the main components of a HVDC system.

link available in India

2. (i) Draw and explain the structure of modern power systems with typical voltage levels.
(ii) What is the highest voltage level available in India?
3. (i). Explain the effect of high voltage on volume of copper and oN efficiency.
(ii) Explain why the transmission lines are 3 phase 3-wire circuits while distribution lines are 3
phase 4-wire circuits.
4. (i) Draw the model power system with single line representation. Show its essential
constituent sections.
(ii) What are the AC transmission and distribution level voltages we have in India?
(iii) What are the different kinds of DC links? Draw relevant diagrams.
5. (i) Explain why EHV transmission is preferred? What are the problems involved in EHV AC
transmission?
(ii) With neat schematic, explain the principle of HVDC system operation.
6. Explain about FACTS and its controllers with neat diagram
7. (i) Compare EHVAC and HVDC transmission.
(ii) Explain the applications of HVDC transmission System.
8. Explain TCSC and SVC systems.
9. Explain with neat diagram about STATCOM and UPFC.
10. A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two towers at a height of
50 and 80 meters above water level. The horizontal distance between towers is 300m. If tension
in conductor is 200kg, find clearance between conductor and water at a point midway between
towers. Weight of conductor/meter = 0.844kg. Derive formula used.
11. An overhead line has a span of 336m. The line is supported at a water crossing from two
towers whose heights are 33.6m and 29m above water level. The weight of conductor is 8.33N/m
and tension in the conductor is not to exceed 3.34*104N.Find
1) Clearance between lowest point on conductor and water
2) Horizontal distance of this point from lower support.
12. Explain the principle of operation of compensators used for voltage control.
13. What are the advantages of high transmission voltage for the transmission of electric power ?
Explain.
14. A 50km long transmission line supplies a load of 5MVA at 0.8pf lagging at 33kV.The
efficiency of transmission line is 90%. Calculate the volume of Al conductor required for the line
when 3 phase 3 wire system is used. The specific resistance of Al is 2.85*10-8 m.
15. Derive an expression for sag calculation in a transmission line
(i) When the supports are at equal heights
(ii) When the supports are at unequal heights
Assume shape of overhead line is a parabola.
UNIT- II
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
PART-A
1. Define Skin effect. On what factors does the skin effect depend.
2. What is meant by proximity effect?
3. Differentiate the stranded conductor and bundled conductor.
4. List out the advantages of double circuit lines.
5. Define - Self and mutual G.M.D.
6. What is meant by inductive interference?
7. What is transposition of conductors?

8. What is ACSR conductor?

9. What is fictitious conductor radius?
10. Define unsymmetrical and symmetrical spacing.
11. State why transposition of line conductors are needed?
12. List the advantages of bundled conductors.
13. What are the factors that affect the skin effect?
14. Why the effective resistance is more than the static resistance of a transmission line?
15. Why does a transmission lines have resistance, inductance, and capacitance?
16. List the factors that governing the capacitance of a transmission line.
17. State the advantages of double circuit line over single circuit line.
18. What do you understand by inductive interference?
19. What is corona? State its advantages & disadvantages.
20. Define critical disruptive voltage.
21. What are the factors which affect corona?
22. Define transmission efficiency.

PART-B
1. From the fundamentals derive an expression for inductance of a single phase transmission
system.
2. Derive an expression for capacitances of a single phase transmission system and discuss the
effect of earth on capacitance with suitable equation.
3. Derive an expression for inductance
i) Of a single-phase overhead line.
ii) A conductor is composed of seven identical copper strands each having a radius r. Find the
self-GMD of the conductor.
4. i) Derive an expression for the capacitance between conductors of a single phase overhead
line.
ii) Find the capacitance between the conductors of a single-phase 10 km long line. The diameter
of each conductor is 1.213 cm. The spacing between conductors is 1.25 m. Also find the
capacitance of each conductor neutral.
5. i) Derive the expression for inductance of a two wire 1 transmission line.
ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a 1 transmission line.
6. (i) What are the advantages of bundled conductors?
(ii) Derive the expression for capacitance of a double circuit line for hexagonal spacing.
(iii) Why is the concept of self GMD is not applicable for capacitance?
7. (i) Explain clearly the skin effect and the proximity effects when referred to overhead lines.
ii) Write a short note on the inductive interference between power and communication lines.
8. i) Derive the expression for the capacitance per phase of the 3 phase double circuit line flat
vertical spacing with transposition.
ii) A 3 overhead transmission line has its conductors arranged at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of 2 m side. Calculate the capacitance of each line conductor per km. Given the
diameter of each conductor is 1.25 cm.
9. Find the capacitance per km per phase of a 3 line arrangement in a horizontal plane spaced 8
metres apart. The height of all conductors above the earth is 13 metres. The diameter of each
conductor is 2.6 cm.the line is completely transposed and takes the effect of ground into
account.
10. Discuss the concept of GMR and GMD in the calculation of transmission line inductance.

11.i) Derive the expression for the voltage induced in communication lines due to current in
power lines.
ii) Explain the various factors affecting corona loss and methods of
minimizing them
(8)
12.Derive the expression for inductance of a 3 phase line with Unsymmetrical & symmetrical
spacing.
13. A 220KV, 50Hz, 200Km long three phase line has its conductors on the corners of a triangle
with sides 6m,6m and 12m. The conductor radius is 1.81cm. Find the capacitance per phase per
km, capacitive reactance per phase, charging current and total charging Mega volt amperes.
14. Derive the equation of capacitance of a 3 phase unsymmetrically spaced & symmetrically
spaced overhead lines.
15. Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single phase line comprising of 2 parallel
conductors 1m apart and 1 cm in diameter, when the material of the conductor is
i) Copper
ii) Steel of relative permittivity 50
16. Calculate the capacitance of a 100km long 3 phase,50 Hz overhead transmission line
consisting of 3 conductors each of diameter 2 cm and spaced 2.5m at the corners of an
equilateral triangle.

UNIT-III
MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES
PART-A
1. Classify overhead transmission lines.
2. Define transmission efficiency.
3. List out the methods of representation of medium transmission lines.
4. What is Ferranti effect?
5. Define regulation of power transmission line.
6. What is the use of power circle diagram?
7. What is meant by the receiving end power circle diagram?
8. What is the cause of Ferranti effect?
9. What is the use of power circle diagram?
10. What are the causes of voltage drop and line loss in a transmission line?
11. What are the advantages of using series compensation?
12. What are the factors which govern the performance of a transmission line?
13. What is shunt compensation?
14. Distinguish attenuation and phase constant.
15. Define surge impedance
16. Draw the phasor representation of short transmission line. For controlling reactive power
what adjustment should be done in transformer present in the system.
PART-B
1. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3phase, 100 Km, 50 Hz transmission line
delivering 20 MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balanced load. The
conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 / Km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced
equilaterally 2 meters between centres.Use nominal T method.
2. A three phase 5 km long transmission line, having resistance of 0.5 / km and inductance of
1.76 mH / km is delivering power at 0.8 pf lagging. The receiving end voltage is 32kV. If the

supply end voltage is 33 kV, 50 Hz, find line current,

regulation and efficiency of the
transmission line.
3. Derive the expressions for sending end voltage in nominal T method and end Condenser
method.
4. i) What is an equivalent circuit of long line? Derive expression for parameters of this circuit
in terms of line parameters.
ii) A 50Hz transmission line 300 km long total series impedance of 40 + j25 and total shunt
admittance of 10-3 mho. The 220 KV with 0.8 lagging powerfactor. Find the sending end
voltage, current, power and power factor using nominal method.
5. i) Define regulation of a transmission line and derive the approximate expression for the
regulation of a short transmission line.
ii) What is corona loss? How do you determine this loss?
6. A 220 kV, 3 transmission line has an impedance per phase of (40 + j200) and an
admittance of (0 + j0.0015) mho. Determine the sending end voltage and sending end current
when the receiving end
current is 200 A at 0.95 pf lagging. Use nominal T method.
7. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a three phase 200 km, 50 Hz transmission line
delivering 100 MW at a pf of 0.8 lagging and 33 kV to a balanced load. The conductors are of
copper, each having resistance 0.1 / km, and 1.5 cm outside diameter, spaced equilaterally 2 m
between Centers. Neglect leakage reactance and use nominal T and methods.
8. i) Explain the Ferranti effect with a phasor diagram and its causes.
ii) Explain the classification of lines based on their length of transmission.
iii) What are ABCD constants?
9. A 3 phase line having an impedance of (5+j20) per phase delivers a load of 30MW at a
power factor of 0.8 lag and voltage of 33 kV. Determine the capacity of the phase modifier to be
installed at the
receiving end if the voltage at the sending end is to be maintained at 33kV. Assume the shunt
admittance is neglected.
10. Write short notes on
i) Shunt compensation ii) Series compensation
11. A 3 phase, 50Hz, 150 km line has a resistance, inductive reactance and capacitive shunt
admittance of 0.1, 0.5 and 3*10-6 mho per km per phase. If the line delivers 50MW at 110kV
and 0.8pf lagging.
Determine the sending end voltage and current. Assume nominal circuit for the line.
12. A 15 km long 3 phase overhead line delivers 5 MW at 11kV at 0.8 lagging pf line loss is
12% of power delivers. Line inductance is 1.1mH per km per phase. Find the sending end
voltage and regulation.
13.i) Explain surge impedance loading with respect to an overhead transmission line .
ii) Explain the end condenser method for medium transmission lines.
14. The A,B,C,D constants of a 3 phase transmission line are A=D=0.936+j0.016,
B=33.5+j138,
C=(-0.9280+j901.223)*10-6 mho. The load at the receiving end is 40MW at 220kV with power
factor of
0.86 lagging. Find the magnitude of the sending end voltage, current, power, line efficiency and
voltage regulation. Assume the magnitude of the sending end voltage remains constant.
15. Deduce an expression for the sending end and receiving end power of a line in terms of
voltage and ABCD constants. Show that the real power transferred is dependent on the power
angle and reactive power transferred is dependent on the voltage drop in the line

UNIT-IV
INSULATORS AND CABLES
PART-A
1. What is the purpose of insulator?
2. What is the main purpose of armouring?
3. What is meant by efficiency of an insulator string?
4. List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.
5. Mention the advantages of the pin type insulator
6. What are the main causes for failure of insulators?
7. What are the different tests that are conducted on an insulator?
8. Define string efficiency and what are the methods for improving string efficiency?
9. Write short notes on puncture test.
10. Define impulse ratio.
11. State advantage of polymeric insulators over porcelain insulators.
12. What are the routine tests conducted on insulators?
13. What are the performance tests conducted on insulators?
14. What are the merits of under ground cables?
15. How are cables classified based on operating voltage.
16. What is the main purpose of bedding?
17. What are the common materials used for insulation?
18. What is the main purpose of armouring?
19. What is serving?
20. What is dielectric stress?
21. What is grading of cables and give the methods of grading.
22. What are the main advantages of suspension type insulators over pin type ones?
23. Why the potential distribution across the string units of insulator is not uniform.
24. Name the two methods of locating cable faults.
25. State two types of faults in a cable.
26. Show that insulation resistance of cable is inversely proportional to its length.
27. What are the advantages of string insulators?
28. Why loss angle of cable should be very small?

PART-B
1.Discuss any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with suitable sketches.
2.Explain any two methods of grading of cables with necessary diagrams.
3. i) What are different methods to improve string efficiency of an insulator?
ii) In a 3-unit insulator, the joint to tower capacitance is 20 % of the capacitance of each unit. By
how much should the capacitance of the lowest unit be increased to get a string efficiency of 90
%. The remaining two units are left unchanged.
4. i) Derive the expression for insulator resistance, capacitance and electric stress in a single core
cable. Where is the stress maximum and minimum?
ii) A single core 66 kV cable working on 3-phase system has a conductor diameter of 2cm and
sheath of inside diameter 5.3 cm. If two inner sheaths are introduced in such a way that the stress
varies between the same maximum and minimum in the three layers find:
a) position of inner sheaths

b) voltage on the linear sheaths

c) maximum and minimum stress
5. i) Draw the schematic diagram of a pin type & suspension type insulator and explain its
function.
ii) A 3 phase overhead transmission line is being supported by three disc insulators. The potential
across top unit (i.e. near the tower) and the middle unit are 8 kV and 11 kV respectively.
Calculate,
a) The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self capacitance of each unit
b) Line Voltage
c) String Efficiency
6. i) Describe with the neat sketch, the construction of a 3 core belted type cable.
ii) A conductor of 1cm diameter passes centrally through porcelain cylinder of internal diameter
2 cms and external diameter 7 cms. The cylinder is surrounded by a tightly fitting metal sheath.
The permittivity of porcelain is 5 and the peak voltage gradient in air must not exceed 34 kV /
cm. Determine the maximum safe working voltage.
7.i) What are the various properties of insulators? Also briefly explain about suspension type
insulators.
ii) Calculate the most economical diameter of a single core cable to be used on 132 kV, 3 phase
system. Find also the overall diameter of the insulation, if the peak permissible stress does not
exceed 60 kV / cm. also derive the formula used here.
8. i) Briefly explain about various types of cables used in underground system.
ii) A string of 4 insulator units has a self capacitance equal to 4 times the pin to earth
capacitance. Calculate,
a) Voltage distribution as a % of total voltage
b) String efficiency
9. i) Give any six properties of a good insulator.
ii) With a neat diagram, explain the strain and stay insulators.
iii) A cable is graded with three dielectrics of permittivities 4,3 and 2.
The maximum permissible potential gradient for all dielectrics is same and equal to 30 kV/cm.
The core diameter is 1.5cm and sheath diameter is 5.5 cm. Determine the working voltage.
10. Explain the constructional features of various types of cables
11. i) Compare and contrast overhead lines and underground cables.
ii)List out the properties of insulating materials used for cables
12. An insulator string consist of three units, insulator nearest to the line having a safe working
voltage of 20kV. The ratio of self to shunt capacitance is 6:1. Determine the line voltage and
string efficiency.
UNIT-V
SUBSTATION GROUNDING SYSTEM AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PART-A
1.What is substation?
2.What are the classifications of substation according to service?
3.What are the types of transformer substations?
4.What are the factors to be considered for busbar design?
5.What is neutral grounding or neutral earthing?
6.What are the equipments used in a transformer substation?
7.What are the different types of bus bar arrangements in substations?
8.What is bus bar and what are its components?

9.What are the materials mainly used in busbars?

10.What are the factors to be considered for busbar design?
11.Which tests are necessary on station busbars?
12.What is neutral grounding or neutral earthing?
13.What is equipment grounding?
14.What are the advantages of neutral grounding?
15.What is earth resistance?
16.What are the devices used for DC power at the substation by using converting machinery?
17.Define distribution substation.
18.Define service mains?
19.What are the types of nature of current in distribution system?
20.What is interconnected system.
21.State the advantage of ring main distributor.
22.Give the disadvantage of single bus scheme.
23.State the role of circuit breaker in power system.
24.Define the term feeders and service mains.
25.What are the various methods of earthing in substations?
26.Why are transmission lines 3 phase 3 wire circuits while distribution lines are 3 phase 4 wire
circuits?
27.Give the difference between disconnector switch and isolator.
28.Give the protective device present in substation.
29.State the advantages of outdoor substation over indoor substation.
30.What are the objectives of earthing?
PART-B
1. With a neat sketch explain double bus with double breaker and double bus with single breaker.
State their advantages and disadvantages.
2. Explain the following:
(i) Neutral grounding
(ii) Resistance grounding.
3. Explain about the various types of substations
4. Write short notes on
i. Sub mains
ii. Stepped and tapered mains
5. Explain the various types of bus bar arrangements in a substation.
6. Write short notes on
i. Busbar arrangement in substation
ii. Grounding grids
7. i) Explain the design principles of substation grounding system.
ii) Explain the equipments in a transformer substation.
8. Draw the circuit arrangement and explain the various elements of the following bus bar
arrangements.
i) Single bus scheme
ii) Double bus bar scheme
iii) Double bus bar with bypass isolators
iv) Main and transfer bus bar
v) Mesh scheme
9. Discuss briefly each of the following
i)Feeders
ii)Radial distribution

iii)Ring main distribution

iv)Interconnected system
10. A DC ring main distributor is fed at A and the load is tapped at points B,C,D. The distributor
length is 400m long and points B,C,D are 150m,250m,375m from A. Loads are 150A,40A,200A
respectively. If
resistance/100 m of single conductor is 0.04 and VA = 220V. Calculate i) Current in each
distributor
ii) Voltage at points B,C,D.
11. Discuss and compare radial and ring main distribution system. What is the role of
interconnectors in distribution system.
12. Discuss the design of primary distribution system with respect to following
i) Selection of voltage ii)Choice of scheme iii)Size of feeders