Minor Project Ex - Copy1

TITLE OF THE MINOR PROJECT
A report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

BHOPAL (M.P.)
Under the Guidance

Dr. Bhavna JainFaculty Name
(H.O.D. Electrical & Electronics)
Advisor)
(Asst. Prof. & Project
Submitted by
Student Name (Enroll. No.)
No.)
Student Name (Enroll.

No.)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICSENGINEERING
BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MANDIDEEP (M.P.)
Year-2016
BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1
MANDIDEEP (M.P.)
Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF THE MINOR
PROJECT"submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
(M.P.) in the Department of Electrical & ElectronicsEngineeringby Student
Name ( Enroll. No.), Student Name ( Enroll. No.), Student Name ( Enroll.
No.), Student Name ( Enroll. No.)in a partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineeringin Electrical &
Electronics Engineering.
Guide/Supervisor Name
Dr. Bhavna Jain
Supervisor
Head of the Department
Prof. Y K Sharma
Director

MANDIDEEP (M.P.)
2
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
We/I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in this project
report, entitled TITLE OF THE MINOR PROJECT" in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineeringin
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, is an authentic record of work carried
out by us/me.
The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree.

No.)

No.)

MANDIDEEP (M.P.)
3
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF THE MINOR
PROJECT"submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
(M.P.) in the department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering by Student
Name ( Enroll. No.), Student Name ( Enroll. No.), Student Name ( Enroll.
No.), Student Name ( Enroll. No.)in a partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineeringin Electrical &
Electronics Engineering..
Internal Examiner
Examiner
External
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our/my immense pleasure to express our/my deep sense of gratitude
and
indebtedness
to
my
highly
respected
and
esteemed
supervisorGuide/Supervisor Name & Designation with department and

4
Prof.Y K Sharma, Director, Bansal College of Engineering, Mandideep. Their

invaluable guidance, inspiration, constant encouragement sincere criticism and
sympathetic attitude could make this dissertation possible.
We/I extend our/my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Bhavna Jain, Head of
the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Bansal College of
Engineering, Mandideep for providing encouragement, guidance and support
during our/my work.
We/I extend our/my thanks to all the staff members of the department
who extended their co-operation and help throughout the project work. Last but
not least, We/I express our/my gratitude to our/my parents, who have been a
constant source of inspiration.

No.)

No.)
Introduction
The electrical power is almost exclusively generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of ac because of
economical consideration but for operation of most of
the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required.
Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No
doubt, they have the advantages of being portable and
ripple free but their voltages are low, they need frequent
replacement and are expensive in comparison to
conventional dc power supplies.
Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a
circuit that converts ac supply into dc supply. The part of
equipment that converts ac into dc is called DC power
supply. In general atthe input of the power supply there
is a power transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a
diode circuit)a smoothing filter and then by
a voltage regulator circuit.
From the block diagram, the basic power supply is
constituted by four elements
viza transformera rectifier, a filter, and a regulator put
together. The output of the dc power supply is used to
provide a constant dc voltage across the load. Let us
briefly outline the function of each of the elements of the
dc power supply.
6
Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to

step-down) the-supply voltage as per need of the solidstate electronic devices and circuits to be supplied by
the dc power supply. It can provide isolation from the
supply line-an important safety consideration. It may
also include internal shielding to prevent
unwantedelectrical noise signal on the power line from
getting into the power supply and possibly disturbing the
load.
What is the use of rectifier in DC circuit?
Rectifier is a device which converts the sinusoidal ac
voltage into either positive or negative pulsating dc. P-N
junction diode, which conducts when forward biased and
practically does not conduct when reverse biased, can
be used for rectification i.e. for conversion of ac into dc.
The rectifier typically needs one, two or four diodes.
Rectifiers may be either half-wave rectifiers or fullwave rectifiers (centre-tap or bridge) type.
The output voltage from a rectifier circuit has a pulsating
character i.e., it contains unwanted ac components
(components of supply frequency f and its harmonics)
along with dc component. For most supply purposes,
constant direct voltage is required than that furnished by
a rectifier. To reduce ac components from the rectifier
output voltage a filter circuit is required.
Thus filter is a device which passes dc component to the

load and blocks I ac components of the rectifier output.
Filter is typically constructed from reactive circuit I
elements such as capacitors and/or inductors and
resistors.The magnitude of output dc voltage may vary
with the variation of either the input ac voltage or the
magnitude of load current. So at the output of a rectifier
filter combination a voltage regulator is required, to
provide an almost constant dc voltage at the output of
the regulator. The voltage regulator may be constructed
from a Zener diode, and or discrete transistors, and/or
integrated circuits (ICs). Its main function is to maintain
a constant dc output voltage. However, it also rejects
any ac ripple voltage that is not removed by the filter.
The regulator may also include protective devices such
as short-circuit protection, current limiting, thermal
shutdown, or over-voltage protection.
Block diagram
10
11
12
13
14
IC 7805
regulator
Voltage ICs are the ICs that are used to regulate voltage. IC 7805 is a 5v
Regulator that restricts the voltage output

to 5v and draws 5v regulated power su
It comes with provision to add heatsink. The maximum value for input to the volta
Regulator is 35v. It can provide a constant steady voltage flow of 5v for higher vol
Input till the threshold limit ifofthe

35v.
voltage is near to 7.5v then it does not p
Any heat and no need for heatsink is more, then excess electricity is liberated as
From 7805.
If regulates a steady output of 5v if the input voltage is in range of

t
35v. Hence to avoid power loss try to maintain the input to 7.2v. in some circuit
Voltage fluctuation
(e.g microcontroller),
is
for such situation to ensure constant
Voltage IC 7805 voltage regulator is used.
15
16
17
2.diode
3.capacitor
4.IC
7812
5.IC 7805
18
Future expansion
In the traditional electrical distribution scheme utilized by the
majority of todays data centers, energy must go through
multiple conversions from Alternating Current (AC) voltage to
Direct Current (DC) voltage, from the utility power grid, through
the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and Power Distribution
Units (PDU), out to the servers on the data center floor. The
server power supplies then convert the voltage one last time
from AC to DC, because the electronics inside the servers are
resident DC devices. This process results in wasted energy,
rejected in the form of heat, which then must be cooled, wasting
even more energy and increasing operational cost. Deploying
DC power distribution in the data center instead of using the
traditional AC design is one way to reduce power loss, eliminate
unnecessary conversions and, ultimately, lower energy costs.
In order to find a practical solution to energy loss within current
power distribution systems, the Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI) teamed with the EMerge Alliance, an industry
association that is creating standards for commercial
implementation of DC power distribution, to advance the
adoption of the 380-volt DC UPS solution. However, while 380V
DC has been installed in many data centers around the world
and acceptance of the technology has gained momentum over
19
the last decade, its path to becoming the principle power

standard within the data center industry still faBy incorporating
a 380V DC solution, only a single conversion from 480V gridsupplied AC to 380V DC is required to power the native DC
data processing equipment. 380V DC can be distributed directly
to the server power supplies, eliminating multiple conversions
between AC and DC. Significant cost savings can be realized,
reducing energy usage by 10 to 20 percent. 380V DC design
also allows for easier integration of alternate renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind and fuel cell power, since these are
native DC sources.By incorporating a 380V DC solution, only a
single conversion from 480V grid-supplied AC to 380V DC is
required to power the native DC data processing equipment.
380V DC can be distributed directly to the server power
supplies, eliminating multiple conversions between AC and DC.
Significant cost savings can be realized, reducing energy usage
by 10 to 20 percent. 380V DC design also allows for easier
integration of alternate renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind and fuel cell power, since these are native DC
sources.
380V DC is not only beneficial in theory; it has already been put

to practical use, successfully reducing costs for data centers
across the globe. In September of 2014, Quality Technology
Services (QTS) debuted its latest facility, a 360,000-square-foot
data center in Princeton, New Jersey, featuring 57,000 solar
panels throughout a 50-acre solar farm, generating 14.1MW of
direct current. Home to the 180,000-square-foot McGraw Hill
data center, which requires 4MW of power to operate three of
20
its core businesses, QTS is just one of hundreds of missioncritical facilities migrating to DC power distribution for enhanced
energy efficiency.
380V DC power systems are the future of data center power
distribution, forever changing the data center landscape as we
migrate toward a cleaner, more energy efficient and sustainable
industry.
Application of DC power supply
21
1.
The DC power supply is used for purpose of a modern

computer charging.
2.
For an electric vehicle power supply.
3.
In welding power supply.
4.
For aircraft power supply.
22

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TITLE OF THE MINOR PROJECT

A report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

Under the Guidance

(Asst. Prof. & Project

Student Name (Enroll.

Student Name (Enroll. No.)

Student Name (Enroll.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICSENGINEERING

BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Student Name (Enroll. No.)

Student Name (Enroll.

Student Name (Enroll. No.)

Student Name (Enroll.

BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

supervisorGuide/Supervisor Name & Designation with department and

Prof.Y K Sharma, Director, Bansal College of Engineering, Mandideep. Their

Student Name (Enroll. No.)

Student Name (Enroll.

Student Name (Enroll. No.)

Student Name (Enroll.

Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to

Thus filter is a device which passes dc component to the

Regulator that restricts the voltage output

Input till the threshold limit ifofthe

If regulates a steady output of 5v if the input voltage is in range of

the last decade, its path to becoming the principle power

380V DC is not only beneficial in theory; it has already been put

Application of DC power supply

The DC power supply is used for purpose of a modern

For an electric vehicle power supply.

In welding power supply.

For aircraft power supply.

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