Tools for Performance and/or

Objective Based Structural

Fire Design
ACI Convention
Kansas City, MO
April 2015

Maged A. Youssef, P.Eng.

Associate Professor
Associate Chair for Undergraduate Affairs
E-mail: youssef@uwo.ca

Design Codes and Structural Fire

Engineering
Architect and Structural Engineer
EuroCode 2:
estimate the fire resistance of structural elements.
basis for advanced models at the structure level.

2005 NBCC:
Objective-Based Design.

US:
ASCE 7 / Performance-Based Design.
3

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Provide engineers with the ability to analyze
structures exposed to fire
Simple Methods (develop engineering sense).

Develop design tools for different RC

elements.
This presentation will cover the major challenges
and the overall vision
4

(1) Thermal Strains

1000
800
600

C)
Temperature (

400
200

Fire
( U pper

-400

mm

-200

F
(L ire
ef
t)

30
5

-600

steel bars

305

mm

Fire
(Bott
om)

F
(R ire
igh
t)

Non-uniform
distribution.
Will the
concrete
section allow
these strains to
develop?
(Plane section!)

(2) Temperature Distribution

150

Height (mm)

avg. Temp.

75

(temperature)

avg. Temp.
(strength)

-75

-150
X

200
T1

T2

T3

Tav

f cT1

f cT2

f cT3

f cTav

400

600

800

Temperature oC

T av

( t = 1 hr)

Fire

Fire
( Left )

( Right )

thermal
strain in
top bars

Fire
( Bottom )

thermal
strain in
bottom bars

nonlinear
thermal strain

equivalent
linear strain

Thermal
Strain

Fire
( Right )

Equivalent Thermal

Strain
x

Fire
( Bottom )

equivalent

Self-induced
linear strain
Strain

nonlinear
thermal strain

= +
+= + +
= + = +++
7

(3) Unrestrained Thermal Strains

= f (ASTM-E119 Time, Width, Height, Area
of Steel Bars in Tension and Compression,
Number of Layers of Tension Steel Bars ,
Aggregate Size)

10
(M-ve)

carbonate

siliceous

2
0
0.0

M-ve: Tension steel unaffected and

concrete in compression

(M+ve)
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Fire duration (hr)

= f

B7
I7
M+ve: Lower tension steel properties,
Eq. 6
need higher steel strain or lower curvature.
Eq. 8

siliceous

(ASTM-E119 Time, Width, Area of

Steel Bars in Tension and
Compression, Number of Layers of
Tension Steel Bars , Aggregate Size)

(M+ve)
siliceous

6
4

12
(M-ve)

carbonate

16

8
4

siliceous
carbonate

0
0.0

0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Fire duration (hr)

2.5

i x 10-3 (M-ve)

i x 10-3 (M+ve)

i x 10-6

( Left )

( Right )

(4) Sectional Analysis at Elevated

Temperatures

Fire

( Bottom )

concrete and
steel layers for
sectional analysis

yFire
( Top )

Self-induced
Strain

( Right
( Right
) )

+
b

++

equivalent

linear strain

nonlinear
+ strain
thermal

mesh for
heat transfer

)
h ( Left () Left
h
h

thermal
strain in
top bars

Fire
Fire

Fire Fire

Mech.
Strain

thermal
strain in
bottom bars

=
= b =
+ x ++ ++ += +
+

Fire

( Bottom )

Fire
a) fiber model
( Bottom )

equivalent linear
d) equivalent
Thermal Strains. b) total strain () c)thermal
strain ( )
mechanical strain (
Transient Strains.
Temperature Distribution.

+
_
=
Temperature-dependent material properties.

thermal
strain in
top bars

nonlinear

thermal strain
equivalent

linear strain

thermal
in

thermal
strain
strain in

(5)EA and EI for Fire-Exposed Elements

P
P

M+ve

Fire

M+ve

M+ve

Fire

P app

Pn
M

Mn

to Calculate EA and EI
Simplified Approach
eff
eff
10

(6) Solution Procedure for a Structure

1) Calculate primary moments & axial forces in different members.
2) Identify elements exposed to fire and use their section properties
and fire duration to evaluate , , EAeff and EIeff.

3) Convert and

to elongations and rotations

4) Apply the elongations and rotations for fire-exposed elements and

calculate the secondary moments and associated axial forces.
5) Recalculate EAeff, Eieff, and the primary moments.
6) Repeat steps 4 and 5 until convergence is achieved.

11

a) beam loading M
and
reinforcement
b)
primary
BMD
configuration
( = 0.0 )

+ve

M +ve

Fire
S1

S2

M -ve

Fire
S3

S2

M 1S1

Application for a Continuous Beam

M1

M1

c)
diagrams at fire M
duration ( )

M2

+ve

M2

M +ve

The beam is divided

into

M1

b)
BMD
c) primary
loading
a)
beam
at fire
(diagrams
=reinforcement
0.0 )
segments
and
duration
(
)
configuration
d) and M
distributions at
fire duration ( )

c) based

Eieff is calculated

on the

Secondary

generated

S1

S2

1 S1

S2

S2

S2

1
1

S1

S2

S2

M3

3
M
1
-ve
1 =

1S1

2

3 1

1 =1

S2

M3

S2

S3

1
3

S3

S3

=3

1

3

S1

1

M2 1

S3

M -ve

S3

S1

S2

S11
S1

M2

M2

2 3
+ve
3 =

M3

M1

S3

Fire
M
S2 2

S1

M -ve

1 1
+ve
1 =

M3

S3

S2

M3

M2

2
1 2 =

M 11
M 2

f) secondary

M +ve

S1

+ve

S2

S3
S3

simulated by concentrated M
1
d) and
c)

rotations
e)
equivalent
distributions
at
diagrams
at fire
thermal
moments
fire
duration
duration
( )( )

at

f)
secondary

moments are
moments due to
thermal effect
at

Fire

M
1 S2
S1 1 M
2
S1
S2

d) and

diagrams
fire
b)
primary at
BMD
distributions
( ) at
primary
(duration
=BMD
0.0 )
fire duration ( )

Thermal

M3

M1

e) equivalent
M
thermal moments
curvatures
are
at

M2

S1

M2

S1

(7) Simplified Tools

Stress-Block Parameters of RC Beams Exposed
to Fire.
Interaction Diagrams of RC Columns Exposed
to Fire.
Shear Capacity of RC Beams Exposed to Fire.

13

(8) Strain Defining Section Capacity

0.75

= 0.0

= 0.6

0.50
0.25

400 C

r.

= 0.9

600 C

= 0.02

0.00

A parametric study

10

20

30

40

cT x 10

-3

(kN)
P x 103 (kN)

r = 1.0
r = 1.0
(peak points)
(peak points)

Curvature ( )

Predicted capacity x 10 (kN.m)

is conducted to
evaluate c max at P x 10
elevated temperatures 4
Reasonable

Tavg = 200 C

cT max

Moment (M)

strain corresponds
to Moment of
Resistance Mr

concrete crushing

f cT / f 'c

c max : concrete

1.00

flexural capacity

= 0.3

r=
r = 0.0

0.0

3
r = 0.25

r = 0.25

predictions are
2
obtained at r = 0.251

r = 0.50

r = 0.50
r = 0.75

r=
r = 1.0

Mean 0.985
SD 0.088
CV 0.089

1200
900

line of
equality

600
300
0
0

0
0.0

0
0.0

0.75

1500

r = 1.0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

M x 10 (kN.m)

0.5

1.0

1.5

300

600

900

1200

1500

Flexural capacity x 10 (kN.m)

b) ) = 0.25

2.0

2.5

M x 102 (kN.m)

14

Location of Critical Strain

y

Fire
( Top )

y x 10-3 (m)
A

600

Fire
( Left )

Fire
c = 0.226 m
( Right )

450

z3 = 0.089 ,

300

h=
0.6 m

x = 0.005

z4 = -0.033

cT max

150

b = 0.6 m

x-40

concrete crushing

oT + tr

0
-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

cT x 10-3

Fire
( Bottom )

a) four-face heated
RC section

b) dist.

c) concrete
forces

15

(9) Axial Capacity of Fire-Exposed RC

Columns
y

Cc

Pr T

dy

fcT

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

305 mm

dist

Temperature dependant

305 mm

( Tavg )

Closed Form Solution for Standard Fire Exposure

16

Temperature Distribution
Wickstroms Simple Method (1986)

1000

600

Tavg 1

200
0
-200
-400

x1

Fire
( U pper

5m

-600

Tavg 2

Tavg 1

steel bars

305

mm

Fire
(Bott
om)
x1
x2

F
(R ire
igh
t)

30

x2
Tavg 1

Tavg 2

400

F
(L ire
ef
t)

Tavg 1

Temperature (

C)

800

Average Temperature
y

Fire

( Top )

R1

R2

R1

L,T

0,T

R,T

Fire

R1

R2

R( Left
1 )

L,0

0,0

R,0

h
R1

R2

R1

L,B

0,B

R,B

z
b

R1
R1 L,0

0,T

R,T

actual temp.
dist. R 1
2

L,0

0,0
R,0
average
dist.

R1

R2

R1

L,B

0,B

R,B

Fire
( Bottom )

R2

R1
1

z
z

Line 2-2
R1

z ( Right )
L,T

Fire

Tavg 2

Line 1-1
b

Fire
( Bottom )

actual temp.
dist.

Tavg 1

average
area affected
dist.
by fire temp area not affected
area affected
by fire temp
by fire temp

( Left )

Tavg 1

( Top )

area not affected

by fire temp

Fire

actual temp.
dist.

Fire

yT

avg 1

average
dist.

R2

R1

0,0

R , 0Line

Fire

2-2

Tavg 2

Tavg 1

R1

R2

R1

L,0

0,0

R,0

Tavg
Tavg 2
dist.

Tavg 1

y
z

( Right )

Tavg 1

Tavg 2

Tavg 1

R1
L,B

R
x2

0,B

actual temp.
dist.

Tavg 1

average
dist.

Tavg
z

R1
R,B

Line 1-1

R1

R2

R1

L,B

0,B

R,B

dist.

Integration
y

Cc

Pr T
h

x
dist

fcT

closed form solution

to evaluate fcT

0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Validation (33 columns)

a)

3
2

line of
equality

1.0
0.8

Dotreppe et al. [16]

Mean 0.782
SD 0.140
COV 0.179

0.6

0.03
3
Applied load x 10 (kN)0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8

Dotreppe et al. [16]

Mean 0.782
SD 0.140
COV 0.179

Proposed method

0.6

line of
equality

0.4
0.2
0.0

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Applied load x 10 (kN)

c)
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
3

Applied load x 10 (kN)

1.2
N)

0.0
0.0

0.2

Applied load x 10 (kN)

line of
equality 0.0

0.4

line of
equality

0.4

b)
Predicted capacity x 10 (kN)

1.2

b)
1.4

0.6

line of
equality

3
3

Hass [17]
Mean 0.877
SD 0.258
COV 0.295

1.0

Lie and Wollerton [15]

Mean 1.117
0.8
SD 0.294
COV 0.263

Applied load x 10 (kN)

Lie and Wollerton [15]

Mean 1.117
SD 0.294
COV 0.263

Predicted capacity x 10 (kN)

Predicted capacity x 10 (kN)

Predicted capacity x 10 (kN)

a)

Predicted capacity x 10 (kN)

Applied load x 10 (kN)

c)

1.4
1.0

20

(10) Validation RC Beams

20 kN

20 kN

20 kN

20 kN

[4496 Ib]

[4496 Ib]

[4496 Ib]

[4496 Ib]

0.75 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

0.75 m

[2.5 ft]

[4.9 ft]

[4.9 ft]

[4.9 ft]

[2.5 ft]

2#19
4#19

6.10 m [20.01 ft]

w*
Curvature x 10-3 (1/in)
0

30

Fire duration (min)

60
90

120

150

8
6

80

4
40

Prior to Fire
1 hr fire exposure

0
0

50

100

150

200

-40
w* (cm)

Moment (kN.m)

10
120

Moment (ft.Ib) x 1010

12

160

-80

-120
0
250

Test Lin et al.

FEM - Kodur et al.
Sectional Analysis

-6

Curvature x 10 (1/mm)

21

Validation for RC Walls

100
90

Mid-span Deflection (mm)

80
70
60

Experimental Results Crozier and Sanjayan 2000

Calculated Results Sectional Analysis

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min.)

22

Validation Restrained Beam

P2
Fire duration (min)

m
1.8

m
6.1

60

120

180

240

-50

-2

-100

-4
5

Test Lin et al.

Sectional Analysis

-150

-6

(3 iterations)

-200

-8

Mid-span deflection (in)

P1

Mid-span deflection (mm)

-250

m
1.8

1. Loaded prior to Fire test

test.
3. During fire test, P1 and P2 varied

such that the cantilever deflection

stays constant.

Cantilever loads (kN)

2. P1 and P2 were 59 kN prior to fire

P2

P1

25

90

20

60

15

Test - P1 and P2
Sectional Analysis

10

(3 iterations)

30

0
0

60

120
Fire duration (min)

180

240

23

Cantilever loads (kips)

120

Validation for a Frame

Axial load on column

Ball Bearing

6775

= 1727 kN

1750

1400

150 mm Ceramic
Fiber Shielding

1025

500

Roller

Support
1050

monitored during
the fire test

2
1

2860

1 and 2 were

1310

P1 & P2= 78 & 49 kN

2600

2000
1

3750

825

Hinge
2-22 MM +
2-25 MM
Fire

Fire

2-22 MM
Fire

2-22 MM
Fire

Fire

Fire

Fire
Fire

SEC 1-1

Fire

4-22 MM

Fire

4-22 MM

Fire

4-22 MM

500 x 500
Fire

12-22 MM

SEC 2-2

SEC 3-3

SEC 4-4

400 x 500

400 x 500

400 x 500

24

P1
38

91

b) Secondary BMD

P2

15

53

110

278

137.60 VI
101
1012

a) Primary BMD

181

P1

P2
47

142

63

P2

P1

187 166

8.26
1012

63

II

III

3.47
1012

10.30
1012

16.50
1012

IV

13.50
1012

89

c) Total BMD (Stiffnesses in . 2 )

b) Secondary BMD
=
137.60 VI
101
1012

278

181

P1

P2

II

III

3.47
1012

10.30
1012

16.50
1012

(23% error)

IV

13.50
1012
2

c) Total BMD (Stiffnesses

150 in . )

mm

8.26
1012

P2

47 1

142

(5% error)

(10% error)

SAP2000

50
50

150 mm

DEFLECTION SCALE

Fang et al.
(2012)

25

Shear Capacity Validation

26

For additional details, please refer to:

Youssef MA, Diab M, EL-Fitiany SF, in-press, Prediction of the Shear Capacity of
Reinforced Concrete Beams at Elevated Temperatures, Magazine of Concrete
Research.
El-Fitiany SF, Youssef MA, 2014, Interaction Diagrams for Fire-Exposed Reinforced
Concrete Sections, Engineering Structures, 70: 246-259.
El-Fitiany SF, Youssef MA, 2014, Simplified Method to Analyze Continuous
Reinforced Concrete Beams during Fire Exposure, ACI Structural Journal, 111(1):
145-155.
El-Fitiany SF, Youssef MA, 2011, Stress-Block Parameters for Reinforced Concrete
Beams during Fire Events, ACI SP-279: Innovations in Fire Design of Concrete
Structures, Paper No. 1, pp. 1-39.
El-Fitiany SF, Youssef MA, 2009, Assessing the Flexural and Axial Behaviour of
Reinforced Concrete Members at Elevated Temperatures using Sectional Analysis,
Fire Safety Journal, 44(5): 691-703.
Youssef MA, El-Fitiany SF, Elfeki M, 2008, Flexural Behavior of Protected Concrete
Slabs after Fire Exposure, ACI SP-255: Designing Concrete Structures for Fire
Safety, Paper No. 3, pp. 47-74.
Youssef MA and Moftah M, 2007, General Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete
at Elevated Temperatures, Engineering Structures, 29 (10): 2618-2634.
27

28