Pre-Excavation Grouting in Hard Rock Tunnelling PDF

AGS (HK)
1-day Seminar on Grouting and Deep Mixing

7 June 2014
Pre-Excavation Grouting in Hard Rock Tunnelling
By Knut F. Garshol
Headlines of this Presentation:

1. Why Ground Water Control?
2. Selection of Grout Mix
3. Pre-Excavation Grouting, Execution Steps
4. Special Aspects of PEG
5. Project Reference HATS 2A
1. Grouting Results
2. Summing Up HATS2A
6. CONCLUSION
Why Ground Water Control?
Groundwater Movement in Rock

Rock material is impermeable
GW contained in discontinuities
GW is migrating on conductive channels
Fault Zone
Massive
Rock
Jointed Rock
Conductivity contrast is an important factor in

GW control considerations
4
Effects of GW Ingress
Surface Settlement
Underground Safety
and Working Conditions
Environmental Impact
Water in-rush at tunnel face
1 ton
Avoid such situations
Small lake became

smaller
Back to normal
14 km Gardermoen Tunnel,
Oslo, Norway
Experience from HATS Stage 1
1st Joint Venture: Excavated 5% of 24.5 km

Stopped by Water ingress
Settled in Court
New tender process
Stage 1 finished by the new Contractors, BUT.
With substantial delays
Stage 2A: Drastically changed

compared with Stage 1
Manual handling of drill rods & packers
HATS Stage 1
9
Avoid Post Grouting!

HATS Stage 1
10
D&B Advantage: Drill Jumbo
HATS Stage 2A
Probe hole hitting 15 bar water channel
11
Benefits of GW-Control:
Risk of major water in-rush practically eliminated

Gives basically dry working conditions in tunnels
Substantially improved stability in poor ground
Less water to pump to surface
Improved conditions for permanent lining works
12
Selection of Grout Mix
Purposes of Grouting
Ground water control
Ground stability improvement
Sometimes: A combination of the above
Requirements for success:
A suitable grout must be injected into the ground,

penetrating a sufficient ground volume to achieve
the targeted effects
14
Basic Grouting Problem in rock
15
Selection of Grout-Mix
Traditionally, locally available OPC

w/c-ratio 3.0 to 1.0 mostly with Bentonite
Unstable grout that needs "grout to refusal
Low-quality and poor durability grout
Today, use of micro cement
w/c-ratio 1.0 and lower
Stable and thixotropic grouts (no bleeding)
Bentonite replaced by admixtures
16
Traditional Technology Disadvantages
High w/c-ratio gives lots of water to pump

High bleeding requires "pump to refusal"
Gives extreme materials spreading, locally
No cement enters finer cracks in first step, due to
clogging before pressure increase
Practically complicated (variation of w/c-ratio)
Conclusion: Time consuming
17
New Technology Advantages
Stable, low viscosity, fixed w/c-ratio grout

Allows dual stop criteria for injection
Maximum pressure or
maximum quantity per hole
Allows high output and pressure from start
Gives simultaneous penetration of
small and large cracks and openings
Conclusion: Time saved
18
Generally about Cement
Always the Primary grout material

Used as a suspension in water
w/c-ratio typically between 0.45 1.5 (by weight)
Wide range of additives and admixtures
Wide range of cement types and properties
Permeation capability depends on:
Particle size of the cement used
Viscosity (and cohesion) of the suspension
Pressure stability of the suspension
19
Marsh Funnel Viscosity
20
Mud Balance
21
Water-Cement Ratio
W/C-ratio = 1.0 mix
Control by Mud Balance
22
Pressure Stability
23
Other important properties
Initial and final set time

Strength development
Final strength of injected grout
Stability and durability in the ground?

17 projects, 59 km of tunnel:
Average 37% ingress reduction (during 10 years)
24
Pre-Excavation Grouting
Execution Steps
Drill & Blast with PEG

After every 4th blast (typically)
Probe Ahead
Measure Water Inflow

Temporary Support
Pre-Excavation
Grouting
Scaling, Mucking
and Geological Mapping
Blasting
26
Execution Steps
Systematic Probe Drilling PEG if triggered

Minimum 5 m overlap (more in poor ground)
Grouting Stop Pressure 60-80 bar
If not reached Stop on Quantity
Stable Micro Fine Cement Grout, Only
Colloidal Silica (where needed)
Overlap provides tight bulkhead
for next probe drilling and PEG fan
VERY important
27
Grout Hole Pattern

Probe Holes
Grout Holes
Control Holes
Number of holes depend on

tunnel span (1-1.5 m c/c).
Grout hole length (15 to 33 m).
Lookout distance (5.5 m).
Schematic Layout of Drilling Pattern

28
Tunnel CrossSection
Construction Method Drill & Blast + PEG
Advance
approx. 4 m
29
29
Automatic Rod Handling

(EXAMPLE) Tamrock TRH rod-handling-system
Compared with manual
rod handling:
Double drilling output
AND
Improved Safety
Rod Magazine
30
Equipment Set-up - Simplified

Electronic Flow and
Pressure Recording
Packer
High-Pressure
Grout Pump
Colloidal
Mixer
31
Agitator
The Real Deal
Contract 24
AMV / Hny
Contract 23
Unigrout Atlas Copco
3 Pumps and 3 Grout Lines Each
32
Grouting Materials
Microfine Cement
Colloidal Silica
Microfine Cement
Pressure: 60-80 bar
Volume 2000 L
Colloidal Silica
Pressure: 40 bar
Volume 750 L
0.1
mm
Grouting Stop Criteria
MC
0.03 mm
CS
0.016 m
Colloidal Silica
Microfine Cement
33
Colloidal Silica
OPC
0.1mm
Special Aspects of PEG
Safety of PEG works
Hydraulic
working
basket
Packers
secured by
chain
Disposable Packer
designed for 100 bar
35
Disposable Packers & Lances
36
Use of Standpipes in Poor Rock
37
Bag Packers in Poor Rock
38
Project Reference - HATS2A

Sub-Sea Sewage Conveyance Hong Kong
Harbour Area Treatment Scheme Stages 1 and 2A
Stonecutters
Island
Sai Ying Pun
North Point
Aberdeen
LEGEND
Outfall Tunnels (Completed)
HATS Stage 1 Sewage Tunnels (Completed)
HATS Stage 2A Sewage Tunnels
40
HATS 2A Overview
North Point
Contract 24
Sai Ying Pun
Contract 23
Victoria
Habour
Stonecutters
Island
41
Vertical shafts:
13
Total Tunnel Length: 20 km
Settlement Sensitive Reclaimed Land
North Point
Sai Ying Pun
HONG KONG ISLAND
Aberdeen
LEGEND
Coastline of Year 2005
HATS 2A Tunnels
42
Depth Below Sea Level

North Point to Aberdeen
Sai Ying Pun
North Point
Wan Chai East
Aberdeen
Cyberport
Central
Appx. 120 msl

Appx. 150 msl
Wah Fu
Sandy Bay
Appx. 70 msl
To Stonecutters Island
Crossing of Victoria Harbour

Stonecutters Island
Sai Ying Pun
Victoria Habour
LEGEND
Sea
Soil
Rock
43
Appx. 140 msl
Major Rock Types Encountered in HATS 2A Tunnels

Volcanic Rock
34% of tunnel length
Predominantly Volcanic Coarse
Ash Crystal Tuff with
subordinate Fine Ash Tuff
50-percentile UCS = 240 MPa
Highly variable joint intensity
and orientation
Granitic Rock
66% of tunnel length
Medium Grained Granite
50-percentile UCS = 180 MPa
Granite 66%
Granite/Tuff
Contact Zone
Granite
Tuff
Tuff 34%
Geological Map of Hong Kong (CEDD/GEO 2006)

44
Granite/Tuff Contact Zone
G
T
45
Distribution of Residual Ingress Limits

In granite
In tuff
50.0
Percent of Tunnel Length
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
5
15
30
L/min/100 m tunnel
46
50
Grouting Results
Residual Ingress to Excavated Tunnels

Rock Type
Granite
Tuff
Avg L/min/100 m
Avg L/min/100 m
Maximum Ingress Limit
30.2
16.9
Actual Residual overall

ingress
6.5
7.5
Sections within limit (92%)
4.5
6.0
Sections failed (8%)
45.3
21.6
Average values Weighted against tunnel length
48
In Granite: Very Wet & Very Dry Sections

LEGEND
HATS 2A Alignment
Tunnel section 413 m long:

Measured ingress from all 1st stage
grout holes:
= 9,200 L/min/100 m tunnel
Measured after excavation:
About 1.0 L/min/100 m
(= 99.99% reduction)
Cement Consumption: 1549 kg/m
(= 5.7 X the granite average)
Tunnel section about 1500 m:

Almost dry
(hardly any PEG required)
Cement Consumption < 50 kg/m
49
Probe Drilling in the Wet section

1200 L/min
15 bar pressure
50
Filled Open Joints
51
Filled Open Joints - Detail
20 MPa UCS
52
Practically Dry Tunnel
13 September 2013
53
Summing Up HATS2A
Summing Up HATS2A
Micro Fine Cement ONLY, supplemented by Colloidal Silica
Verification of result by Control Holes before further excavation
Tight face bulkhead is a Must especially in soft ground
27% of tunnel length required < 5 L/min/100 m tunnel
92% of excavated tunnels well below ingress limits
The Tuff required 78% more drilling ahead
AND 3.7 X more Colloidal Silica than in Granite
Two Main Reasons for the Success:
55
D&B excavation
Modern PEG technology
+ Re-measurable quantities for payment
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In Hard Rock Tunnelling:

Technology for Ground Water Control by PEG
for Practically Dry Tunnels is currently available
Very Strict Ingress Limits will require:

Excavation by Drill and Blast
Micro Fine Cement
Colloidal Silica
57
knut.garshol@gmail.com

Pre-Excavation Grouting in Hard Rock Tunnelling PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre-Excavation Grouting in Hard Rock Tunnelling PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre-Excavation Grouting in Hard Rock Tunnelling PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are the main reasons for pre-excavation grouting?

What are the main reasons for pre-excavation grouting?

What are the main rock types encountered in the tunnels?

What are the main rock types encountered in the tunnels?

AGS (HK)

1-day Seminar on Grouting and Deep Mixing

Headlines of this Presentation:

Why Ground Water Control?

Groundwater Movement in Rock

Conductivity contrast is an important factor in

Water in-rush at tunnel face

Avoid such situations

Small lake became

Experience from HATS Stage 1

1st Joint Venture: Excavated 5% of 24.5 km

Stage 2A: Drastically changed

Manual handling of drill rods & packers

Avoid Post Grouting!

D&B Advantage: Drill Jumbo

Risk of major water in-rush practically eliminated

Selection of Grout Mix

A suitable grout must be injected into the ground,

Basic Grouting Problem in rock

Traditionally, locally available OPC

Traditional Technology Disadvantages

High w/c-ratio gives lots of water to pump

New Technology Advantages

Stable, low viscosity, fixed w/c-ratio grout

Generally about Cement

Always the Primary grout material

Marsh Funnel Viscosity

W/C-ratio = 1.0 mix

Control by Mud Balance

Other important properties

Initial and final set time

Stability and durability in the ground?

Drill & Blast with PEG

Measure Water Inflow

Systematic Probe Drilling PEG if triggered

Grout Hole Pattern

Number of holes depend on

Schematic Layout of Drilling Pattern

Construction Method Drill & Blast + PEG

Automatic Rod Handling

Equipment Set-up - Simplified

The Real Deal

3 Pumps and 3 Grout Lines Each

Grouting Stop Criteria

Special Aspects of PEG

Safety of PEG works

Disposable Packers & Lances

Use of Standpipes in Poor Rock

Bag Packers in Poor Rock

Project Reference - HATS2A

Harbour Area Treatment Scheme Stages 1 and 2A

Sai Ying Pun

Settlement Sensitive Reclaimed Land

HONG KONG ISLAND

Depth Below Sea Level