BMM 3521 ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS

VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS
THEOREM
Section01

NAME

ID

MUHAMMAD ZULHAFIZ BIN IMMERUS

MA13078

MOHD AREEF BIN BEDDU

MA13098

MOHAMAD HAFIDZUL RAHMAN BIN ALIAS

MH12056

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC
1.0 ABSTRACT
2.0 BRIEF BACKGROUND
3.0 OBJECTIVE
4.0 EXPERIMENT SETUP
5.0 PROCEDURE
6.0 RESULT
7.0 DISCUSSION
8.0 CONCLUSION
9.0 REFERENCE

PAGE
3
3
3
4
4-5
6-14
15-16
17
17

1.0

ABSTRACT
In this experiment, we are to conduct by validating Bernoullis theorem whereby the
important variables such as pressure, velocity and elevation play a significant role in
todays application. The hydraulic bench is attached to venture meter and pressure gauge.
From the apparatus given, we can determine the velocity by essentially finding the
kinetic energy from the flow rate. The value later is compared with calculated
2

Bernoullis equation and the equation can be verified whenever there are similarities in
value.
2.0

BRIEF BACKGROUND
This experiment is to measure head losses of every single tube which is venturi,

orifice and nozzle. It also involves investigating total pressure, static pressure and
dynamic pressure on the venturi device. This experiment also is to determine the
volumetric flow rate at every critical point subjected using a pitot as the measurement
device. Use the average measurement as the value of the flow rate for three different
flows.

Figure2.1: Venture and Pitot

3.0

OBJECTIVE

To design complete measurement technique for fluid flow and verify Bernoullis
Theorem experimentally for a viscous and incompressible fluid.

4.0

EXPERIMENT SETUP

Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Water pump
Water tank
Multi-tube-manometers
Hydraulic bench unit
3

5. Stop watch
6. Venture meter

Materials:

5.0

Water source

PROCEDURE:
1. First, all the connections of the pipe with the manometer is checked. Whether the
pipe connected to the pipe is tight or not. This is to prevent the bubble flow during
the experiment conduct.
2. Switch on the water pump and open the control valve, inlet and outlet valves to
initiate the water flow through the connections system. The inlet valve is adjusted
around to increase the water flow to desired speed.
3. The connection is checked so it is bubble free. If there is bubble, close the outlet
valves to build in the pressure so it will push the bubble out of it.
4. The outlet valves on top of the both side manometer and after the manometers is
closed. Then, the water pump is switched off simultaneously with the outlet valve.
During this time the connections system considered to be fully vacuum.
5. The outlet valves on top of both side manometers is opened to allow air to get in
and closed immediately after it reached about half the level of the manometer.
6. The water pump and the outlet valve is switched on simultaneously again. The
inlet and outlet valve for the pipe connections is adjusted to gain the six different
heights in the manometer for low water flow.
7. The static pressure height is obtained from the left side of six manometers with
six different heights.
8. The total pressure height for the first point is also obtained from the right side of
one manometer.
9. The second and next point of venturi meter for total pressure height is measured
by pull the small hollow pipe in the venturi meter form 1 point to other point.

10. The drainer is closed the by using a pipe pump stopper. Then volume flow rates
can be determined by calculating the time by using stopwatch which let the water
increase to 10litters in the scale tube.
11. Step 6-10 is repeated for medium and different water flow.

Figure 5.1: Whole experiment system

6.0

RESULT

Experime
nt

Point
1

ID(mm)

28.4

22.5

14.0

17.2

24.3

28.4

Area, A (m,

6.33

3.97

1.54

2.32

4.60

6.33

110

)
Level water (L)
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

45
2.222

45
2.222

45
2.222

45
2.222

45
2.222

45
2.222

160

150

25

85

120

130

245

245

245

245

245

245

htotal (mm)

165

165

165

165

165

165

hdyn ( mm)

15

140

80

45

35

v means (m/s )

0.351

0.560

1.443

0.958

0.483

0.351

Pressure (Pa)

1471.5

245.25

833.85

1177.2

1275.3

v calc (m/ s)

1569.
6
0.313

0.542

1.657

1.253

0.940

0.828

Time (s)

43

43

43

43

43

43

2.326

2.326

2.326

2.326

2.326

140

135

10

70

105

115

230

230

230

230

230

230

htotal (mm)

150

150

150

150

150

150

hdyn ( mm)

10

15

140

80

45

35

v means (m/s )

0.367

0.586

1.510

1.003

0.506

0.367

Pressure (Pa)

1324.3
5
0.542

98.1

686.7

v calc (m/ s)

1373.
4
0.443

1.657

1.253

1030.0
5
0.940

1128.1
5
0.829

Time (s)

44

44

44

44

44

44

Q(m3s -1 )110-4

2.273

2.273

2.273

2.273

2.273

2.273

h stat (mm)

200

190

50

115

155

160

280

280

280

280

280

280

200

200

200

200

200

200

Time (s)
3 1

Q( m s ) 1 10

h stat (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)

Q( m3 s 1 ) 1 104 2.326
h stat (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)

htotal , readoff (mm)

htotal (mm)

hdyn ( mm)

10

150

85

45

40

v means (m/s )

0.359

0.573

1.476

0.980

0.494

0.359

Pressure (Pa)

1962

1863.9

490.5

0.443

1.716

1520.5
5
0.940

1569.6

v calc (m/ s)

1128.1
5
1.291

Time (s)

41

41

41

41

41

41

Q(m3s -1 )110-4

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

h stat (mm)

280

270

125

195

240

250

370

370

370

370

370

370

htotal (mm)

290

290

290

290

290

290

hdyn ( mm)

10

20

165

95

50

40

v means (m/s )

0.385

0.614

1.584

1.051

0.530

0.385

Pressure (Pa)

2648.7

1912.9
5
1.365

2452.5

0.626

1226.2
5
1.799

2354.4

v calc (m/ s)

2746.
8
0.443

0.990

0.886

Time (s)

41

41

41

41

41

41

Q(m3s -1 )110-4

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

2.439

h stat (mm)

250

235

95

160

200

205

325

325

325

325

325

325

htotal (mm)

245

245

245

245

245

245

hdyn ( mm)

-5

10

159

85

45

40

v means (m/s )

0.385

0.614

1.584

1.051

0.530

0.385

Pressure (Pa)

2452.
5
0.313

2305.3
5
0.443

931.95

1569.6

1962

1.766

1.291

0.940

2011.0
5
0.886

htotal , readoff (mm)

htotal , readoff (mm)

v calc (m/ s)

Table 6.1: Reading for each tube

0.886

Example calculation

1m3= 1000L
10L=0.01m3

h
h
h
h
h
h

total

: h total,

readoff

- 80mm

total

: 325mm -80mm

total

: 245mm

dyn

: h total - h stat

dyn

: 245mm - 235mm

dyn

:10mm

1m

water lever(L)

1000L
Time for 10L(s)
10L
3
1m
Q : 1000L
41s
Q:

Q : 2.43910

mean

ms

-1

A
: 2.43910 m s
3.9710 m
: 0.614ms
every tube

mean

mean

calc

v
v

-4

-4

-4

-1

-1

calc

: 2 g

dyn
-2

29.81ms 0.01m
: 0.443ms
:

-1

calc

P :gh stat
P :1000kgm -3 9.81ms -2 0.235m
P : 2305.35Pa

Data experiment use for the graft

Experimen
t

1(flow rate
104
2.222
)

2(flow rate
104
2.326
)

3(flow rate
104
2.273
)

4(flow rate
104
2.439
)

5(flow rate
104
2.439
)

Point
1
Pressure
1569.6
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.351

2
1471.5

3
245.25

4
833.85

5
1177.2

6
1275.3

0.560

1.443

0.958

0.483

0.351

v calc (m/s)

0.313

0.542

1.657

1.253

0.940

0.828

h stat (mm)

160

150

25

85

120

130

Pressure
1373.4
(Pa)
v mea ns (m/ s) 0.367

1324.3
5
0.586

98.1

686.7

1.510

1.003

1030.0
5
0.506

1128.1
5
0.367

v calc (m/s)

0.443

0.542

1.657

1.253

0.940

0.829

h stat (mm)

140

135

10

70

105

115

1863.9

490.5
1.476

1520.5
5
0.494

1569.6

0.573

1128.1
5
0.980

Pressure
1962
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.359

0.359

v calc (m/s)

0.443

1.716

1.291

0.940

0.886

h stat (mm)

200

190

50

115

155

160

Pressure
2746.8
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.385

2648.7

1226.25

2354.4

2452.5

0.614

1.584

1912.9
5
1.051

0.530

0.385

v calc (m/s)

0.443

0.626

1.799

1.365

0.990

0.886

h stat (mm)

280

270

125

195

240

250

Pressure
2452.5
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.385

2305.3
5
0.614

931.95

1569.6

1962

1.584

1.051

0.530

2011.0
5
0.385

v calc (m/s)

-0.313

0.443

1.766

1.291

0.940

0.886

h stat (mm)

250

235

95

160

200

205

Table 6.2: Data experiment use for the graft

10

3000

Pressure (Pa) vs
point

2500
2000

1 flow rate 2.222

2 flow rate 2.326

1500

3 flow rate 2.273

4 flow rate 2.439

1000

5 flow rate 2.439

500

Note : Flow rate

0
0

Q(m3s -1 )110-4

Graph 6.1: Pressure (Pa) vs point

Graph 6.1 is showing pressure (Pa) versus point each tube. We can see the
pressure will increase when the area are bigger for each point. To get this data we must
determine the level water and time are used to get flow rate and we do 6 experiments.

V mean (m/s) vs
point

1.8
1.6
1.4

1 flow rate 2.222

1.2

2 flow rate 2.326

3 flow rate 2.273

0.8

4 flow rate 2.439

0.6

5 flow rate 2.439

0.4
0.2
0
0

Graph6.2: V mean (m/s) vs point

11

Graph 6.2 shows that velocity mean versus point for each tube. We can see when
area small will produce high velocity. We do 6 experiments to collect the data. To get the
data, we must know the time taken to fill the water to 10 liter. Level for each tube also
must take to get the data.

V calc (m/s) vs
point

1.5
1 flow rate 2.222
1

2 flow rate 2.326

3 flow rate 2.273
4 flow rate 2.439

0.5

5 flow rate 2.439

0
0

-0.5

Graph6.3: V calc (m/s) vs point

Graph 6.3 is show velocity calculation versus point for each tube. We can see
when area small will produce high velocity. We do 6 experiments to collect the data. To
get the data, we must know the time taken to fill the water to 10 liter. Level for each tube
also must take to get the data.

12

300

h stat (mm) vs
point

250
200

1 flow rate 2.222

2 flow rate 2.326

150

3 flow rate 2.273

4 flow rate 2.439

100

5 flow rate 2.439

50
0
0

Graph6.4: h stat (mm) vs point

Graph 6.4 is show high stat versus point for each tube. We can see the high for
stat become decrease because the low pressure and the small surface. To get the data we
must take the high for each tube.

2
1.8

Q(m3s -1 )110-4
V mean (m/s) vs flow rate (

at different point

1.6
1.4

Point 1

1.2

point 2

Point 3
Point 4

0.8

Piont 5

0.6

Point 6

0.4
0.2
0
2222

2326

2273

2439

2439

Graph6.5: V mean (m/s) vs flow rate at different point

13

Graph 6.5 shows that velocity mean versus flow rate at the different point. When
we give the high flow rate, more velocity will produce because of area for each tube. We
do 6 experiments to get velocity and flow rate.

Q(m3s -1 )110-4

V calc (m/s) vs flow rate

at different point

1.5
Point 1
point 2

Point 3
Point 4
0.5

Piont 5
Point 6

0
2222

2326

2273

2439

2439

-0.5

Graph6.6: V calc (m/s) vs flow rate at different point

Graph 6.6 is showing that velocity calculation versus flow rate for each tube.
When we give the high flow rate, more velocity will produce because of area for each
tube. We do 6 experiments to get velocity and flow rate. At point 1, we can see the graph
up and down because the loss pressure and have valve.

14

Q(m 3s-1 )110-4

300

h stat (mm) vs flow rate

ad different point

250

200

Point 1
point 2
Point 3

150

Point 4
Piont 5

100

Point 6

50

0
2222

2326

2273

2439

2439

Graph6.7: h stat (mm) vs flow rate ad different point

Graph 6.7 is show the high stat versus flow rate at each tube. We can see the
graph high because flow rate is high and the high stat will increase. We do 6 experiments
to get the data.

15

7.0

DISCUSSION

1. Briefly explain the various terms involved in Bernoullis equation.

Where,
= speed of fluid flow at a point on streamline
= gravitational acceleration
= elevation of the point above a reference axis
= pressure at
point of study
= density of
flowing fluid
2. State the assumption made to get Bernoullis equation from Eulers equation.
i) At V = 0 m/s, / y = 0
ii) Negligible viscosity
iii) Negligible surface tension
iv) Irrotational
v) Incompressible
3. Define and calculate the coefficient of discharge for the flow measurement device
you used in the experiment (both actual and theoretical).
The coefficient of discharge for the flow measurement device is the ratio of actual
discharge to the theoretical discharge

16

4. Is it possible to bleed the test bench rid of air? How?

Yes, it is possible to bleed the air in the test bench. Firstly, remove the air in the test
bench by opening the ball cock at the inlet and outlet to allow water flow. Then the vent
valve is opened and pump is switched on to allow water to fill the pressure and
manometer gauges. Slowly close the outlet ball until water is flushed from the pressure
gauge. The main valve is controlled to prevent water from undershot or overshot. When
air bubbles in the flow are completely gone, then start taking down the readings.
5. What will happen to the pressure as the area of the pipe decreases? Discuss
in relation to the six positions indicated in Figure 5.1.
The area of pipe affects the velocity flow and pressure. When the area of pipe decreases,
the velocity will increase and the pressure decreases. Look into Figure 5.1, from point 1
to point 3, the area of flow is decreasing and the velocity will increase. Thus, the pressure
decreases. From point 4 to 6, the area of flow is increasing and the velocity will decrease.
Thus, the pressure increases. Overall, this has proven that in the smallest area, the static
pressure is the highest. Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid
particle. Kinetic energy increases when a fluid flows from a big area tube into a narrower
tube, the volume before entering the narrow tube is the same as the one at the big area.
Hence, the fluids have to push forward along the narrow tube. As a result, the pushing
force produces a higher speed and thus has a greater speed. By the law of conservation of
energy, this increase in kinetic energy must be balanced by a decrease in the pressurevolume product. Since the volumes equal at the big area and narrow area, it must be
balanced by a decrease in pressure. Therefore, in the smallest area, the fluid has the
highest velocity and highest dynamic pressure, but lowest static pressure. So, the area has
the largest static pressure, lowest kinetic energy and lowest dynamic pressure for water
flow at tube 1 and 6.

17

8.0

CONCLUSION
This experiment is relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid

in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. From
this experiment we can conclude that when the area for each tube is small will produce
high velocity but lower pressure will produce. It depend how many flow rate we uses. To
collect the data, we used constant area, level of water and we only used water. For all data
we produce the graph. We can see some time from graph not smooth it because late time
taken, have a bubble inside the tube and have motor pump has a problem.

9.0

REFERENCE
1. http://www.kostic.niu.edu/bernoulli.html
2. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Application/ Yunus A. Cengel/John
M.Cimbala

18