Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thermal Power
Thermal Power
MINISTRY OF POWER
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Published by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Ministry of Power,
Government of India
4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan
R K Puram
New Delhi -110 066
Developed specifically for Designated Consumers notified under Perform Achieve and Trade
(PAT) Program for National Mission for Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
Disclaimer
This document has been developed after an extensive consultation with a number of experts and
stakeholders of the scheme. BEE disclaim any liability for any kind of loss whatsoever, whether
special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the
publication, or reliance on this document.
Conceptualized by Media NMEEE
Processed and Printed in India by Viba Press Pvt. Ltd.,
C-66/3, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020
Tel. : 011-41611300 / 301 Email : vibappl@hotmail.com
ii
Contents
1.
Introduction
Section 1.01 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Section 1.02 Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme
1
1
2
2.
Background
3.
4.
3
3
3
3
3
3
5.
3
3
4
6.
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7.
Examples for target setting
Section 7.01 Sample Calculation for Target Setting for Coal based
Thermal Power Station
(a)
Design Parameters
(b)
Operating parameters
(c)
(d)
Section 7.02
10
10
iii
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8.
13
13
13
13
13
14
9.
Formulas of Normalization
Section 9.01 Common Calculations for Normalization
Section 9.02 Normalization for Coal/ Lignite base Thermal Power Plant
(a) Coal/Lignite Quality in Boiler IPP
(b) Plant Load Factor [Scheduling]
(c) Auxiliary Power Consumption (APC) Normalization
(d) Other Normalization
(e) Final Normalization Calculation for Coal Based Thermal Power plant
Section 9.03 Normalisation for Gas Based Thermal Power Plant
(a) Gas Fuel Mix Normalization
(b) Gas OC cycle Normalization
(c) Auxiliary Power Consumption (APC) Normalization
(d) PLF Normalization
(e) Gas Quality Normalization
(f)
Other Normalization
(g) Final Normalization Calculation for Gas based Thermal Power plant
14
14
19
19
23
27
33
34
34
34
35
36
38
39
40
42
10.
Examples of Normalization
Section 10.01 Common Calculations for Normalization
Section 10.02 Normalization for Coal/ Lignite base Thermal Power Plant
(a) Coal/Lignite Quality in Boiler IPP
(b) Plant Load Factor [Scheduling]
(c) Auxiliary Power Consumption (APC) Normalization
(d) Other Normalization
(e) Final Normalization Calculation for Coal Based Thermal Power plant
Section 10.03 Normalisation for Gas Based Thermal Power Plant
(a) Gas Fuel Mix Normalization
(b) Gas OC cycle Normalization
(c) Gas Quality Normalization
42
42
48
48
53
58
68
71
71
71
74
77
iv
Design Parameters
Operating parameters
Heat Hate Reduction Target
Target Station Net Operating Heat Rate without Normalization for AY
11
11
12
13
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
11.
89
89
90
12.
92
92
13.
Conclusion
93
78
81
86
89
Part-II
MONITORING & VERIFICATION GUIDELINES
97
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
97
1.2. Purpose
98
98
99
100
100
101
1.6. Stakeholders
102
102
102
103
105
106
2.5. Adjudicator
107
107
108
108
109
109
110
111
3.3. Flow Chart showing verification process (Rules and Act required dates in bold 112
Italics)
113
4. Verification requirement
vi
113
113
114
114
115
116
119
5. Understanding Conditions
143
144
5.2. Fuel
145
146
148
6. Abbreviations
150
7. Annexure
151
152
157
162
166
183
186
209
215
vii
Tables
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:
Table 8:
Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Table 12:
Table 13:
Table 14:
Table 15:
Table 16:
Table 17:
Table 18:
Table 19:
Table 20:
Table 21:
Table 22:
Table 23:
Table 24:
Table 25:
Table 26:
Table 27:
Table 28:
Table 29:
Table 30:
Table 31:
Table 32:
Table 33:
Table 34:
Table 35:
viii
109
114
119
121
122
124
126
130
133
136
138
139
143
147
152
159
163
164
165
166
169
183
184
185
187
191
195
199
203
206
210
212
214
214
215
Figures
Figure 1:
M&V Documents
101
Figure 2:
Stakeholders
102
Figure 3:
Institutional Framework
108
Figure 4:
Stakeholders Interlinking
110
Figure 5:
111
Figure 6:
112
Figure 7:
Stakeholders Output
117
Figure 8:
155
Figure 9:
157
159
160
164
171
174
Figure 17: Ex- GtG boundary for Aluminium (Refinery sub sector)
184
Figure 18: Ex- GtG boundary for Aluminium (Smelter sub sector)
185
Figure 19: Ex- GtG boundary for Aluminium (Cold Sheet sub sector)
186
Figure 20: Ex- GtG boundary and metering details for Wood based Pulp and Paper Mill
190
Figure 21: Ex- GtG boundary and metering details for Agro based Pulp and Paper Mill
198
Figure 22: Ex- GtG boundary for Textile (Spinning sub sector)
211
Figure 23: Ex- GtG boundary for Textile ( Composite/ Processing sub sector)
213
Figure 24: Ex- GtG boundary for Textile (Fiber) Sub- sector
215
216
ix
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Foreword
Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), a flagship initiative under National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency (NMEEE), is a regulatory intervention for reduction of specific energy consumption,
with an associated market based mechanism through which additional energy savings can be
quantified and traded as ECSerts.
Thermal Power Plant sector is one of the 8 notified energy intensive sectors under which a
total of 144 plants are participating in this program. The targets are specified in terms of specific
percentage of their present deviation of Net Operating Heat Rate from the Net Design Heat Rate.
The total reported energy consumption of these Designated Consumers (DCs) is about 104 million
toe. By the end of the first PAT cycle, the energy saving of 3.211 million toe /year is expected to be
achieved, which is around 48% of total notional energy saving targets assessed under PAT.
The publication of Normalization Document and M&V Guidelines for Thermal Power
Plant Sector is an effort to facilitate the DCs to comply with notified PAT rules to participate with the
PAT scheme and contribute towards achieving national target of energy savings. This document
will also be helpful to all empanelled Accredited Energy Auditors (EmAEAs) and State Designated
Agencies (SDAs) in the monitoring and verification process of PAT.
I want to record my appreciation for members of the Technical Committee on Thermal Power
Plant Sector, chaired by Shri. Alok, Deputy Director General (Technical), Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE), Shri A.K. Asthana, Senior Technical Expert, GIZ, Dr. Ashok Kumar, Energy Economist,
BEE, and Shri Abhishek Kumar Yadav, Project Engineer, BEE, Shri Piyush Sharma, Technical
Expert (GIZ) who worked tirelessly to put together the baseline data, normalization factors and
M&V methodology for the sector. I especially want to record my appreciation for Shri S. Vikash
Ranjan, Technical Expert (GIZ) who has put together the data and methodology associated with
normalization.
I also compliment the efforts of all participating industrial units towards their endeavor in
contributing to the national energy saving targets.
(Ajay Mathur)
Lofgr ,oa jk"Vfgr esa tkZ cpk,
pkSFkk ry] lsok Hkou] vkj0 ds0 iqje] ubZ fnYyh&110 066
4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, R.K. Puram, New Delhi - 110 066
Shri Chandrashekhar
Shri N. S. Mondal
7
8
Shri Sankar
Bandyopadhyay
Shri Anil K. Mittal
9
10
11
12
Designation
Deputy Director General (Technical), BEE
Director (TE & TD), Central Electricity
Authority
Director (C&E), Central Electricity Authority
Director (TR & M), Central Electricity
Authority
Joint Chief (Engg), Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission
Head of EEC, Excellence Enhancement
Centre
General Manager, CenPEEP, NTPC Limited
Position
Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Name of Member
Designation
1.
2.
3.
Ex .Energy Economist
4.
Energy Economist
5.
Energy Economist
6.
Energy Economist
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Media Manager
12.
Shri KK Nair
13.
Shri A K Asthana
14.
xii
1. Introduction
The National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) released by the Prime Minister on
30 June, 2008, recognises the need to maintain
high economic growth to raise the living
standards of Indias vast majority of people and
simultaneously reducing their vulnerability to
the impacts of climate change.
for
Sustainable
1.1 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Energy Efficiency Financing Platform
(EEFP), a mechanism to finance demand
Efficiency
side management programmes in all
sectors by capturing future energy savings.
The National Mission for Enhanced Energy
Efficiency (NMEEE) is one of the eight national Framework for Energy Efficiency
(PAT)
(MTEE)
NMEEE
Energy Efficiency Financing
Platform
(EEFP)
(FEEED)
Economic Development (FEEED), for has been developed and launched to improve
developing fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency in the large energy intensive
energy efficiency.
industries. It is envisaged that 6.686 million
tonnes of oil equivalent will be reduced by 20141.2 Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) 15, which is about 4% of energy consumed by
Scheme
these industries. Under the PAT scheme, targets
have been specified for all energy intensive
Under the National Mission on Enhanced Energy industries notified as designated consumers
Efficiency (NMEEE), a market based mechanism (DCs) under the Energy Conservation Act,
known as Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) including thermal power stations.
Chlor-Alkali
7
Textile
48
12
Aluminium
Fertilizer
Cement
Iron & Steel
22
Thermal Power Plants
2 Background
Fuel
based
Power
Plant
State
Total Capacity
No.
(MW)
Central
%
Total Capacity
No.
(MW)
Private
%
Total Capacity
No.
(MW)
Total
%
Total Capacity
No.
(MW)
Coal
56
41534
46
23
30095
33
18
7231
97
78860
87
Gas
20
3823
4392
11
3122
40
11337
12
Diesel
385
412
797
Total
80
45742
50
32
34487
38
32
10765
12
144
90994
100
4.
Boiler
Efficiency (%)
GCV Fuel
(Kcal / Kg)
% Auxiliary Power
Consumption (%)
Operating [O]
Designed [D]
Reduction of Heat rate
(O D) x 0.1
Deviation within0- 5%
Design Net
Heat rate
Category
I
II
III
IV
4
Operating Net
Heat rate
6.
=([{U# 1 DGHR X U# 1 Installed Capacity (MW)}+ U# 2 DGHR X U# 2 Installed Capacity (MW)} + ])/
(Station Installed Capacity (MW))
THR
DNHR
Where
OGHR = Operating Gross Heat Rate
ONHR = Operating Net Heat Rate
APC=Auxiliary Power Consumption [Operating
APC in Baseline Year]
(c)
Where
OGHR = Operating Gross Heat Rate
ONHR = Operating Net Heat Rate
APC= Auxiliary Power Consumption
This Heat Rate has to be attained by the Station.
If the station fails to meet its target, i.e., operates
6
]
(MU))
Where
OGHR = Operating Gross Heat Rate
ONHR = Operating Net Heat Rate
APC
= Auxiliary Power Consumption
(c)
7.
Design
Capacity
MW
Boiler
Efficiency
Turbine
Heat Rate
Unit Heat
Rate
Boiler
Efficiency
Turbine
Heat Rate
Unit Heat
Rate
kcal/kWh
kcal/kWh
kcal/kWh
kcal/kWh
U#1
210
87.3
2045
2342.50
87.3
2100.00
2406.88
U#2
210
87.3
2045
2342.50
87.3
2045.00
2343.84
U#3
210
87.3
2045
2342.50
87.3
2045.00
2343.84
** Parameters established during Performance Guarantee Test shall only be considered if OEM data parameters are not available.
= 210 +210+210
= 630 MW
= 2342.5 kcal/kWh
= 210+210+500+500+500
=1920 MW
=([{U#1 Installed Capacity (MW) X
U#1 Boiler Efficiency} + {U# 2 Installed
Capacity (MW) XU#2 Boiler Efficiency}
+ ] )/( Station Installed Capacity
(MW))
= [210X87.3 + 210X 87.3 + 210X87.3]/630
= 87.3 %
=(Station
DGHR
Operating APC))
= 2342.5 / (1 - 0.0757*)
= 2534.35 kcal/Kwh
(kcal/kWh))/((1-%
MU
kcal/kWh
MU
kcal/kWh
U#1
210
165
70
1445
2636
150
60
1314
2635
U#2
210
166
72
1454
2637
130
58
800
2636
U#3
210
150
60
1456
2800
120
55
714
2584
Where
OGHR = Operating Gross Heat Rate
ONHR = Operating Net Heat Rate
APC = Auxiliary Power Consumption
Station Operating Net Heat Rate for Baseline Year
= 2622.4 / (1-0.0757)
= 2837.17 kcal/kWh
Station Operating Net Heat Rate for Assessment Year
= 2691.2/ (1-0.0689)
= 2890.3 kcal/kWh
10
The entire examples shall be worked out on the Station Module Heat Rate (Gross Heat Rate)
above mentioned table. Calculations based on (kcal/kWh)
the above mentioned Station shall be:
=([{U#1 THR X U#1 Installed Capacity
(MW)} + {U#2 THR X U#2 Installed
(a) Design Parameters
Capacity (MW)} + ])/( Station
Station Installed Capacity (MW)
Installed Capacity (MW))
= [U#1 Capacity (MW) + U#2 Capacity
=(1911.11* 210 +1911.11X 210 +1869.57X210)
(MW) + ]
/(210 + 210 + 210)
= 210 +210+210
= 630 MW
If the configuration of unit is complex, like Station Design Net Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)=
Station DGHR (kcal/kWh))
2X210MW +3X500 MW, the same formula holds
good. The station Installed capacity in this case
(1-%Operating APC)
shall become
= 1897.26/(1-0.0566)
= 210+210+500+500+500
=2011.08 kcal/kWh
=1920 MW
* The Designed Auxiliary Power Consumption
Station Design Module Efficiency
(APC) is considered as 5.66%
= 45.33 %
Units
U#1
U#2
U#3
Capacity
(MW)
210
210
210
= 150+130+120
= 400 MW
Gross
11
Year
= 2691.2/ (1-0.0689)
= 2828 (MU)
= 2890.3 kcal/kWh
(c)
= 4355 (MU)
= 2691.2 kcal/kWh
1- % Operating APC
= 2726.21 kcal/kWh
= ONHR-DNHR
= 2726.21-2011.08
= 715.13 kcal/kWh
Difference/ Deviation Percentage from design
Where
OGHR = Operating Gross Heat Rate
ONHR = Operating Net Heat Rate
APC = Auxiliary Power Consumption
= 2571.91/(1-0.0566)
=Difference/DNHR*100
=715.13/2011.08 *100
= 35.56%
As the deviation percentage is greater than 20, it
Year
= 2726.21171.63
i.e.,
= 2554.58 kcal/kWh
715.13*24% = 171.63kcal/kWh
Sub-Group
Elements
Reason/
Requirement
Impact
Documents
Coal Quality in
Boiler IPP
%H, %
Moisture,
%Ash,
GCV
Poor quality of
Fuel effects the
Power Station
Performance
Boiler
Efficiency /
Gas Turbine
Non Availability
of fuel
[External Factor]
Loss of
Generation
Beyond DCs
control
Plant Load
Factor
13
Sub-Group
Scheduling
[External factor]
or Backing down
Elements
PLF and
Station
heat rate
Reason/
Requirement
Impact
Plant
Load Boiler
backing down Efficiency /
due to lower Gas Turbine
power demand
from the grid
Variations
in
demand
from
the
estimated
or
forecasted
values,
which
cannot
be
absorbed by the
grid.
Unscheduled
Power and
Outage [External
Factor]
PLF and
Station
heat rate
T r a n s m i s s i o n Plant Load
outages resulting Factor
in reduced power
availability.
Documents
i. Scheduling Documents
ii. Reference documents are required
for deterioration in Plant Load Factor
iii. Characteristics curve [Load Vs Heat
Rate]
Sub-Group
Fuel
Elements
Use of
different
Fuel in
same unit
Reason/
Requirement
Impact
Documents
Fuel
Quality
documentation
and
Quantity
14
Sub-Group
Elements
Reason/
Requirement
Impact
Documents
Coal
Use of
coal with
different
calorific
value in
AY and BY
Gas
Use of
Gas with
different
calorific
value in
AY and
BY
Fuel
Quality
documentation
and
Quantity
Sub-Group
Elements
Reason/
Requirement
Impact
Additional
Auxilliary
Equipment
Power
Consumption
Installation due
to Environmental
law
Flood,
Earthquake etc
Proper weightage
Plant Load
could be given in
Factor
SEC in terms of
capacity utilisation,
energy used for reestablishment
9.
APC
Documents
The DC has to maintain the documents
for
additional
installation
of
Environmental Equipment
Formulas of Normalization
Where:
ULF = Unit Load Factor
MLF = Module Load Factor
AOHr = Average Operating Hour
AOL = Average Operating Load
Station Average Operating Hour (Hr.)Caused by low ULF/MLF due to Scheduling
=
15
Where
ULF = Unit Load Factor
MLF = Module Load Factor
AOHr = Average Operating Hour
AOL = Average Operating Load
Station Average Operating Hour (Hr.)Caused by low ULF/
MLF due to Backing down
=
Where
ULF = Unit Load Factor
MLF = Module Load Factor
AOHr = Average Operating Hour
AOL = Average Operating Load
Station Average Operating Hours (Hr.) caused by ULF/MLF due to any other external Factor
=
Where
ULF = Unit Load Factor
MLF = Module Load Factor
AOHr = Average Operating Hour
AOL = Average Operating Load
External factors = Fuel Unavailability/ Scheduling/ backing down/ any other external factor etc.
Unit Average Operating Load (MW) Caused by low ULF/MLF due to External factors
= Total Generation (MWHr) / Total Operating Hour (Hr)
Where
Total Generation
= (Unit AOL (MW) X Unit AOHr) due to Fuel Unavailability + (Unit AOL
(MW) X Unit AOHr) due to Scheduling + (Unit AOL (MW) X Unit AOHr)
due to Backing Down + (Unit AOL (MW) X Unit AOHr) due to any other
external factor]
Total Operating Hour = [Unit AOHr due to Fuel Unavailability + Unit AOHr due to Scheduling
+ Unit AOHr due to Backing Down + Unit AOHr due to any other external
factor]
16
= ([{(U# 1 AOL (MW) X U# 1 AOHr) at Low ULF/MLF due to external factor} + {(U# 2 AOL
(MW) X U# 2 AOHr) at Low ULF//MLF due to external factor} + ] )/(Station AOL
(MW) caused by low ULF/MLF due to external factors)
17
Where
ULF = Unit Load Factor
MLF = Module Load Factor
AOHr = Average Operating Hour
AOL = Average Operating Load
External factors = Fuel Unavailability/ Scheduling/ backing down/ any other external factor etc.
Unit Availability Factor={Hours in a Year [RSHr + FO or Unavailability hour + PMO or Planned
Unavailability]}/ Hours in a Year]
Where
RSHr = Reserve Shutdown Hour
FO = Forced Outage
PMO = Planned Maintenance Outage
Station RSHr
=
[{U#1 PMO X U#1 Capacity (MW)} + {U#2 PMO X U#2 Capacity (MW)} + .])
Total Station capacity X Hours in a Year)
Station Availability Factor= 1- [Station RSHr + Station FO or Unavailability hour + Station PMO
or Planned Unavailability]
Where
RSHr = Reserve Shutdown Hour
FO = Forced Outage
PMO = Planned Maintenance Outage
These formulas constitute the general working formulas which will find reference in all the
calculations. These formulas are also used in day to day reporting to the plant management. The
definition of terms mentioned above in sections shall be assumed only on above calculations in
Sector specific Pro-forma (Form Sh)
18
Coal
Quality-
Where:
A= Ash percentage in coal
M= Moisture percentage in coal
H= Hydrogen percentage in coal
G.C.V= Gross calorific value in kcal/kg
Station heat rate (Kcal/kWh) = Turbine heat rate/
Boiler efficiency
THERMAL POWER PLANT - Under Perform, Achieve and Trade
Item
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbonates
Phosphorous
Moisture
Ash
Ultimate Analysis
Unit A
Unit B
Unit Design Operating Design Operating
%
33.73
33.8
31.9
33.75
%
2.35
2.69
2.44
2.47
%
0.37
0.5
0.5
%
0.75
1.82
0.69
1.82
%
5.48
6.8
11.08
10.01
%
0.27
%
0.05
%
15
12
16
%
42
37.4
42
35.45
19
Difference
of Boiler
Efficiency
from Design
to Operating
(M+9*H)}/GCV]
1.62
{50*A +630*(M+9*H}
GCV of Coal
Where
BY = Baseline Year
AY = Assessment Year
GCV = Gross Calorific value (Kcal/ Kg)
M
= Moisture (in %)
H
= Hydrogen (in %)
A
= Ash (in %)
{Calculated Boiler Design Efficiency - Calculated Boiler operating Efficiency in BY} X 100)
(Calculated Boiler Design Efficiency)
{Calculated Boiler Design Efficiency - Calculated Boiler operating Efficiency in AY} X 100
Calculated Boiler Design Efficiency
= Assessment Year
21
Degradation or Upgradation of Actual Boiler Design in BY)
Where
BY = Baseline Year
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
Normalized Boiler Efficiency Design for Unit in AY
= Actual Design Boiler Efficiency of Unit (As per OEM) - Degradation or Upgradation of Actual
Boiler Design in AY
Where
AY = Assessment Year
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
Difference in Normalized Boiler Efficiency between BY and AY
=Normalized Boiler Design Efficiency in BY Normalized Boiler Design Efficiency in AY
Where
AY
= Assessment Year
BY
= Baseline Year
Normalized Boiler Efficiency Design for Unit for the AY as compared to the BY
If the difference in Normalized Boiler Efficiency between BY and AY is less than or equal to
zero, then No Normalization
If the difference in Normalized Boiler Efficiency between BY and AY is greater than zero, then
the normalization is as below:
= Actual Design Boiler Efficiency of Unit (as per OEM) Difference in Normalized Boiler
Efficiency between BY and AY
Where
BY
= Baseline Year
AY
= Assessment Year
22
= [{U# 1 Capacity (MW) X Normalized Boiler Efficiency Design for U# 1 for the AY as
compared to the BY} + {U# 2 Capacity (MW) X Normalized Boiler Efficiency Design for U# 2
for the AY as compared to the BY} + ] / Station total installed Capacity (MW)
Where
BY
AY
= Baseline Year
= Assessment Year
23
(i)
Method of Normalization
(ii) Normalisation Example: Coal Based Thermal Power Plant (210 MW): Change in Plant
Load Factor (PLF)
210 MW Characteristics Curve
24
2350
2300
2250
kcal/kWh
2200
2150
2100
2050
2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
Load (MW)
(iii) Normalisation Example for Plant A due PLF. It is understood that the plant may not be
to PLF
operating on the same PLF in the Assessment
Year as in Baseline Year for internal as well as
Change in Plant Load Factor (PLF) do affects the external reasons. Hence, in PLF normalization,
plant efficiency and the heat rate. PLF depends all such factors which were beyond the control
on a number of factors. These factors are of the plant management, has been taken care
sometimes under the control of plant operators off and due advantage has been given. In PLF
and sometimes not. Moreover, at different normalization, like other normalizations, the
period of times during a year, a plant may not benefit has been calculated and given in terms
run on a consistent PLF. All such factors which of Heat rate which will directly be subtracted
affects the generation, ultimately affects the from the Net Operating Heat Rate.
Percentage Difference between Design Turbine Heat Rate and Design Curve or HBD Turbine
Heat Rate
=
(Design THR @ 100% Load (OEM) - Design THR @ 100% Load (Curve or HBD) X 100)
Design THR @ 100% Load (OEM)
Where
THR = Turbine Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
HBD = Heat Balance Diagram
THERMAL POWER PLANT - Under Perform, Achieve and Trade
25
Where
Where
L Vs HR
(kcal/kWh)
Where
b
c
Where
*(Average Operating Load (MW)caused by low THR = Turbine Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)
ULF, MLF due to external factor)^2
AY = Assessment Year
Equation Constant 2
BY = Baseline Year
* Average Operating Load (MW)caused by low
ULF,MLF due to external factor
Normalized Design Turbine Heat rate due to
external factor as compared to BY
+Equation Constant 3
=
Design THR @ 100% Load (OEM) +
Design Turbine Heat Rate after Curve
Difference of THR due to external factor
correction and difference correction
between AY and BY
26
Where
THR = Turbine Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)
Auxiliary Power Consumption (APC)
has a significant contribution in determining the
BY = Baseline Year
Net Heat Rate of any Station. As other factors in
a Power Plant, APC is also subject to change at
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
different period of time. It primarily depends on
Normalized Designed Station Turbine Heat the unit loading ultimately affecting the drives.
It also depends on the ambient conditions at
Rate due to ULF as compared to BY
times. It is hence, very important to study the
=[Normalized U# 1 Design THR due to
characteristics of APC during Assessment year
external factor as compared to BY X U# 1
and Baseline year. The APC in baseline Year
Capacity + Normalized U# 2 Design THR
and Assessment Year may not be same and
due to external factor as compared to BY
therefore normalization for APC was needed to
X U# 2 Capacity + ] / Station
be introduced. Accordingly, The normalization
installed Total Capacity (MW)
has been worked out and, again as others,It gives
Where
the benefit in heat rate due to effect of APC.
AY = Assessment Year
Where
THR = Turbine Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
Difference of THR between Normalized
Design Heat Rate and Design Heat Rate
PLF will also have an effect on the
Auxiliary Power Consumption of the Station.
Due to low PLF, the percentage APC will
increase. This factor may be beyond the control
of station, such as during low schedule, grid
restriction, etc. However this shall be considered
in different sub-section of APC normalization.
The normalization of APC can be subdivided
into three categories
i)
ii)
27
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
Series1
4.00
Poly. (Series1)
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00| 38
0.00
Auxiliary
Equation
20.00
Power
40.00
Consumption
60.00
80.00
Trendline
= Equation Constant 1
= Equation Constant 2
= Equation Constant 3
100.00
120.00
Station Capacity
Weighted AOHr at Low loading due to
internal factor)
Actual Loading Factor for BY
Where
= (461.92*100)/630 = 73.321 %
28
Where
APC =Auxiliary Power Consumption
BY
= Baseline Year
AY
= Assessment Year
APC Normalization in terms of Heat Rate
29
multiplying it with the total coal flow of BY, we equation for specific PA calculation is shown
can obtain the normalized coal consumption below.
of the unit. The excel topology of Trendline
2.50
2.00
1.50
y = 6.0487x-0.2055
R = 0.8731
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
Load (MW)
Where
GHR = Gross Heat Rate (kcal/kWh)
GCV = Gross Calorific Value (kcal/kg)
Increase in coal consumption due to change in
GCV of coal in AY (Tonnes/Hr)
=Normalised Coal Consumption (tonne/hr)-Total
consumption of BY (tonnes/hr)
Total Primary Air requirement per tonne of
coal Trendline equation
y=6.048x-0.2055
Where
Y= total PA requirement /tonne of coal (Tonnes)
x= operating load (MW)
Total Primary Air requirement (Tonnes/hr)