Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 118 views

    WST - Perforation Part 2

    Uploaded by

    Nor
    perf1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    WST - Perforation Part 2

    Uploaded by

    Nor
    118 views27 pages
    perf1

    Original Title

    7. WST - Perforation Part 2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    perf1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    118 views27 pages

    WST - Perforation Part 2

    Uploaded by

    Nor
    perf1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES

    PCB 4323
    PERFORATION PART II
    Internal

    WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES


    By

    Ms. Haizatul Hafizah Hussain


    haizatulhafizah.hus@petronas.com.my
    Office Ext. : 7373
    Office Room : J3-02-25

    Internal

    LEARNING OUTCOMES
    At the end of this lecture, students should be able to;
    Understand the types of perforation gun systems
    Describe the firing sequence of shaped perforating charge
    Differentiate firing options during perforation

    Internal

    LECTURE OUTLINES
    Perforating Gun Systems
    Firing Sequence of Shaped Perforating Charge
    Firing Options

    Internal

    PERFORATING GUN SYSTEMS


    Perforating gun systems are classified by the:
    Gun conveyance method: wireline, coiled tubing or a drill or tubing string.
    Pressure in the wellbore at the time of perforating. It can be less than

    reservoir pressure, i.e. an under-balanced pressure condition or greater


    than reservoir pressure, i.e. an over-balanced condition.
    Extent to which the gun, the charges or charge carrier are recovered to the

    surface after perforating.


    Time of perforating, either prior tool after mechanical completion of the

    well and departure of the drilling rig.


    Internal

    PERFORATING GUN SYSTEMS


    PERFORATING GUN SELECTION
    There are many other practical considerations to be taken into account when selecting
    a perforating system, including:

    Compatibility of the physical dimensions of the perforating gun and the completion.
    The completion technique e.g. perforating prior to or after running tubing. Selection
    of Through Tubing:, Casing or Tubing Conveyed Perforating guns.
    Casing damage/perforating debris
    Management of sand production. The phasing, orientation and design of the
    perforating pattern can impact on the severity of sand related production problems
    when the well is placed on production.
    Internal

    PERFORATING
    GUN SYSTEMS
    CONVEYENCE OF PERFORATING GUNS INTO THE
    WELL
    (a) Through Tubing Wireline Guns
    Through tubing wireline guns (small diameter) are
    run after installing the completion tubing. They are
    run down the inside of the tubing, out of the tailpipe
    and perforate the casing at the selected depth.

    Internal

    PERFORATING
    GUN SYSTEMS
    CONVEYENCE OF PERFORATING GUNS INTO THE
    WELL
    (b) Wireline Conveyed Casing Guns

    Wireline conveyed casing guns (larger diameter)


    guns can be lowered into the cased wellbore prior to
    installation of the production tubing. Casing guns can
    be fired in an under balanced or an over balanced
    pressure condition. The well will normally have to be
    killed prior to running the completion.

    Internal

    PERFORATING
    GUN SYSTEMS
    CONVEYENCE OF PERFORATING GUNS INTO THE
    WELL
    (c) Tubing Conveyed Guns
    The perforating guns can also be tubing conveyed;
    either at the end of the completion string on coiled
    tubing or on a drill pipe test string. The gun will be
    retrieved prior to running the completion string.

    Internal

    PERFORATING GUN SYSTEMS


    Retrievable (hollow carrier gun)
    Designed where the gun carrier is robust and retrieved after the perforation
    operation.

    Expendable Gun
    Designed such that the gun will self-destruct on detonation and thus only the

    connectors and depth correlation equipment will be retrieved from the well.
    The charge case or container will fragment/disintegrate on detonation.
    The material used for fabrication of the charge case must be friable e.g. prior

    ceramic or aluminum, but must offer a reasonable degree of robustness to


    protect the charges during handling operation.

    Internal

    10

    PERFORATING GUN SYSTEMS


    COMPARISON OF RETRIEVABLE AND EXPENDABLE PERFORATING GUNS

    Internal

    11

    WIRELINE THROUGH
    TUBING GUNS
    Have a limited diameter as they have to pass through, and be recovered
    through, the minimum diameter present in the completion.
    They have a diameter of 1 3

    8 in. to 3

    2 in.

    In comparison with casing guns charges, through tubing gun reduced


    penetration depth.
    The real benefit is their ability to perforate under balance which will

    reduce formation damage.

    Internal

    12

    WIRELINE THROUGH
    TUBING GUNS
    Retrievable gun (Figure a)
    Scallop gun (Figure b)
    Expendable gun (Figure c, d, e)

    Internal

    13

    WIRELINE CONVEYED
    CASING GUNS
    Gun diameter must be less than the (ID) inside diameter of casing.
    Wireline casing guns have outside diameters in the range of 3 3/8" to
    5 diameter.
    In comparison with casing guns, charges allow a large diameter of gun to
    be used, hence larger charges.
    The main disadvantage : it is used prior to completion. Hence it is
    necessary for overbalance operation i.e. kill the well with a fluid in the
    wellbore, which exerts a bottom hole pressure greater than the reservoirs
    pressure. Thus a candidate for formation damage.

    Internal

    14

    WIRELINE CONVEYED
    CASING GUNS
    The gun allows variety shot phasing's
    to be employed compared to 0
    perforating.
    The larger carrier size provides an
    opportunity to use not only larger
    explosive charges but also higher shot
    densities.
    Better charge performance.

    Internal

    15

    TUBING
    CONVEYED GUNS
    Three options available to deploy TCP either by:
    Running the guns with drill string : After
    clean up, the well is killed prior to retrieving
    the test string and then completion can be
    run.
    Run the gun as part of the completion string :
    RIH, landed off, the packer is set and the gun
    detonated under drawdown. Then the gun
    would be detached and dropped into the sump.
    Running and retrieving the gun on coiled
    tubing.
    Internal

    16

    TUBING
    CONVEYED GUNS
    THE ADVANTAGES OF TCP
    The ability to use large charges at high shot densities; creating
    perforations with a long length and with diameter entrance holes
    (negative skin) completions.
    The perforating operation can be completed in one run even for long
    intervals. Intervals in excess of 1,000 m have been shot in one run.

    The well is not perforated until after it has been completed and it is
    safe to allow well fluids to enter the wellbore.

    Internal

    17

    TUBING
    CONVEYED GUNS
    THE DISADVANTAGES OF TCP
    If a misfire occurs, then gun retrieval will require a round trip which is
    both time consuming and costly.

    If the gun is not detached but remains opposite the perforated interval, it
    will prevent production logging or through tubing wireline below the
    tailpipe.

    Further, if the gun is to be dropped from the tubing, the cost of drilling
    the additional sump (or 'rat hole') length must be considered.

    Internal

    18

    FIRING SEQUENCE OF SHAPED


    PERFORATING CHARGE

    Internal

    19

    FIRING SEQUENCE OF SHAPED


    PERFORATING CHARGE
    The figure shows that the process takes
    place almost instantaneously.
    The penetration is due solely to the
    extremely high impact force exerted on the

    target by the jet.


    The process can be compared to the
    water jet from a high pressure fire hose
    tunneling through a pile of loose clay.
    Charge case creates
    debris that can cause
    mechanical problems
    Internal
    within the wellbore

    20

    FIRING SEQUENCE OF SHAPED


    PERFORATING CHARGE
    The jet is created first and is then followed by the slug
    (67% of the mass of the perforation charges liner).
    The slug has little influence on the perforation creation.
    The material of the slug is deposited at the end of the
    perforation.
    One approach to eliminate slug was to create a
    bi-metallic liner system, where the inside surface of the
    cone (which produced the jet) is composed of copper
    whilst the outside is a metal, such as zinc, which
    vaporizes during the explosion.
    The concept was later found to create damage by
    Charge case creates
    debris that can cause
    mechanical problems
    Internal
    within the wellbore

    chemical reaction between the zinc and several of the


    21
    common work over fluids. It has now been abandoned.

    FIRING OPTIONS
    FIRING
    OPTIONS

    Mechanical

    Internal

    Hydromechanical

    Electric Line
    Firing

    22

    FIRING OPTIONS
    MECHANICAL FIRING
    A metal bar is dropped into the well via the Christmas tree's.
    It travels down the tubing onto a plunger which contacts a blasting
    cap on top of the gun.

    This method can be unreliable if debris has accumulated on top of


    the firing head or the bar may "hang-up" above he firing head.
    Unreliable for deviated well.

    Internal

    23

    FIRING OPTIONS
    HYDROMECHANICAL FIRING
    The annular pressure is increased via pumping fluid into the casing.
    This increased differential pressure shears the firing pin and it will
    activate the detonator.
    This technique is more reliable than the mechanical method,
    especially in deviated wellbores.

    Internal

    24

    FIRING OPTIONS
    ELECTRIC LINE FIRING
    Firing head which fired by electrical current down the cable from
    surface.

    Advantage of this technique is that there are electrical indications at


    the surface.

    Internal

    25

    HAVE YOU ACHIEVED THE


    LEARNING OUTCOMES TODAY?
    ANY THOUGHTS?

    Internal

    26

    THANK YOU
    2016 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
    All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
    photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.

    Internal

    27

    You might also like