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    8.2 Notes Bio

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    taengoo
    Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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    8.2 Notes Bio

    Uploaded by

    taengoo
    36 views2 pages
    Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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    Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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    36 views2 pages

    8.2 Notes Bio

    Uploaded by

    taengoo
    Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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    of 2

    8.

    2 Cell Respiration Notes

    Oxidation and reduction


    Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds

    Oxidation and reduction = chemical processes that always occur together


    - involve transfer of electrons form one substance to another

    Oxidation: The loss of electrons from a substance


    Reduction: Gain of electrons

    Example: Benedict test for certain types of sugar


    Cu2+ often imparts a blue or green colour solutions.
    When these copper ions are reduced and become atoms of copper by given electrons.
    -copper atoms are insoluble and form red or orange precipitate.
    The electrons come from sugar molecules, which are therefore oxidized.

    Electron carriers are substances that can accept and give up electrons as required.
    - often link oxidations and reductions in cells
    Main electron carrier in respiration is : NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

    In photosynthesis:
    A phosphorylated version of NAD is used ---> NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    phosphate).

    Equation of basic reaction :


    NAD + 2 electrons --> reduced NAD

    NAD has 1 (+) charge and exists as NAD+


    - it accepts 2 electrons in the following way: 2 H atoms are removed form the substance
    that is being reduced. 1 of the H atoms split into a proton and an electron. The NAD+
    accepts the electron and proton of the other H atom.

    NAD + 2H ---> reduced NAD


    NAD+ +2H ---> NADH + H+

    ...... more

    Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable

    Phosphorylation : the addition of a phosphate molecule (PO4^3-) to an organic molecule.

    Certain amino acid sequences tend to act as binding sites for phosphate molecule on
    proteins.

    Purpose of phosphorylation
    The effect o phosphorylation is to make the organic molecule less stable so it is more likely
    to react in the next stage in a metabolic pathway. Or Activate molecule.
    It can turn an endothermic reaction that will only occur at very slow rate into an exothermic
    reaction that can proceed rapidly.

    The phosphate group is usually transferred from ATP.

    Exergonic reaction : Reaction that released energy (ex: hydrolysis of ATP)

    Endergonic reaction : absorbing energy (not proceed spontaneously unless coupled with
    an exergonic reaction that released more energy)
    Example:
    Conversion of glicose to glucose-6-phosphate is endergonic

    Glycolysis and ATP


    Production of a small yield of ATP without the use of Oxygen by converting sugar into
    pyruvate

    Composed of many small steps.


    1. Two phosphate groups are added to a molecule of glucose
    2.
    3.
    .....
    Summary of glycolysis

    Pyruvate is a product of glycosis

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