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8.2 Notes Bio

Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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40 views

8.2 Notes Bio

Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds through the transfer of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Electron carriers like NAD+ accept and donate electrons to link oxidation and reduction reactions. NAD+ accepts two electrons and two hydrogen atoms to become reduced NADH. Phosphorylation makes molecules like proteins and organic acids less stable so they are more likely to react, and can help drive energetically unfavorable reactions. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a small yield of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

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taengoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

2 Cell Respiration Notes

Oxidation and reduction


Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of compounds

Oxidation and reduction = chemical processes that always occur together


- involve transfer of electrons form one substance to another

Oxidation: The loss of electrons from a substance


Reduction: Gain of electrons

Example: Benedict test for certain types of sugar


Cu2+ often imparts a blue or green colour solutions.
When these copper ions are reduced and become atoms of copper by given electrons.
-copper atoms are insoluble and form red or orange precipitate.
The electrons come from sugar molecules, which are therefore oxidized.

Electron carriers are substances that can accept and give up electrons as required.
- often link oxidations and reductions in cells
Main electron carrier in respiration is : NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

In photosynthesis:
A phosphorylated version of NAD is used ---> NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate).

Equation of basic reaction :


NAD + 2 electrons --> reduced NAD

NAD has 1 (+) charge and exists as NAD+


- it accepts 2 electrons in the following way: 2 H atoms are removed form the substance
that is being reduced. 1 of the H atoms split into a proton and an electron. The NAD+
accepts the electron and proton of the other H atom.

NAD + 2H ---> reduced NAD


NAD+ +2H ---> NADH + H+

...... more

Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable

Phosphorylation : the addition of a phosphate molecule (PO4^3-) to an organic molecule.

Certain amino acid sequences tend to act as binding sites for phosphate molecule on
proteins.

Purpose of phosphorylation
The effect o phosphorylation is to make the organic molecule less stable so it is more likely
to react in the next stage in a metabolic pathway. Or Activate molecule.
It can turn an endothermic reaction that will only occur at very slow rate into an exothermic
reaction that can proceed rapidly.

The phosphate group is usually transferred from ATP.

Exergonic reaction : Reaction that released energy (ex: hydrolysis of ATP)

Endergonic reaction : absorbing energy (not proceed spontaneously unless coupled with
an exergonic reaction that released more energy)
Example:
Conversion of glicose to glucose-6-phosphate is endergonic

Glycolysis and ATP


Production of a small yield of ATP without the use of Oxygen by converting sugar into
pyruvate

Composed of many small steps.


1. Two phosphate groups are added to a molecule of glucose
2.
3.
.....
Summary of glycolysis

Pyruvate is a product of glycosis

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